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మా పుస్ ు లకు అందంచిన, ఆదరంచిన ఉపాధ్యాయ లోకానికి ధనావాద్యలు.
3
2. Give reasons.
a) Why photosynthesis is considered as the basic energy source for most of living world?
(OR)
b) Why can we say that photosynthesis is the basic energy source for the living world?
A: All living organisms constantly need energy to be alive. They get energy from the food they
eat. The food directly or indirectly comes from the green plants through photosynthesis.Hence
photosynthesis can be considered as the basic energy source for most of living world.
b) Why is it better to call the dark phase of photosynthesis as a light independent phase?
A: The term dark reaction or light independent does not mean that they occur when it is dark
at night. It only means that the reactions are not depend on light. Hence, we call the dark
phase of photosynthesis as a light independent phase.
c) Why is it necessary to destarch a plant before performing any experiment on
photosynthesis?
1) To get better results, it is necessary to destarch a plant before performing any experiment
on photosynthesis.
2)Because if starch is present it may interfere with the result of the experiment.
d) Why is it not possible to demonstrate respiration in green plants kept in sunlight?
A: We cannot demonstrate an experiment of respiration in green plants kept in sunlight. Because
if sunlight is present, the C02 produced in respiration will be used in photosynthesis. So, we
must conduct an experiment on respiration in green plants in a dark room.
3. Give examples.
a) Digestive enzymes
A: The digestive enzymes are:
Salivary Amylase (Ptyalin),
Pepsin, Trypsin,
Lipase, Peptidases,
Sucrase, Amylase (Pancreatic juice)
b) Organisms having heterotrophic nutrition is seen in organisms like:
A: Heterotrophic nutrition is seen in organisms like:
All animals and human beings.
Some protozoans Ex: Amoeba.
Some parasitic plants Ex: Cuscuta
Saprophytes Ex: Bread moulds, yeast, mushrooms, etc.
c) Vitamins
A: Water soluble vitamins: B complex (B1) Thiamine, (B2) Riboflavin, (B3) Niacin, (B6)
Pyridoxine, (B12) Cyanocobalamin, Folic acid, Pantothenic acid, Biotin, (C) Ascorbic Acid.
Fat soluble vitamins: (A) Retinol, (D) Calciferol, (E) Tocoferol, (K) Phylloquinone.
d) Nutritional deficiency diseases
Eg: Kwashiorkor, Marasmus etc.
4. Where do plants get each of the raw materials required for photosynthesis?
Raw materials Sources
External factors:
1. Carbon dioxide Atmosphere
2. Sunlight Sun
Internal factors:
3. Water Ground water
4. Chlorophyll and enzymes Present in leaf.
5. Explain the necessary conditions for autotrophic nutrition and what are its by­products.
A. Necessary conditions:
Autotrophic nutrition takes place through the process of photosynthesis.
Carbon dioxide, water, chlorophyll pigment and sunlight are the necessary conditions
required for autotrophic nutrition.
The rate of photosynthesis depends on availability of sunlight.
BIOLOGY REFERENCE NOTES 4 10th CLASS (AP) 2023 - 24
B. By products:
Photosynthesis is the main process for autotrophic nutrition.
Carbohydrates and oxygen are the by­products of photosynthesis.
6. With the help of chemical equation explain the process of photosynthesis in detail
with the help of a flow chart.
A: Process of photosynthesis:
The chemical equation representing the process of photosynthesis is
Light
6CO2 12 H 2 O
Chlorophyll
C6 H12 O6 6H 2 O 6O2

Definition: Photosynthesis is the process by which plants containing the green pigment
“chlorophyll” build up complex organic molecules from relatively simple inorganic ones,
using sunlight as an energy source.
Photosynthesis have two phases.
1)Light reaction 2) Dark reaction
Light reaction has three steps,
i) Oxidation of chlorophyll ii) Photolysis iii) Formation of ATP, NADPH and O2
In dark reaction CO2 is utilized and finally glucose is formed which is converted and stored
as starch.
FLOW CHART:

7. Name the three end products of photosynthesis.

A: Glucose, oxygen and water are the three end products of photosynthesis.
8. What is the connecting substance between light reaction and dark reaction?
A: The hydrogen of NADPH present in the stroma is the connecting substance between light
reaction and dark reaction.

