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Chapter 01 - Introduction to Organizational Behavior: An Evidence-Based Approach

5. A paradigm establishes only written rules.

True False

6. ‘Paradigm shift' refers to the situation in which those in the existing paradigm may not even
see the changes that are occurring, and therefore, cannot analyze the changes.
True False

1-2
Chapter 01 - Introduction to Organizational Behavior: An Evidence-Based Approach

7. Reasons for considerable resistance to change and difficulty to move from the old
management paradigm to the new can be explained by the "paradigm effect."
True False

8. The fact that today's managers are competent in their functional specialization is sufficient
to reiterate that most of them paid close attention to the conceptual and human dimensions of
their jobs.
True False

9. According to Theory X, if employees were kept happy, they would become high
performers.
True False

10. Theory X is the natural choice for most organizations in today's environment.
True False

11. Most of the practicing managers and their organizations cultures believe, fully implement,
and consistently adhere to a full-fledged HPWPs approach to management.
True False

12. The movement to not only recognize, but also do something about the "Knowing-Doing
Gap" is the movement towards evidence-based management.
True False

13. Most of the "new management practices" are essentially a readapted version of existing
"old management truths."
True False

1-3
Chapter 01 - Introduction to Organizational Behavior: An Evidence-Based Approach

14. The Hawthorne studies were more a result of planned study than a serendipitous
discovery.
True False

15. The Hawthorne effect postulates that the increase in productivity can be attributed to the
special attention received by the participants.
True False

16. Behavioral science is almost as old as the physical and biological sciences.
True False

17. According to meta-analysis, if one study shows that a management technique doesn't work
and another study shows that it does, an average of those results is the best estimate of how
well that management practice works (or doesn't work).
True False

18. The experimental design of research used in organizational behavior is largely borrowed
from sociology.
True False

19. The primary aim of any research design, establishing a cause-and-effect relationship, is
accomplished through the experimental design.
True False

20. Laboratory studies tend to have better external validity than field studies.
True False

1-4
Chapter 01 - Introduction to Organizational Behavior: An Evidence-Based Approach

21. According to Edward Tolman, behavior is reactive, and is directed towards situations.
True False

22. The social cognitive process can be a unifying theoretical framework for both cognition
and behaviorism.
True False

23. The behavioristic approach posits that cognitive processes such as thinking, expectancies,
and perception exist and are essential to predict and control or manage behavior.
True False

24. The behavioristic approach has been labeled as being mentalistic, while the cognitive
approach has been labeled deterministic.
True False

25. Personality characteristics such as conscientiousness can serve as an example for

organizational participants.
True False

1-5
Chapter 01 - Introduction to Organizational Behavior: An Evidence-Based Approach

Multiple Choice Questions

26. Which of the following is NOT an important environmental or contextual dimension for
organizational behavior?
A. Leadership
B. Globalization
C. Ethics
D. Diversity

27. Human resource of an organization includes all of the following EXCEPT:

A. human capital.
B. social capital.
C. positive psychological capital.
D. relations capital.

28. David was recently promoted as the chief marketing officer for Izet Pvt. Ltd. David was
chosen because of his remarkable marketing skills and his experience as Vice-President for 15
years in a reputed marketing firm. Which of the following can be attributed as a reason for his
promotion?
A. Physical capital
B. Human capital
C. Social capital
D. Positive psychological capital

29. Ken is hired as a branch manager of a marketing firm only because of his networks with
important personalities and his connections with potential clients. Which of the following can
he best provide to the organization?
A. Physical capital
B. Relation capital
C. Social capital
D. Positive psychological capital

1-6
Chapter 01 - Introduction to Organizational Behavior: An Evidence-Based Approach

30. Which of the following best explains positive psychological capital?

A. What you know
B. Who you know
C. What you say
D. Who you can become

1-7
Chapter 01 - Introduction to Organizational Behavior: An Evidence-Based Approach

31. Which one of the following changes CANNOT be attributed to the dynamic,
technologically advanced work environment?
A. A change in work ethics
B. A change in the traditional employment contract
C. A change in the nature of the work
D. A change in the composition of the workforce

32. Which among the following does NOT signify the term "paradigm?"
A. A framework
B. A way of thinking
C. A scheme for understanding technology
D. A scheme for understanding reality

33. InvestorPro, an investment consulting firm plans to flatten its traditional hierarchy
structure. The intent is to eliminate authoritarian positions in its structure and create new ones
that are operationally logical. The top management agrees that none of the employees would
be laid-off but only transferred from their positions to the new ones. This plan, when
announced to its employees, is not taken well by lower- and middle- level management who
did not want the structure to be changed. When asked for a reason, they were not able to put a
strong argument. Which of the following best describes this effect?
A. Hawthorne effect
B. Paradigm effect
C. Audience effect
D. External validity

34. James Brian Quinn believes that the organization of enterprise and effective strategies will
depend more on development and deployment of _____ resources than on the management of
_____ assets.
A. intellectual; physical
B. human; monetary
C. technological; physical
D. natural; monetary

1-8
Chapter 01 - Introduction to Organizational Behavior: An Evidence-Based Approach

35. A manager following which of the following theories would be of the opinion that
employees are only interested in money?
A. Social assumptions theory.
B. Theory X.
C. Theory Y.
D. Theory Z.

