Scribd
Upload
6 views4 pages

Notes - 2.4 Ions and ionic bonds - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE

The document explains the formation of cations and anions, highlighting that cations are formed by the loss of electrons from metals and anions by the gain of electrons by non-metals. It describes ionic bonds as strong electrostatic attractions between oppositely charged ions, formed through electron transfer, and illustrates the process using dot-and-cross diagrams. Additionally, it outlines the properties of ionic compounds, including their high melting and boiling points, and their electrical conductivity in aqueous or molten states.

Uploaded by

sargamgodara09
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
6 views4 pages

Notes - 2.4 Ions and ionic bonds - CAIE Chemistry IGCSE

The document explains the formation of cations and anions, highlighting that cations are formed by the loss of electrons from metals and anions by the gain of electrons by non-metals. It describes ionic bonds as strong electrostatic attractions between oppositely charged ions, formed through electron transfer, and illustrates the process using dot-and-cross diagrams. Additionally, it outlines the properties of ionic compounds, including their high melting and boiling points, and their electrical conductivity in aqueous or molten states.

Uploaded by

sargamgodara09
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

CAIE IGCSE Chemistry

2.4 Ions and ionic bonds

Notes

This work by PMT Education is licensed under https://bit.ly/pmt-cc


https://bit.ly/pmt-edu-cc CC BY-NC-ND 4.0

https://bit.ly/pmt-cc
https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc
Describe the formation of positive ions, known as cations, and negative
ions, known as anions

● An ion is an atom or molecule with an electrical charge, due to the loss or gain
of an electron
● The overall charge of an atom is zero (neutral) and the charge of an electron
is negative so:
○ The gain of an electron to a non-metal results in a negative charged
ion, known as an anion.
■ E.g. If a chlorine atom gains an electron, a chloride ion with a -1
charge is produced: Cl + e- -> Cl-
○ The loss of an electron from a metal results in a positively charged ion,
known as a cation.
■ E.g. If a sodium atom loses an electron, a sodium ion with a +1
charge is produced: Na -> Na+ + e-

State that an ionic bond is a strong electrostatic attraction between


oppositely charged ions

● Ionic bonds form between a cation and anion, this bond is a strong
electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged ions
● An electron is transferred (lost) from the cation to the anion, which gains the
electron.

Describe the formation of ionic bonds between elements from Group I and
Group VII, including the use of dot-and-cross diagrams

● Remember:
○ Group 1 elements (metals) have 1 outer shell electron
○ Group 7 elements (non-metals) have 7 outer shell electrons
○ So if the group 1 atom loses an electron and the group 7 atom gains an
electron, the resulting ions will have full outer shells
● An ionic bond is formed between the oppositely charged ions
● A dot and cross diagram can be used to show this:
○ The 1 outer shell electron from sodium is transferred to the outer shell
in chlorine
○ Since sodium lost an electron, a sodium ion with a +1 charge is formed
○ Since chlorine gained an electron, a chloride ion with a -1 charge is
formed
○ Square brackets with the associated charge is used to show an ion has
been made

https://bit.ly/pmt-cc
https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc
○ Use dots to represent the electrons from one element and crosses to
represent the electrons from the other element
○ The ions are drawn next to each other to indicate an ionic bond in the
ionic compound, e.g. sodium chloride (NaCl)

Describe the properties of ionic compounds:

Properties Boiling Melting Electrical conductivity


point point

When aqueous or When solid


molten

Ionic High High Good Poor/cannot


compounds conduct

(Extended only) Describe the giant lattice structure of ionic compounds as


a regular arrangement of alternating positive and negative ions

● An ionic compound has a giant lattice structure which means the cations and
anions are arranged alternately
● E.g. Sodium chloride is shown in a 3D model below
● The ionic lattice is held together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction
(ionic bonds) between the cations and anions

https://bit.ly/pmt-cc
https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc
(Extended only) Describe the formation of ionic bonds between ions of
metallic and non-metallic elements, including the use of dot-and-cross
diagrams

● Metals lose electrons to form positively charged cations


● Non-metals gain electrons to form negatively charged anions
● E.g. Magnesium, is a group 2 metal with 2 outer shell electrons, so it must
lose 2 electrons to form a magnesium ion with a +2 charge: Mg2+
● E.g. Oxygen is a group 6 non-metal so it has 6 outer shell electrons, so it
gains 2 electrons to form an oxide ion with a -2 charge: O2-
● Dot and cross diagrams can be used to display the formation of the ionic
bonds between the oppositely charged ions:
○ Magnesium must lose 2 electrons to form a full outer shell
○ Each chlorine atom must gain 1 electron to form a full outer shell
○ So 2 electrons from magnesium is transferred to each chlorine atom
○ This forms 2 chloride ions with -1 charges and a magnesium ion with a
+2 charge, with ionic bonds between them

(Extended only) Explain in terms of structure and bonding the properties


of ionic compounds:
● Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points because the ionic
bonds have very strong electrostatic forces of attraction so need more energy
to overcome them.
● Ionic compounds have good electrical conductivity when aqueous or
molten, because the ions are free to move to carry charge.
● Ionic compounds have poor electrical conductivity/ cannot conduct
electricity when solid because the ions are fixed in position, so cannot move
from one place to another.

https://bit.ly/pmt-cc
https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc

You might also like