BIOLOGY REFERENCE NOTES 5 10th CLASS (AP) 2023 - 24

BIOLOGY REFERENCE NOTES 6 10th CLASS (AP) 2023 - 24
 Small intestine is the largest part in digestive system.
Absorption is its main function including last stage of digestion.
The inner surface of small intestine has millions of tiny finger­like projections called villi.
Due to the presence of villi, the absorbing surface area of small intestine increases.
And the large surface area of small intestine helps in the rapid absorption of digested food
on large scale.
The digested food which is absorbed through the walls of the small intestine goes into our
blood.
Long and folding structures increase the ability of small intestine.
14. How are fats digested in our bodies? Where does this process take place?
What is emulsification? How it helps in digestion of fats?
(OR)
How are fats digested? Where do they get digested?
A: Bile juice and lipase enzymes helps in fat digestion.
Bile juice is secreted by liver.
Fats are digested by converting them into small globules like forms by the help of the bile
juice.
This process is called emulsification.
Lipase enzyme is secreted by pancreas.
It converts emulsified fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
Bile
Fats small globules ( Emulsification )
Emulsified fats Lipase fatty acids and glycerol
This process takes place in duodenum and small intestine.
15. What is the role of saliva in the digestion of food?
(OR)
How does saliva digest food?
A: Saliva is secreted by three pairs of salivary glands present in the mouth.
Human saliva contains an enzyme called amylase (ptyalin).
It converts starch into maltose (a sugar).
The food is mixed thoroughly with saliva and becomes wet and slippery.
Saliva helps in the smooth passage of food in the food pipe.
16. What will happen to protein digestion as the medium of intestine is gradually rendered
alkaline?
A: The food coming from the stomach to intestine is acidic in nature. Bile and pancreatic juices
render the internal condition of the intestine gradually to a basic or alkaline one.Protein
digestion continues even if the medium of intestine is gradually changed to alkaline. In the
alkaline medium pancreatic enzyme trypsin can act on the food and digests the proteins.
Pr oteins Tryp sin Peptides
Pancreatic Juice
The enzymes present in the intestinal juice like peptidases complete the digestion of proteins
into amino acids.
Peptidase
Peptides Intestinal Juice A min o acids
17. What is the role of roughages in the alimentary tract?
A: Roughages are the fibers of either carbohydrates or proteins. Plenty of roughages in the diet
avoid constipation. Roughages help in the easy movement of faeces in the large intestine.They
help in the easy digestion of food and keep the alimentary canal clean and healthy.
BIOLOGY REFERENCE NOTES 7 10th CLASS (AP) 2023 - 24
18. What is malnutrition? Explain some nutrition deficiency diseases.
A: Malnutrition: Eating of food that does not have one or more than one nutrients in required
amount is known as malnutrition.
Malnutrition is of three types:
1.Calorie malnutrition,
2.Protein malnutrition,
3.Protein calorie
malnutrition. Nutrition
deficiency diseases:
Kwashiorkor disease: This is due to protein deficiency in diet.
Symptoms:
i) Body parts becomes swollen due to accumulation of water in the intercellular spaces,
ii) Very poor muscle development,
iii) Swollen legs,
iv) Fluffy face,
v) difficult to eat,
vi) diarrhoea,
vii) Dry skin.
Marasmus: This is due to deficiency of both protein and calories. Generally, this disease
occurs when there is an immediate pregnancy or repeated childbirths.
Symptoms:
i) Lean and weak,
ii) Swelling in joints of limbs,
iii) Less developed muscles,
iv) Dry skin and
v) diarrhea.
II. ASKING QUESTIONS AND MAKING HYPOTHESIS
19. How do non­green plants such as fungi and bacteria obtain their nourishment?
A: Bacteria and fungi are non­green plants. So, they cannot prepare their own food materials.
They are saprophytes which feed on dead and decaying plant and animal bodies.The fungi
and bacteria break down the complex organic molecules present in dead and decaying matter
by releasing chemical substances into simple substances outside the body. These simpler
substances are then absorbed by fungi and bacteria as their food.
20. If we keep on increasing CO 2 concentration in the air, what will be the rate of
photosynthesis?
A: If the CO2 concentration in the air increases, the rate of photosynthesis also increases. If
the CO2 concentration raises above 5% then the rate of photosynthesis reduces. At certain
CO2 concentration the rate of photosynthesis is constant.Here a rise in CO 2 levels has no
effect on the rate of photosynthesis as the other factors such as light intensity becomes
limited.
21. What happens to plant if the rate of respiration becomes more than the rate of
photosynthesis?
A: Respiration is a catabolic (destructive) process and photosynthesis is an anabolic
(constructive) process. If the rate of respiration becomes more than the rate of photosynthesis,
the amount of food oxidized will be more than the food produced. This affects the growth
and development of plants and may even results in the death of the plant.
22. Why do you think that carbohydrates are not digested in the stomach? (OR)
Where are carbohydrates digested in alimentary canal?
A: For the digestion of carbohydrates enzyme ptyalin or amylase are required. The gastric juice
produced by stomach do not contain the enzyme ptyalin or amylase,it contains only pepsin
which digests proteins.Hence carbohydrates are not digested in the stomach.Carbohydrates are
partially digested in the mouth and completely in small intestine.
BIOLOGY REFERENCE NOTES 8 10th CLASS (AP) 2023 - 24
 III. EXPERIMENTATION AND FIELD INVESTIGATION
23. What process do you follow in your laboratory to study the presence of starch in
leaves?
(OR)
(Activity – 1)
How do you test the presence of starch in leaves?
(OR)
Mention the materials required and explain the experiment to prove the presence of
starch in leaves. What inference do you draw from this experiment?
Aim: To study the presence of starch in leaves.
Apparatus: Beaker, test tube, bunsen burner, tripod stand, asbestos gauze, methylated spirit,
leaf, petri dish, iodine solution.
Procedure:

Select a leaf of a potted plant with soft thin leaves.

Boil the leaf in methylated spirit over a water bath till it becomes pale white due to the
removal of chlorophyll.
Observe the leaf.
Spread the leaf in a petri dish and add a few drops of tincture iodine / betadine solution
on it.
Again, observe the leaf.
Observation: The presence of starch will be indicated by a blue­black colour in leaf.
Result: The experiment proves that starch is present in leaves. It is formed by Photo­
synthesis.
Precautions:
Do not boil the methylated spirit test tube directly on flame.
Boil the water bath with low flame.
24. How would you demonstrate that green plants release
oxygen when exposed to light? (OR) (Lab Activity)
Write the experimental procedure to prove that oxygen is
produced during photosynthesis in the presence of light.
(OR)
What materials are required to prove that oxygen is
produced during photosynthesis in the presence of light?
What procedure we need to follow to perform the above
experiment? We have conducted experiment that prove
the release of oxygen
When photosynthesis happens?
i) What are the plants used for this experiment? Where do
they grow?

BIOLOGY REFERENCE NOTES 9 10th CLASS (AP) 2023 - 24

 ii) How did you conduct the above experiment? In which context large number of air
bubbles released? Do you noticed?
A: i) Hydrilla plants are used for this experiment they grow in water.
ii) Experiment to demonstrate the release of oxygen during photosynthesis.
Aim: To prove that oxygen is produced during photosynthesis by hydrilla funnel experiment.
Apparatus: Beaker with water, test tube, funnel, hydrilla twigs, glowing splinter.
Procedure: Arrange the apparatus as shown in the figure.
Place some water plant hydrilla in a beaker containing pond water, and cover these by a
short­stemmed funnel.
Invert a test – tube full of water over the stem of the funnel.
Ensure that the level of water in the beaker is above the level of stem of the inverted funnel.
Place the apparatus in the sun for at least 2 or 3 hours.
After some time it is observed that gas bubbles come from the hydrilla plant. These bubbles
are collected at the end of the test tube pushing the water into the beaker.
After sufficient gas is collected test – tube is taken out of the beaker carefully by closing it
with thumb.
Observation: Test the gas in the test – tube by inserting a glowing incense stick which
would burst into flames. This shows the presence of oxygen.
Result: This shows that oxygen is produced during photosynthesis.
Precautions:
Funnel should be smaller than the beaker.
Necessary care is to be taken while removing the test tube from the stem of the funnel.
IV.INFORMATION SKILLS AND PROJECTS
25. Collect information from your primary health centre of malnutrition child at various
ages and make a table your own and display in the classroom.
Sl.No Age Group No.of children with malnutrition
Proteins Calories Vitamins
1. 0­1 year 1 2 1
2. 1­3 years 4 2 1
3. 3­5 years 3 1 3
4. 5­7 years 3 ­ 3
5. 7­10 years 3 ­ 3
V. COMMUNICATION THROUGH DRAWING AND MODEL MAKING
26. If there were no green plants, all life on the earth would come to an end! Comment.
(OR)
The survival of organisms would become difficult, if there are no green plants on the
earth. How do you support?
A: Plants play the most important part in the cycle of nature. Without plants there could be no
life on earth.Plants are the only organisms that can make their own food and all other living
beings directly or indirectly depend on plants for their food.Moreover, plants release oxygen
into the atmosphere through photosynthesis. Oxygen is essential for the organisms to
respire.Hence without green plants, all life on the earth would come to an end.
27. Draw a neat labeled diagram of chloroplast found in leaf, and its role in photosynthesis.
Role of Chloroplast in photosynthesis:
Chloroplasts trap solar energy.
They convert that solar energy into chemical energy.
They help in the formation of glucose.
BIOLOGY REFERENCE NOTES 10 10th CLASS (AP) 2023 - 24
28. Draw the label diagram of human digestive system. List out the parts where peristalsis
takes place.