36. Identify a method that was NOT used by traditional managers to solve management
problems and ensure maximum productivity in the past.
A. Devise monetary incentive plans
B. Ensure job security
C. Provide regular paid leave
D. Provide good working conditions

37. Among the following, identify which is NOT part of high performance work practices?
A. Job security
B. Self-managed teams
C. Pay for performance
D. Multi-source feedback system

38. Identify Jeff Pfeffer's "3 Its," correlating it to organizational behavior theory and research.
A. Believe it.
B. Spread it.
C. Do it.
D. Stick with it.

39. Pfeffer and Sutton identified five sources that prevented the implementation and
sustainability of the high performance work practices. Identify which is NOT one of the
sources.
A. Debilitating fear
B. Destructive internal competition
C. Mindless reliance on precedent
D. Poorly designed and complex hierarchy

1-9
Chapter 01 - Introduction to Organizational Behavior: An Evidence-Based Approach

40. If practitioners take on a more "Practitioner-Scientific" role and academicians assume a

more "Scientific-Practitioner" role, it would result in a movement towards:
A. evidence-based management.
B. relation management.
C. social facilitation.
D. positive psychological capital.

41. Which among the following aspect of behavioral management was not emphasized by
early pioneers of practicing management, such as Alfred P. Sloan?
A. Hierarchical structure
B. Specialization
C. Management functions of planning and controlling
D. Human dimension

42. The relay room studies phase of the Hawthorne studies concluded that:
A. the productivity would increase if the length of workday was reduced.
B. productivity was directly proportional to rest breaks.
C. productivity was independent to the method of payment.
D. the independent variables by themselves were not causing the change in the dependent
variable.

43. Increased productivity under controlled conditions can be attributed solely to the fact that
the participants in the study are given special attention and that they are enjoying a novel,
interesting experience. This can be referred to as:
A. social facilitation.
B. the paradigm effect.
C. groupthink.
D. the Hawthorne effect.

1-10
Chapter 01 - Introduction to Organizational Behavior: An Evidence-Based Approach

44. Which one of the following variables is NOT responsible for separating the old human
relations movement and the evidence-based approach to the field of organizational behavior?
A. Experimental design
B. Nature of employment
C. Group dynamics
D. Styles of leadership and supervision

45. Organizational behavior researchers strive to attain all of the following hallmarks of any
science EXCEPT:
A. prediction.
B. understanding/explanation.
C. control.
D. diversification.

46. _____ is based on the idea, "An average of two contradicting management study results is
probably the best estimate of how well or not that management technique works."
A. Experimental design
B. Meta-analysis
C. Controlling factors
D. Law of averages

47. The reason for the existence of the many theories in the field of organizational behavior is
due to the _____ of the variables involved.
A. objectivity and multidimensionality
B. variance and complexity
C. logicality and unidirectional behavior
D. complexity and multidimensionality

48. _____ go hand in hand in evidence-based management.

A. Theory and research
B. Theory and meta-analysis
C. Assumption and facts
D. Meta-analysis and research

1-11
Chapter 01 - Introduction to Organizational Behavior: An Evidence-Based Approach

49. Which of the following is NOT among the three most often used designs in organizational
behavior research today?
A. The questionnaire
B. The case
C. The survey
D. The experiment

50. Which of the following involves the manipulation of independent variables to measure
their effect on, or the change in, dependent variables, while everything else is held constant or
controlled?
A. The survey
B. The case
C. The experiment
D. The questionnaire

51. The _____ employed are/is the key to the successful use of the experimental design.
A. variables
B. controls
C. creativity
D. personnel

52. Which of the following tends to be more theoretically oriented and at the macro level of
analysis?
A. Organizational behavior
B. Organization theory
C. Organization development
D. Human resource management

53. Which of the following tends to be more application oriented and at the macro level of
analysis?
A. Organizational behavior
B. Organization theory
C. Organization development
D. Human resource management

1-12
Chapter 01 - Introduction to Organizational Behavior: An Evidence-Based Approach

54. Which of the following tends to be more theoretically oriented and at the micro level of
analysis?
A. Organizational behavior
B. Organization theory
C. Organization development
D. Human resource management

55. Which of the following tends to be more application oriented and at the micro level of
analysis?
A. Organizational behavior
B. Organization theory
C. Organization development
D. Human resource management

56. The cognitive approach uses concepts all of the following concepts EXCEPT:
A. expectancy.
B. attitude.
C. demand.
D. intention.

57. Applied to the field of organizational behavior, a cognitive approach has traditionally
dominated all of the following units of analysis EXCEPT:
A. personality and attitudes.
B. motivation.
C. goal setting.
D. research analysis.

1-13
Chapter 01 - Introduction to Organizational Behavior: An Evidence-Based Approach

58. Which of the following is NOT a true statement about behavioristic framework?
A. Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson used classical conditioning experiments to formulate the
stimulus-response (S-R) explanation of human behavior.
B. Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson concentrated mainly on the impact of the stimulus and
felt that learning occurred when the R-S connection was made.
C. Skinner believed that the consequences of a response could better explain most behaviors
than eliciting stimuli could.
D. For Skinner, behavior is a function of its contingent environmental consequences.

59. According to social learning, behavior can best be explained in terms of a continuous
reciprocal interaction among all of the following determinants EXCEPT:
A. cognitive.
B. behavioral.
C. motivational.
D. environmental.

60. The cognitive part of the SCT recognizes the influential contribution of thought processes
to all of the following EXCEPT human:
A. motivation.
B. attitudes.
C. action.
D. perceptions.