Buccal cavity

Appendix

Parts where peristalsis takes place:

Oesophagus,
stomach,
small intestine
large intestine.
29. Raheem prepared a model showing the passage of the food through different parts of
the alimentary canal. Observe this and label its parts.

Answer:

30. Observe the following diagram and write a note on light dependent, light independent
reactions.

BIOLOGY REFERENCE NOTES 11 10th CLASS (AP) 2023 - 24

 Light dependent reactions:
Light dependent reactions are also called as photochemical phase.
The light dependent reaction takes place in chlorophyll containing thylakoids called grana
of chloroplasts.
Dark reaction or light independent reaction:
In light independent phase the hydrogen of the NADPH is used to combine it with CO2, by
utilizing ATP energy and to produce glucose.
All these reactions occur in the stroma region of the chloroplast.
VI. APPRECIATION AND AESTHETIC SENSE / VALUES
31. Almost all the living world depends on plants for food material. How do you appreciate
the process of making food by the green plants?
(OR)
What facts about the green plants do you appreciate?
A: Leaf is a wonderful machine to synthesize food:
a. The leaf is the important site of photosynthesis and is called as food factory of the plant.
b. This plant organ can be treated as a wonderful natural machine which converts solar
energy into useful chemical energy.
c. With all his scientific knowledge and technical skills, man has not produced anything
similar leaf for utilization of solar energy without polluting the atmosphere.
d. This machine provides food and supports the life by providing oxygen for all the organisms
including man on this planet.
e. Nature has given us such a wonderful machine free!!
32. Even a hard­solid food also becomes smooth slurry in the digestive system by the
enzymes released at a particular time. This mechanism is an amazing fact. Prepare a
cartoon on it.
Answer:

BIOLOGY REFERENCE NOTES 12 10th CLASS (AP) 2023 - 24

 VII. APPLICATION TO DAILY LIFE AND CONCERN TO BIODIVERSITY
33. What are good food habits?
The food habits I am going to follow after reading this chapter are:
I take balanced diet which contains proper amounts of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins
and minerals.
I avoid taking food containing high proportion of fat.
I eat food as much required by my body. I do not overeat.
I will not eat rich meals over several days.
I eat simple balanced meals, eat it leisurely and thoroughly masticating the food.
I avoid doing violent exercise soon after eating food.
I empty the bowels regularly avoiding constipation.
I will see to have plenty of roughages in the diet.

1 Mark Questions - Answers

1. Which process in plants makes them “the Universal food provider”?
A. Photosynthesis.
2. Who believed and proved that plants get their food not only from soil but also from
other sources?
A. Von Helmont.
3. Name the reagent used to test the presence of starch?
A. iodine/ Betadine.
4. Name the scientist who discovered oxygen.
A. Joseph Priestly in 1774.
5. Who coined the name oxygen.
A. Lavoisier.
6. Give reason for placing plants in dark room for few days before conducting photo
synthesis experiments on them?
A. (1) To de­starch them. (2) De­starched plants are used in Photosynthesis experiments.
7. Why do we take potassium Hydroxide in bottle during the experiment to prove the
essentiality of carbon dioxide in Photosynthesis?
A. To remove carbon dioxide in bottle.
8. Who first proposed that plants release oxygen in the presence of sunlight?
A. Dutch scientist, Jan Ingenhousz.
9. Which aquatic plants are used in Photosynthesis experiments?
A. Hydrilla, Elodea.
10. Who extracted the green colored pigment from leaves?
A. Pelletier and Caventou.
11. In which colored lights, rate of Photosynthesis is high in plants?
A. In red and blue colored lights.
12. What happens if chloroplasts are absent in plants?
A. Photosynthesis does not occur in plants.
13. Expand ATP.
A. Adenosine Tri Phosphate.
14. Expand NADPH.
A. Nicotinamide adenine Dinucleotide Hydrogen Phosphate.
BIOLOGY REFERENCE NOTES 13 10th CLASS (AP) 2023 - 24
BIOLOGY REFERENCE NOTES 14 10th CLASS (AP) 2023 - 24
BIOLOGY REFERENCE NOTES 15 10th CLASS (AP) 2023 - 24
 2 Marks Questions - Answers
1. What are your suggestions to Avoid Vitamin Deficiency Diseases?
A: I take milk, egg, cereals, pulses, leafy vegetables, fruits, vegetables, nuts, citrus fruits,
carrot, tomato, pumpkins, papaya, etc.
2. What are called Photosynthetic units? Why do they called so?
A: (1) Chlorophyll and other pigments around 250 – 400 in number are grouped as light
harvesting Complexes in grana called Photosynthetic units.
(2) In this region, light energy is converted to chemical energy.
3. Write the events conducted in chloroplast.
A. (1) Conversion of light energy to chemical energy.
(2) Splitting of water molecule.
(3) Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrate.
4. How do non­green organisms like fungi and Bacteria obtain their nourishment?
A. (1) Fungi and some of the bacteria are non­green possessing no chlorophyll.
(2) They feed on dead and decaying matter by releasing digestive enzymes out of their body
(3) The released enzymes break down the dead matter into simpler substances.
(4) The organism absorbs the digested substance. This type of nutrition is called Saprophytic
nutrition.
5. Prepare a questionnaire to ask a pediatrician about malnutrition and indigestion.
A. (1) Which aged people more likely to get affected by Malnutrition.
(2) Which treatment do you suggest for children suffering from malnutrition?
(3) What food material help to relieve from Indigestion?
(4) Name some food items those can be called as Balanced diet.
(5) Which food material can be placed in our daily Food in order to relieve from indigestion.
(6) Does water help in relieving indigestion?
(7) My brother suffers from liverish vomitings every day. What food habits he need to change?
6. Compare nutrition in Amoeba and Paramecium.
A. (1) Both the organisms follow Heterotrophic Nutrition.
(2) Amoeba uses pseudopodia while Paramecium uses cilia to take food.
(3) Pseudopodia is a temporary structure appeared from body surface while cilia in
Paramecium are small hair like structures surrounding the cell membrane.
(4) There is no special spot for entry of food in amoeba while cytostome, a special entry is
observed in Paramecium.
7. Did you ever seen yellow colored, slender, string like stems whirling around trees?
What is the plant and describe its mode of nutrition.
A. (1) It is dodder, a parasitic plant gets its nutrition from host plants.
(2) As the plant contains no chlorophyll, it twins round the host plant and get its nutrition
through haustoria.
(3) Haustoria is root like structure that penetrates into the tissues of host plant.
(4) When the seed gets germinated, it is planted in soil by anchoring roots, grows towards
host plant. The roots disappear after growing haustoria.
8. How many types of salivary glands are there? Where do they located?
A. (1) There are three pairs of salivary glands opening into buccal cavity.
(2) One pair of them are located below the Jaw, another pair under tongue and the third pair
of salivary glands are located near the ear.
9. How does small intestine designed for absorption of food? Explain.
A. (1) Small intestine is the longest part of alimentary canal.
(2) It is a coiled structure that enables food to pass slowly inside small intestine in order to
absorb digested food.
(3) The inner walls of small intestine possess finger like projections called villi.
(4) These villi increase surface area of small intestine for absorption of food.

BIOLOGY REFERENCE NOTES 16 10th CLASS (AP) 2023 - 24

10. Do you think the new reddish leaves of plants also carry out photosynthesis?
A. The new reddish leaves of plants also carry out photosynthesis, as they also contain
chlorophyll. They are red in colour due to the presence of more red colored pigments called
carotenoids which masks the green color of chlorophyll
11. If we keep on increasing CO 2 concentration in the air what will be the rate of
photosynthesis?
A. The rate of photosynthesis increases up to a certain concentration of CO 2. After that there
will be no increase in the rate of photosynthesis.
12. What happens to plants if the rate of respiration becomes more than the rate of
photosynthesis?
A. If the rate of respiration becomes more than the rate of photosynthesis, the plant is starved
due to the lack of food. It gets etiolated and finally it leads to the death.
13. What happens if there were no green plants on the earth?
A. If there were no green plants on the earth, there will be no food and oxygen. Finally, there
will be no life on the earth.
14. What happens if photosynthesis do not take place in plants?
A. If photosynthesis does not take place in plants, the food and oxygen will not be produced.
Finally, there will be no life on the earth.
15. What happens if chlorophyll is absent in the leaves of plants?
A. If chlorophyll is absent in leaves, photosynthesis will not take place. Then the food and
oxygen will not be produced. Finally, there will be no life on the earth.
16. What questions you ask nutritionist about malnutrition in children?
A. 1. What is malnutrition?
2. What are the causes for malnutrition?
3. What are the types in malnutrition?
4. How can we overcome the malnutrition?
17. What will happen to proteins digestion as the medium of intestine is gradually rendered
alkaline?
A. The food coming from the stomach to intestine is acidic in nature.
Bile and pancreatic juices render the internal condition of the intestine gradually to a basic
or alkaline one.
In the alkaline medium, pancreatic enzymes trypsin can act on the food and digests the
proteins.
The enzymes present in the intestinal juice complete the digestion of proteins into amino
acids.
Roughages are the fibers of carbohydrates or proteins
18. What is the role of acid in stomach?
A. 1. HCL is released in stomach
2. It kills harmful germs of the food
3. It creates an acidic medium, which facilitates the action of pepsin.
19. What is the role of roughages in the alimentary canal?
A. 1. Roughages are the fibers of carbohydrates or proteins
2. They clean the alimentary canal
3. They avoid constipation.
20. Why photosynthesis is considered as the basic energy source for most of living world?
A. All living things constantly need energy to be alive. They get the energy in the form of food.
The food directly or indirectly comes from the green plants through photosynthesis. Hence
photosynthesis is considered as the basic energy source for most of living world.
21. Where do plants get each of the raw materials required for photosynthesis?
A. 1. Green plants get carbon dioxide from surrounding atmosphere through stomata of leaves.
2. Water along with minerals absorbed from the soil by their root system.
3. Sunlight is trapped by the leaves with the help of chlorophyll.
4. Chlorophyll is available in palisade tissue of leaves
22. Most leaves have the upper surface greener and shinier than the lower ones why?
A. 1. The upper surface of the leaves is greener and shiny because they contain a greater
number of chloroplasts on the upper surface and very few on the lower surface.
2. Due to this reason the upper surface of the leave is thick green in color.