61. Bill is a trainee executive in an accounting firm. He knows that in order to do well in his
career, he needs to perform well. He has set internal standards for himself so that he can
evaluate the discrepancy between the standard and the performance in order to improve it.
A. Forethought
B. Symbolizing
C. Self-regulatory
D. Self-reflective

1-14
Chapter 01 - Introduction to Organizational Behavior: An Evidence-Based Approach

62. Peter is a new marketing research executive in a reputed marketing firm. During the first
week of his work, he finds out about the performance of his peers and supervisor and what
they receive for it. According to Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory, which human capability
is Peter concentrating on?
A. Forethought
B. Observational
C. Symbolizing
D. Self-reflective

63. Travis is a new recruit in an advertising firm. During his first week of work, he plans his
actions, anticipates the consequences, and determines the level of desired performance.
According to Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory, which human capability is Travis
concentrating on?
A. Forethought
B. Symbolizing
C. Self-regulatory
D. Self-reflective

64. Ruth has recently completed her first project as a project manager. She analyses her
project to understand how well it went, to perceptually determine how well she can handle
projects in the future. According to Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory, which human
capability is Ruth concentrating on?
A. Forethought
B. Symbolizing
C. Self-regulatory
D. Self-reflective

1-15
Chapter 01 - Introduction to Organizational Behavior: An Evidence-Based Approach

Essay Questions

65. Discuss the importance given to employees in organizations over time.

66. Define paradigm. What are the recent causes for a paradigm shift? What are its
consequences?

67. What is paradigm effect? What are its consequences?

68. What is the manager's perception of employees according to Theory X? Does this
approach still work? Why? What is the assumption of the new perspective?

1-16
Chapter 01 - Introduction to Organizational Behavior: An Evidence-Based Approach

69. List the sources that seem to prevent the majority of managers from effective
implementation and sustainability?

1-17
Chapter 01 - Introduction to Organizational Behavior: An Evidence-Based Approach

70. Explain the purpose of evidence-based management.

71. Identify the basis of meta-analysis.

72. Explain experimental design used in organizational behavior research today.

73. When does a study have internal validity? What are its threats? How can they be
overcome?

1-18
Chapter 01 - Introduction to Organizational Behavior: An Evidence-Based Approach

74. When does a study have external validity?

75. Define organizational behavior.

76. Summarize the relationship of organizational behavior to other closely related disciplines.

77. Explain the cognitive approach to organizational behavior. How is it helpful?

1-19
Chapter 01 - Introduction to Organizational Behavior: An Evidence-Based Approach

78. Discuss the differences in opinions of "Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson" and "B. F.
Skinner."

79. Describe the basic human capabilities according to Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory.

1-20
Chapter 01 - Introduction to Organizational Behavior: An Evidence-Based Approach

Chapter 01 Introduction to Organizational Behavior: An Evidence-Based

Approach Answer Key

True / False Questions

1. (p. 5) The major challenge and critical competitive advantage for any organization is the
human resource of that company.
TRUE

Difficulty: Easy

2. (p. 6) Casey, a relationship manager in a bank creates value for her organization through her
networks, connections, and friends. These values can be referred to as "positive psychological
capital."
FALSE

Difficulty: Medium

3. (p. 6) Roger, a sales manager for Heust Pvt. Ltd., is impressed with his new sales executive,
Tim. According to Roger, Tim is optimistic, can perform well under pressure, and is very
confident about what he does. These qualities can be referred to as "positive psychological
capital."
TRUE

Difficulty: Medium

1-21
Chapter 01 - Introduction to Organizational Behavior: An Evidence-Based Approach

4. (p. 7) The problems with human organizations and the solutions over the ages have
undergone drastic changes compared to their emphasis and surrounding environmental
context.
FALSE

Difficulty: Hard

5. (p. 8) A paradigm establishes only written rules.

FALSE

Difficulty: Easy

6. (p. 8) ‘Paradigm shift' refers to the situation in which those in the existing paradigm may not
even see the changes that are occurring, and therefore, cannot analyze the changes.
TRUE

Difficulty: Easy

1-22
Chapter 01 - Introduction to Organizational Behavior: An Evidence-Based Approach

7. (p. 8) Reasons for considerable resistance to change and difficulty to move from the old
management paradigm to the new can be explained by the "paradigm effect."
TRUE

Difficulty: Easy

8. (p. 10) The fact that today's managers are competent in their functional specialization is
sufficient to reiterate that most of them paid close attention to the conceptual and human
dimensions of their jobs.
FALSE

Difficulty: Hard

9. (p. 10) According to Theory X, if employees were kept happy, they would become high
performers.
TRUE

Difficulty: Easy

10. (p. 11) Theory X is the natural choice for most organizations in today's environment.
FALSE

Difficulty: Easy

11. (p. 11) Most of the practicing managers and their organizations cultures believe, fully
implement, and consistently adhere to a full-fledged HPWPs approach to management.
FALSE

Difficulty: Medium

1-23
Chapter 01 - Introduction to Organizational Behavior: An Evidence-Based Approach

12. (p. 12) The movement to not only recognize, but also do something about the "Knowing-
Doing Gap" is the movement towards evidence-based management.
TRUE

Difficulty: Easy

13. (p. 13) Most of the "new management practices" are essentially a readapted version of
existing "old management truths."
TRUE