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4. What is malnutrition? Write about three diseases caused by malnutrition
Malnutrition:
Eating of food that does not have one or more than one nutrient in the required amount is
known as Malnutrition.
Malnutrition is of three types.
* Calorie Malnutrition
* Protein Malnutrition
* Protein calorie
Malnutrition Example for Malnutrition diseases: ­
Kwashiorkor 2. Marasmus
1. Kwashiorkor disease: ­
* This is due to protein deficiency in diet.
* Body parts become swollen due to accumulation of water in the intercellular spaces.
* Swollen legs, fluffy face.
* Difficult to eat.
* Dry skin are the symptoms.
2. Marasmus disease: ­
* This is due to protein and calories deficiency in diet. Generally it occurs where there is
immediate second pregnancy (or) repeated childbirths.
* Lean and weak.
* Swelling limbs.
* Less developed muscles.
* Dry skin.
* Diarrhoea are the symptoms of this disease.
3. Obesity: ­
* This is due to overeating and excess of energy intake.
* It is a big health hazard. It leads to Diabetes, Cardiovascular, Renal, Gall bladder problems.
* Only way to treat obesity is to increase the energy expenditure and reduce the energy
intake.
5. Read the given table and answer the given questions
Sl. Name of the Digestive Secreted Containing Acts on Converted into
No. Digestive gland juice into enzyme
1. Salivary glands Saliva Ptyalin Carbohydrates Dextrins & Maltose
2. Gastric glands Gastric juice Stomach Pepsin Proteins Peptones
3. Liver Bile juice Duodenum No enzymes Fats Small globules
but “Bile
Salts”
1. Amylase Carbohydrates Maltose
4. Pancreas Pancreatic Duodenum 2. Trypsin Proteins Peptones
juice 3. Lipase Fats Fatty acids and
Glycerol
5. Intestinal Intestinal Small 1. Maltase Maltose Glucose
glands juice (or) intestine 2. Sucrase Sucrose Glucose
succus 3. Lactase Lactose Glucose
entiricus 4. Peptidase Peptones Amino acids
5. Lipase Fats Fatty acids & glycerol

Name the enzymes which act on carbohydrates?

Ptyalin, Amylase, Sucrase.
The enzymes that act on proteins?
Pepsin, trypsin.
Which juice contains no enzymes?
Bile juice.
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24
41
57
77
 6) Distinguish between
A) Stimulus and response
B) Afferent and efferent nerve
C) Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
D) Receptor and effector
A) Stimulus and response
Stimulus Response
a) It comprises of actions that cause a a) It comprises of the reactions observed
reaction. All living organisms respond to after an action is performed.
stimuli.
b) For example, light is a stimulus received b) For example, on receiving light plants
by plants. show phototropism that is bent towards
the light.
B) Afferent and efferent nerve