Difficulty: Medium

14. (p. 14) The Hawthorne studies were more a result of planned study than a serendipitous
discovery.
FALSE

Difficulty: Medium

15. (p. 15) The Hawthorne effect postulates that the increase in productivity can be attributed to
the special attention received by the participants.
TRUE

Difficulty: Easy

16. (p. 16) Behavioral science is almost as old as the physical and biological sciences.
FALSE

Difficulty: Medium

1-24
Chapter 01 - Introduction to Organizational Behavior: An Evidence-Based Approach

17. (p. 17) According to meta-analysis, if one study shows that a management technique doesn't
work and another study shows that it does, an average of those results is the best estimate of
how well that management practice works (or doesn't work).
TRUE

Difficulty: Easy

18. (p. 18) The experimental design of research used in organizational behavior is largely
borrowed from sociology.
FALSE

Difficulty: Easy

19. (p. 19) The primary aim of any research design, establishing a cause-and-effect relationship,
is accomplished through the experimental design.
TRUE

Difficulty: Easy

20. (p. 19) Laboratory studies tend to have better external validity than field studies.
FALSE

Difficulty: Easy

21. (p. 21) According to Edward Tolman, behavior is reactive, and is directed towards
situations.
FALSE

Difficulty: Medium

1-25
Chapter 01 - Introduction to Organizational Behavior: An Evidence-Based Approach

22. (p. 21) The social cognitive process can be a unifying theoretical framework for both
cognition and behaviorism.
TRUE

Difficulty: Easy

23. (p. 22) The behavioristic approach posits that cognitive processes such as thinking,
expectancies, and perception exist and are essential to predict and control or manage
behavior.
FALSE

Difficulty: Medium

24. (p. 22) The behavioristic approach has been labeled as being mentalistic, while the cognitive
approach has been labeled deterministic.
FALSE

Difficulty: Medium

25. (p. 23) Personality characteristics such as conscientiousness can serve as an example for
organizational participants.
TRUE

Difficulty: Medium

1-26
Chapter 01 - Introduction to Organizational Behavior: An Evidence-Based Approach

Multiple Choice Questions

26. (p. 5) Which of the following is NOT an important environmental or contextual dimension
for organizational behavior?
A. Leadership
B. Globalization
C. Ethics
D. Diversity

Difficulty: Easy

27. (p. 6) Human resource of an organization includes all of the following EXCEPT:
A. human capital.
B. social capital.
C. positive psychological capital.
D. relations capital.

Difficulty: Easy

28. (p. 6) David was recently promoted as the chief marketing officer for Izet Pvt. Ltd. David
was chosen because of his remarkable marketing skills and his experience as Vice-President
for 15 years in a reputed marketing firm. Which of the following can be attributed as a reason
for his promotion?
A. Physical capital
B. Human capital
C. Social capital
D. Positive psychological capital

Difficulty: Medium

1-27
Chapter 01 - Introduction to Organizational Behavior: An Evidence-Based Approach

29. (p. 6) Ken is hired as a branch manager of a marketing firm only because of his networks
with important personalities and his connections with potential clients. Which of the
following can he best provide to the organization?
A. Physical capital
B. Relation capital
C. Social capital
D. Positive psychological capital

Difficulty: Medium

30. (p. 6) Which of the following best explains positive psychological capital?
A. What you know
B. Who you know
C. What you say
D. Who you can become

Difficulty: Easy

31. (p. 6) Which one of the following changes CANNOT be attributed to the dynamic,
technologically advanced work environment?
A. A change in work ethics
B. A change in the traditional employment contract
C. A change in the nature of the work
D. A change in the composition of the workforce

Difficulty: Medium

32. (p. 8) Which among the following does NOT signify the term "paradigm?"
A. A framework
B. A way of thinking
C. A scheme for understanding technology
D. A scheme for understanding reality

Difficulty: Easy

1-28
Chapter 01 - Introduction to Organizational Behavior: An Evidence-Based Approach

33. (p. 8) InvestorPro, an investment consulting firm plans to flatten its traditional hierarchy
structure. The intent is to eliminate authoritarian positions in its structure and create new ones
that are operationally logical. The top management agrees that none of the employees would
be laid-off but only transferred from their positions to the new ones. This plan, when
announced to its employees, is not taken well by lower- and middle- level management who
did not want the structure to be changed. When asked for a reason, they were not able to put a
strong argument. Which of the following best describes this effect?
A. Hawthorne effect
B. Paradigm effect
C. Audience effect
D. External validity

Difficulty: Medium

34. (p. 8) James Brian Quinn believes that the organization of enterprise and effective strategies
will depend more on development and deployment of _____ resources than on the
management of _____ assets.
A. intellectual; physical
B. human; monetary
C. technological; physical
D. natural; monetary

Difficulty: Medium

35. (p. 10) A manager following which of the following theories would be of the opinion that
employees are only interested in money?
A. Social assumptions theory.
B. Theory X.
C. Theory Y.
D. Theory Z.

Difficulty: Easy

1-29
Chapter 01 - Introduction to Organizational Behavior: An Evidence-Based Approach

36. (p. 10) Identify a method that was NOT used by traditional managers to solve management
problems and ensure maximum productivity in the past.
A. Devise monetary incentive plans
B. Ensure job security
C. Provide regular paid leave
D. Provide good working conditions

Difficulty: Medium

37. (p. 11) Among the following, identify which is NOT part of high performance work
practices?
A. Job security
B. Self-managed teams
C. Pay for performance
D. Multi-source feedback system

Difficulty: Medium

38. (p. 11) Identify Jeff Pfeffer's "3 Its," correlating it to organizational behavior theory and
research.
A. Believe it.
B. Spread it.
C. Do it.
D. Stick with it.

Difficulty: Medium

39. (p. 11) Pfeffer and Sutton identified five sources that prevented the implementation and
sustainability of the high performance work practices. Identify which is NOT one of the
sources.
A. Debilitating fear
B. Destructive internal competition
C. Mindless reliance on precedent
D. Poorly designed and complex hierarchy

Difficulty: Medium

1-30
Chapter 01 - Introduction to Organizational Behavior: An Evidence-Based Approach

40. (p. 12) If practitioners take on a more "Practitioner-Scientific" role and academicians assume
a more "Scientific-Practitioner" role, it would result in a movement towards:
A. evidence-based management.
B. relation management.
C. social facilitation.
D. positive psychological capital.

Difficulty: Easy

41. (p. 13) Which among the following aspect of behavioral management was not emphasized
by early pioneers of practicing management, such as Alfred P. Sloan?
A. Hierarchical structure
B. Specialization
C. Management functions of planning and controlling
D. Human dimension

Difficulty: Easy

42. (p. 14) The relay room studies phase of the Hawthorne studies concluded that:
A. the productivity would increase if the length of workday was reduced.
B. productivity was directly proportional to rest breaks.
C. productivity was independent to the method of payment.
D. the independent variables by themselves were not causing the change in the dependent
variable.

Difficulty: Medium

43. (p. 15) Increased productivity under controlled conditions can be attributed solely to the fact
that the participants in the study are given special attention and that they are enjoying a novel,
interesting experience. This can be referred to as:
A. social facilitation.
B. the paradigm effect.
C. groupthink.
D. the Hawthorne effect.

Difficulty: Easy

1-31
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he mounted on a tombstone and announced the
glorious news to the assembled congregation. In my
early days in Gloucestershire, a neighbour, Captain
Fenton, was at times thought to be tedious in his
recurrence to the charge of the Scots Greys in which
he had served, but it was a grand memory all the
same.
In a much humbler sphere and at a different stage
of the same great struggle an interesting part was
played by a very decent woman—afterwards a
servant in our family—at the burial of Sir John Moore
at Corunna. She was proud to remember that she
was one of those who held a lanthorn at the
ceremony alluded to in Wolfe’s poem:—
“We buried him darkly at dead of night
* * * * * *
By the struggling moonbeams’ misty light
And the lanthorn dimly burning.”
 PLATE IX.
Map of the Banks of the Wye.
Sedbury Park Property, the darkly shaded

area between
Severn and Wye.
(pp. 33 and 38.)
 CHAPTER V

SEVERN AND WYE

The locality round which most of the recollections

of nearly half my life centre is in the district of
Gloucestershire, between the Severn and the Wye
(opposite Chepstow in Monmouthshire, plate IX.),
almost at the extremity of the peninsula, sometimes
not inaptly called the “Forest Peninsula,” as some of
the “Hundreds” comprised in the more widely
extended area stretching on to the Forest of Dean
near Newnham, are technically called the “Forest
Hundreds,” although what is commonly thought of
(at the present day) as the Forest of Dean, has long
since ceased to be connected, popularly speaking,
with the lower extremity of the peninsula. This is
bounded on the two sides by the Severn and the
Wye respectively; and at intervals it presents to the
Wye considerable frontage of high cliffs of mountain
limestone, and to the Severn red marl, capped more
or less with lias. It terminates at the junction of the
two rivers in a small area, which is an island at high
water, but accessibly connected with the mainland at
low water. Here, that is on the rocky ground at the
point of confluence of the Wye with the Severn, were
still existing in my time (that is up to 1873) the few
but massive remains of the Hermitage and Chapels,
popularly known collectively as the Chapel of St.
Tecla or Treacle Island (plate X.). The name as given
by William of Worcester in full form is “Capella Sancti
Teriaci Anachoretæ.” He describes the locality
likewise as “The Rok Seynt Tryacle,” but not having
now the opportunity of consulting his observations, I
am not able to say whether the ancient chronicler
gives any reason for the building of this little but
massive knot of buildings, or for its overthrow, which
must have been a somewhat laborious task, and
from the thickness and the solidly built nature of the
walls, one that required co-operation. In the short
account given by my father in “Strigulensia” from
which I borrow some part of these notes, he says, “It
would be vain to attempt identification of the Hermit
whose name is associated with the ruins, and who
does not appear in the calendar of saints, but he
occurs as follows in the “Valor Ecclesiasticus” of Hen.
VIII., vol. ii. p. 501,” “Capella Sancti Triaci valet nihil,
quâ stat in mare et nulla proficua inde proveniunt.”
Whether modern skilled archæologists may have
thrown light on the early history of the anchorite and
his Severn and seaweed-girt chapel I do not know,
but few places could be found less attractive for the
archæeological picnic-excursions which have become
fashionable of late years. Even to my brothers and
myself, accustomed as we were to Severn mud, and
to picking our way fairly safely over and amongst the
coarse brown slippery seaweed fronds (chiefly, if I
remember rightly, the Fucus serratus), the passage
over such parts as were not then submerged was an
exceedingly muddy progress, needing a deal of care
lest we should take a sudden slide into one of the
little rock basins concealed by the “kelp” or other
coarse brown seaweed. But once arrived, it was very
pleasant to sit in the sunshine and enjoy the glorious
view down the Estuary of the Severn, the fresh salt
air blowing round us, or otherwise employ ourselves
to our fancy. From careful measurements we found
the length of the chapel to have been 31 feet 6
inches, the width 14 feet 6 inches, and the thickness
of the walls, wherever sufficient remained for
observation, approximately 3 feet.[17] We had to be
quick in our operations and our return had to be kept
in mind, or we should have had to be fetched off in a
boat, and under all circumstances it was probably
best for the sake of appearances that our walk home
should be as far as possible by the fields or under
the cliffs where minutiæ as to condition of boots,
&c., were unimportant.
The characteristics of the scenery of each of the
rivers are wholly different. The Severn above
Beachley and Aust (in former days the land-points of
the much-used “Old Passage”) spreads into a wide
area of water, perhaps about a mile wide at the
narrowest, and at high tide forming a noble lake-like
expanse. The Wye, on the contrary, as shown in the
map (plate IX.), takes its sinuous and narrow course
between successive promontories, projecting
alternately from the Gloucestershire and
Monmouthshire banks.
 Ruined Anchorite’s Chapel of St. Tecla, on the Chapel Rock
where Severn and Wye meet.