Afferent nerves Efferent nerves

a) They conduct impulses from the receptors a) They conduct impulses from central
to the central nervous system. nervous system to the effectors.
b) The terminals of dendrons/dendrites b) The axon terminals come in contact with
become modified to form receptors. the motor end plate to form a neuromotor
junction.
c) They are sensory in nature. c) They are motor in nature.
C) Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system
1. It consists of Brain and spinal cord. 1. It consists of nerves that arise from brain and
spinal nerves.
2. Both of them have nerve cells and 2. It has 43 pairs are cranial nerves and 31 pairs
glial cells. are spinal nerves.
3. Brain and spinal cord are continuous 3. Cranial nerves take their origin from brain and
with each other. spinal nerves take their origin from spinal cord.
4. Brain and spinal cord receive 4. The cranial nerves carry information to the
information. sense organs and spinal nerves from organs
to spinal cord.
5. Central nervous system coordinates 5. These supply information required for the
all neural functions. movement of the muscles.
D) receptor
It receives stimulus called as receptors.
It includes neuron’s
It gets activated after receiving of stimulus and transfer signal to central nervous system
with neurons.
Effector
Impulses generated by receptor carry with neuron to targeted cell called as effector.
It includes muscles or glands.
The nerve impulses cause the effector to contract.
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 6) How does phototropism occur in plants.
A) Phototropism is the response of plant to light. plant shows variable responses related
to developmental, physiological and Growth.
The plant responds to various wavelength of light by directional growth Towards light
in response to the light.
The plant responds to particular wavelength of light plant shoot grow towards the light
direction and root grows away from light.
In some type of seed, it germinates only when they received light otherwise it is in
dormant condition, in some species some plants grow in shade and develop towards
light for receiving more light, it increases its growth rate.
The photoreceptors are hopeful to detect the sense of light.
Some protons play role of photoreceptor in such a way phototropism occurs plants.
7) Give an example and explain how plants immediately respond to stimulus?
A) Some plants are immediately responding to stimulus.
Example is Mimosa pudica this plant responds immediately when we touch the leaves,
they are folding.
The Mimosa pudica plants leaves have pad like swelling at the base called as pulvini.
Due two water pressure pulvini hold the leaf erect. The plant shows nastic movement
by touch called as thigmonasty.
The electrical impulses generate when we touch leaf and impulse act on plant hormone.
Due to this Harmon the water present in pulvini cells which are closer to the leaf when
migrate to other side of leaf.
It results in pulvini loss its firmness and leaves get folded.
8) Suggest an experiment to show how root grow away from light in most plants.
A) To show how root grows away from light in most plant, prefer the following experiment.
Take a seedling plant for experiment.
Keep the seedling containing jar to sunlight.
Observe how root and shoot grows
Then tilt the glass jar and keep the plant horizontally.
Observe the root and shoot growth for more than a week.
After the plant should growing toward the light due to more auxin collected on shaded
side, this side grow fast, it results in the bending of plant towards light. it shows positive
phototropism
The root grows away from sunlight it shows negative phototropism.
9) Give an example to show how hormones can influence visible changes in your body
A. 1) Hormones are the chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands of the body.
2) Chemical coordination of the body is carried out by hormones. Examples of visible
changes dues to hormonal action are:
3) Development of bones and muscles due to the action of somatotropin hormone.
4) Development of secondary sexual characters in males like growing of beard, mustache,
body hair, hoarse voice is due to the influence of Testosterone.
5) The secondary sexual characters in females like development of breasts and reproductive
organs, high pitch voice etc. are due to the influence of Oestrogen hormone.
6) Adrenalin is a hormone, released by our body when we are afraid or excited.
7) Due to this hormone the rate of heartbeat increases.
8) Breath rate will become faster. Blood pressure increases.
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 10) How does a neuron different from an ordinary cell in structure? write notes.
A) The neuron transmit impulse properly. The structure of neuron is suitable for transmission
of impulses.
The neuron is the structural and functional unit of nerve system.
The nerve cell consists of a cell body with prominent nucleus.
The two type of projections originate from cell body of nerve cell. Small projections are
dendrites and long projection extended to various body part called as axon.
The axon is surrounded by the specialized insulaton sheath known as myelin sheath
The nerve cell presents in brain spinal cord and close to spinal cord. Those near spinal
cord called as Dorsal or ventral root called as ganglion.
The dendrites of one nerve cell connect to axon of other nerve cell by the connection
called synapsis, it is region where two different neurons connected to each other and
information are transmitted in between these two neurons.
The synapsis gaps and essentially neuron do not have any protoplasmic connection
between them, yet information is passed between two neurons.
11) Is the structure of neuron suitable for transmission of impulses? Analyse.
A) Yes, 1. Usually any other cells do not have projections.
But neurons contain projections called dendrites and
axons.
2. Due to the presence of axon neurons are longer than
other cells.
3. Other cells do not have Nissl’s granules in their
cytoplasm. But neurons have granules.
4. Neuron contains a large nucleus comparatively than
the other cells.
5. Synapse is the functional region of contact between
two neurons, where information from one neuron is
transmitted to another neuron.
6. It is a minute gap. Yet information is passed from
one neuron to another through these gaps either in
the form of chemical or electrical signals or both.
Nerve:­ Several axons are enclosed in a connective tissue sheath. This is called as a
Nerve. Nerves that carry impulses from parts of the body to spinal cord or Brain, while
from spinal cord or brain to parts of the body. Nerve transmission from stimulus to
response can occur at speed of about 100 meters per second.
12) Man is the most intelligent animal. What could be the fact that help us to reach such
an conclusion?
A) The human being is very intelligent animal amongst the other animals.
The human being has brain to store the information that he got from the different way.
So that behaviour can be modified as per the past experiences.
The human is the only animal that interact with each other by the meaningful language
and he got more information stored in the brain.
In other animals they cannot pass the information as like a human being through voice.
The knowledge of information stored by human is transport to next generation this is
the fact that reach the conclusion the man is the most intelligent animal.