From a sketch by Miss E.A. Ormerod.

(p. 33.)

Severn Cliffs, Sedbury Park.

(p. 40.)

Across some considerable portion of the river a

quarter of a mile or so above Beachley, on the
Gloucestershire side, a rocky ledge of limestone
called “The Lyde” projects at low tide, causing a
backwater of which the steady roar can be heard at
a long distance.[18] Cormorants on the rock, and
conger-eels below it, were regular inhabitants or
visitors—the former presumably attracted by the
latter, which served to some degree also as food to
the fishermen, although pronounced to be “slobbery-
like.”
The muddy colour of the Severn was not in itself
picturesque—at least I have never heard the point
mentioned with admiration; but to me, born as I was
by this noblest of our rivers, it seemed to convey a
comfortable idea of homeliness and strength.
Sometimes, however, in the early morning or in
certain conditions of light, the deep rosy colouring
was almost as if the whole width of water had been
changed to blood; then the effect was very splendid,
and as wonderful still as it must have been in days
long gone by to Queen Boadicea:—
“Still rolls thy crimson flood in glory on
As when of old its deep ensanguined dye
Told to the warrior Queen her falling throne,
Her people’s death, the foemen’s victory.”

But, independently of other considerations, a bend

in the river was of great local service. It formed a
bay of about perhaps three-quarters of a mile across,
bounded to the west by our own and the Beachley
cliffs, and further protected, or endangered, on the
southern side by a low range of rocks running out
into the river. With the rising tide the import shipping
to Gloucester, which in those days was extensive, put
in here to be searched by the Custom House officials.
At that time (excepting tugs) it was entirely
composed of sailing vessels mostly laden with corn,
wine, and timber, and the mixed fleet moving about
in the bay with colours flying was a very lively sight.
In due time they passed on—the three-masters,
ships, and barques, or the graceful chasse-marées,
taking the lead; brigs and schooners following, and
sloops and—if weather permitted—Severn trows
bringing up the rear. These, however, as they
differed very little in formation from canal barges,
required tolerably fair or at least quiet weather to
allow them to proceed in safety. The procession of
shipping came along almost beneath our cliffs, the
deep channel being on that side, and perhaps it was
as well that they were no nearer, or the nautical
remarks might have been more often audible to the
young people than was desirable!
A special convenience to ourselves was a little
creek under the cliffs, called in those parts a “pill”
(presumably from the Welsh pwll or pool), which
allowed of coals being run in a sloop across from
Bristol and carted up to the house by a shorter road
than that from Chepstow.
 FIG. (A).—PUTCHER FOR CATCHING SALMON.

Salmon fishing was carried on partly by nets from

fishing boats, partly by rows of baskets known as
“putts” or “putchers.” The boats during the boat
fishing lay above the edge of the water on the
sloping and slippery frontage of the shore. When the
tide served for fishing, the men went down from the
village above the cliffs to their boats across the flat
and precipitously-edged grass, between the base of
the low cliffs and the sloping shore. Each man
wriggled with might and main at his boat till he
loosened its adhesion to the tenacious mud and
started it on its slide with its bows foremost towards
the water. Once off, of course the pace accelerated;
its owner, running behind, held on and clambered in
as best he could, and the two arrived safely and with
a great jolt on the water. The boats then formed in
line, secured by being tied stern to stern at about a
boat’s length from each other, and presumably
anchored also, but this I do not remember. The net
of each boat was lowered, and nothing further
occurred till a fish was captured; then the net was
lifted, the fish, shining in all the beauty of its silvery
scales, taken out, and the net lowered again. These
were the best fish; those that were caught in the
putts were “drowned” fish, and unless the fishermen
were fairly on the alert to secure them before the
falling tide had left the baskets long uncovered, there
was a very good chance of the eyes being pecked
out or the fish otherwise disfigured by birds.
The putcher or basket fishing was carried on by
means of very open extinguisher-shaped baskets
each long enough to hold, it can hardly be said
accommodate, a good-sized salmon. The frame or
stand on which these baskets were fixed was formed
of two rows of strong poles or upright pieces of
wood, running down the shore, across the narrow of
the river, for many yards, firmly fixed between high
and low tide level, at such a distance as would allow
the baskets to reach from one side to the other.
Horizontal poles or pieces of wood connected the
upright poles, and to these horizontal supports the
baskets were attached, so as to form rows with the
open ends of the extinguishers facing up stream and
all ranged one storey above the other. The fish were
drifted into the basket trap, and of course, though
they might injure themselves in their struggles, and
to some degree their market value, they were
powerless to effect their escape and withdraw
backward against the set of the tide.[19]
The much larger form of basket described by Mr.
Buckland as “putts,” and as being used for catching
flat fish, was of a slightly different make—formed
only of two instead of three pieces; one large piece,
so wide at the opening that I, as a girl, had no
difficulty in standing within it, and a very much
smaller piece, forming a kind of nose. This little
adjunct was, I believe, taken off and searched by the
fishermen for what it contained. To my sister
Georgiana and myself it was a great pleasure to go
down to where the two great eel-putts stood on
clean shore at very low tide below the longest row of
salmon-putchers, and search for anything that was
to be found. My sister was a good conchologist. We
searched for seaweed, &c., &c., and thereby got a
deal of pleasant amusement. The fishermen, who
knew us well, made no objection to our
investigations, though, as one of the men remarked
on one occasion, “It was not everybody they liked to
see near the putts.”
 In our immediate neighbourhood the fishermen
were quiet—at least I never heard of their getting
into very objectionable difficulties—but about eight
miles higher up the river, near Lydney, things in this
respect were by no means all that could be wished.
On one occasion they captured the Fishery Inspector
himself—whose duty it was to ascertain that the
meshes were not below a certain measurement—and
secured him in the nets. Another time somebody
(who, unluckily for him, bore some resemblance to
the obnoxious inspector) got nearly sloughed up in
one of the great marsh ditches, and would have
been left to live or die as might chance—probably
the latter—but for the arrival of timely help. My
father being one of the acting magistrates of the
district, we used to hear from time to time of these
and other “mauvaises plaisanteries” in the
neighbourhood of the Forest of Dean.

On reference to the portion of the Ordnance Map

(plate IX.) it will be seen that there is a broad band
marked “mud,” of about a sixth of a mile in width at
the widest part and extending for about a mile and a
half by the side of the deep channel of the Severn,
between it and the cliffs of the Beachley and Sedbury
Bay.
 The most remarkable capture of which I have any
recollection as taking place in the waters, or rather in
the mud of the Severn, was said to be a “Bottle-
nosed whale,” or Dolphin, Delphinus tursio, Fabr., but
it was so many decades of years ago, that I have no
means now of turning to any record for verification
of the species. The capture itself excited a deal of
local interest. It was on a summer morning that one
of my brothers, enlivening his vacation studies, as
was his custom, by watching through his telescope
anything of interest that might be going on amongst
the shipping or elsewhere, saw something like an
enormous fish struggling and “flopping” on the
Beachley pier of the old Passage Ferry. As a matter
of course, we young folks set off after luncheon to
have our share of the sight, and found the creature
had been captured when lying helpless, or half dead,
in the mud at the Aust side of the Ferry, and had
been towed across behind a boat. At this distance of
time I only remember the whale- or dolphin-like
shape of the animal, its great size, and that it was
apparently of a greyish colour; but this item might
very likely be from its being coated with Severn mud.
In Bell’s “British Quadrupeds” the greatest length
recorded of various specimens found in England is 12
feet. The colour of the back is black, with a purplish
tinge, becoming dusky on the sides, and dirty white
on the belly. This species is considered rare in
England and it is of some interest, in referring to the
locality of what may be called our own capture, that
“The first account which we have of its appearance
on our own shores is that of John Hunter,” and it was
taken with its young one “on the sea coast near
Berkeley”; that is about two or three miles higher up
the left bank of the Severn than the Aust Cliffs.
Another specimen was found in the river Dart in
Devonshire, and, it was stated, “was killed with
difficulty, the poor animal having suffered for four
hours the attacks of eight men armed with spears
and two guns, and assisted by dogs. When wounded
it made a noise like the bellowing of a bull.”[20] In the
case of the Old Passage specimen the poor creature
was also most barbarously treated, chiefly by being
attacked by the running of hay forks, pitch forks, and
the like, into its body, and I remember a good deal of
chopping with hatchets or axes, but it was quite
quiet and, it was to be hoped, was past feeling pain.
Immense popular interest, of course, was excited as
to the precise nature of the unusual “take,” as to
whether it was a Leviathan, or possibly the kind of
fish that swallowed Jonah—but the affair ended by
the creature being shipped off to Bristol to be turned
into a little money for the boatmen who secured it,
and no other cetacean was taken during the
remainder of the years in which Sedbury was my
home.

The most observable of the seaweeds, which grew

on the rocks or large stones, more or less in the
muddy salt water between tide levels at the mouth
of the Severn, were of the genus Fucus, which at
one time was much used in the making of kelp. The
ornamental kinds always appeared to me to be
unaccountably absent. They were not to be expected
to make this place their habitat, but, still, their
almost total absence in the masses of drift matter
left by the retiring tide struck me as curious. In my
most successful searches I do not remember ever
being fortunate enough to secure even a fragment of
the lovely Oak-leaf, Delesseria, with its bright, rosy-
veined leaves from as much as 4 inches to 8 inches
in length placed along their cylindrical stem, or the
Peacock seaweed, Padina pavonea, with its
concentric markings. Of Iceland Moss there might be
a battered morsel. The general composition of the
driftage was composed of little except what might be
grown in the neighbourhood, mixed with sugar cane
or packing material thrown from the vessels. This,
however, seemed to me of some interest in
connection with the set of the currents. Here,
however, I am out of my element, but as my brother
Dr. Ormerod employed me as a collector, I am not
personally responsible.
The distinct varieties of soil, and also the
geographical and the geological surroundings of
Sedbury, were unusually favourable to natural history
investigations, whether of fauna and flora of the
present day, or of fossil remains of saurians and
shells. These were easily accessible as they fell from
the frontage of lias, or the narrow horizontal strip in
the cliffs (plate IX.) facing the Severn, well known to
the geologists as the “bone bed.” At the highest part
the cliffs were about 140 feet, calculating from
medium tide level. There the face had been quarried
back for a supply of lias limestone, used in enlarging
the offices of the house, and in so doing had laid
bare a fine bed of so-called “Venus” shells. We used
to find beautiful specimens of those shells,
irrespective of this extra fine deposit, and also of
“patens,” oysters of some kind, which we sought for
unweariedly, hammer in hand. The greatest matters
of interest, however, were the saurian, or the fish
remains, of which we sometimes found a plentiful
supply of specimens of little value, and now and then
some of considerable interest.
 PLATE XI.
Roman Pottery, found in Sedbury Park.
From a drawing by Miss E. A. Ormerod.
(p. 18.)
 Saurian from the Lias, Sedbury Cliffs.
(p. 41.)

The Sedbury cliffs lie nearly north of the Aust cliff,

and contain the Aust bone bed, from which the
Severn, about a mile wide, or somewhat more, there
divides them. Geologically, in all important
characteristics, I believe the two cliffs correspond. Of
this bone bed it is noted by Sir Charles Lyell[21]: “In
England the Lias is succeeded by conformable strata
of red and green marl or clay. There intervenes,
however, both in the neighbourhood of Exmouth, in
Devonshire, and in the cliffs of Westbury and Aust, in
Gloucestershire, on the banks of the Severn, a dark-
coloured stratum, well known by the name of the
‘bone bed.’ It abounds in the remains of saurians and
fish, and was formerly classed as the lowest bed of
Lias; but Sir P. Egerton has shown that it should be
referred to as the Upper New Red Sandstone.” The
reasons given are not of interest to the general
reader. From the fallen débris of this we collected
vertebræ, single, or sometimes a few in connection,
also bones of the paddles, and any amount of teeth,
also coprolites, the excrementitious matter of the
living owners of the bones. These were in great
quantity, but I never remember that they were other
than irregular lumps, and though some of us were
much given to grinding and polishing stones that
afforded hope of an ornamental result, it never
occurred to us to exercise our talents on these
lumps, which might have indicated in their
undigested contents some evidence of the diet of
their consumers.
The only valuable or interesting specimen of
Saurian remains (that is of an animal in moderate
degree of entirety) fell from the cliffs after I had
ceased to reside there. This was a slab of Lias about
3 feet long by 2 feet broad, and about 7 to 9 inches
thick (plate XI.) The history of its fall, as given to me
in a letter from Dr. John Yeats, F.R.G.S., then residing
at Chepstow, dated September, 1882, was, that
“From one of the ledges, or from the top of a slip or
subsidence, a fir tree was blown down during the
autumn of 1882.... The fossil was found beneath the
roots,” and “the fossil remains were laid bare by a
conchoidal fracture.” A few detached vertebræ were
collected, but unfortunately no part of the head was
secured. Of this specimen Professor Richard Owen
was good enough to report to Dr. Yeats on the 24th
of May, 1883, as follows: “From the concavity of the
articular surfaces of the vertebræ, I infer it to be part
of an ichthyosaurus, and the number and character
of the ribs agree with that deduction. If any part of
the jaws or teeth should be found near the locality it
would decide the matter.”
This fossil is now in the possession of Sir William
H. Marling, at Sedbury.
The surface of the cliffs was of a very mixed
nature, with ledges of stone projecting slightly in
places, and from the effect of weathering, landslips,
leading at times to inconvenience, were not
infrequent. As we knew the nature of the ground we
were careful about going near the edge of the top of
the cliff, where a precipice or a crack showed danger,
but it happened more than once that a bullock or
calf, attracted by food to be found amongst the trees
or bushes which in some places clothed the slanting
upper part, was tempted beyond safe footing, and
toppled down to the bottom to its own destruction.
On one occasion, on returning from a walk, my sister
Georgiana and I, not having noticed a fall from the
cliffs, were cut off by one of these slips from any
comfortable advance. It was not a case of danger,
but a choice between much wet and dirt from Severn
mud, or very considerable discomfort of another sort,
as the slip had brought down with it brambles, &c.,
&c., most unpleasant to brave for the sake of
dryness. We preferred the wet passage, feeling our
way with our feet through the muddy water from one
good-sized stone to another, and presently arrived
safely above the high-tide level, but to those who did
not know that beneath the muddy surface there was
a sound footing if sought for, the little episode might
have been unpleasant.
 PLATE XII.
Royal Mail starting from Old General Post Office, London.
Original lent by Arthur Ackermann & Son, 191, Regent Street, W.
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