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 13) The axon of nerve cell in hand is shorter than the axon of nerve cell in leg. Do you
support this statement? Why?
A) Yes, I am supporting the statement because the nerve in the legs contain neural axon
that originated from spinal cord all the way to the muscles in the foot, Distance about
one metre.
In general, the length of legs is longer than hand. hence the axon of nerve cell in hand
is shorter than the axon of nerve cells in the legs.
14) Organs respond to the external stimulus by a fraction of a second. How do you feel
about such controlling mechanism of human body?
A) The organs of human body respond to the external stimulus.
The human body perform most of functions controlled with complex mechanism. without
this function the survival is impossible.
The human body is compatible to great extent with various changes.
The body part reacts quickly on receiving a stimulus and show certain behaviour on
stimulating of sensory organ.
Chemical signals are generated spontaneously after body sense stimulus. This signal
travel down the neurons.
The sensory nerve fibre carries the sensory impulses from central nervous system to
the targeted organ called effector and it respond within a second to this signal.

II.ASKING QUESTIONS AND MAKING HYPOTHESIS

15) State whether the following action are voluntary action, reflex action, or conditioned
reflex?
A) Blinking B) Cleaning the table
C) Playing on the keyboard D) Salivating when food is put in the mouth
E) We close our ear when we here on bearable sound.
A) A) The blinking is the reflex action it is a quick and automatic mechanical response to a
stimulus.
B) Cleaning the table – voluntary action
C) Salivating when food is put in the mouth – conditioned reflex
D) Salivating when food is put in the mouth it is the reflex action, it is also automatic
response and not controlled by us.
E) Closing ear on the loud sound these three are the reflex action.
16) What will happen to the potted plant kept near window in the rooms?
A) When the potted plant kept near the window in room, it bent towards light, it shows
phototropism.
The phototropism is the response of plant to the light. this potted plant actively shows
response to the light of a specific wavelength which allow them to adjust and adapt the
surrounding environmental conditions and accelerates their growth.
The special molecule photo receptor is made up of protein linked with chromophore.
This photoreceptor helps the plant to detect the particular light and response to that
light.
The phototropism is of two types, when we keep potted plant at window the shoot
bends toward the light that is the positive phototropism and the root grows away from
the light that is the negative phototropism.

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 17) What happens if all functions of human body are controlled only by brain?
A) Most of the functions in our body are controlled by brain, but some functions like reflex
action and involuntary actions are not controlled by brain.
If reflex action also controlled by brain, it will take a more time to complete action and
by such lengthy action will cause danger to the body.
If all the functions in body are controlled by brain the brain cannot perform properly. It
results in the disturbance in the maintenance of other functions in the body.

III. EXPERIMENTATION AND FIELD INVESTIGATION

18) If you visit a doctor what questions would you like to clarify about pancreas?
A) If I will visit a doctor following questions I would like to clarify about the pancreas.
What is the pancreas?
What are the functions of pancreas in our body?
What is the digestive juice secreted by an exocrine part of pancreas ?
What are the hormones secreted by pancreas?
What is insulin?
What are the conditions to secret the insulin?
What is the function of insulin?
What are the diseases caused due to the deficiency of insulin?
What is the relation between insulin and diabetes?
How pancreas works? what are the mechanism?
19) Take a small potted plant. Cover base portion of the plant tightly and hang the plant
upside down. Observe the plant for a week. based on your observation how can you
support phototropism?
A) When the small potted plants with covered base portion and hang the part upside
down.
When such plants absorb light it shown phototropism. the plant responds to light of a
specific wavelength which allow them to adopt with their surrounding environment and
accelerate their growth.
The photoreceptor is special molecules present in plants is helpful to sensing light,
Plant have ability to detect light of a particular wavelength.
The hanged plant shows two types of phototropism these are the positive phototropism
and negative phototropism.
The shoot of plants and other part grow toward light this phototropism called as positive
phototropism and the roots of this potted plant grows away from the light it is called as
negative phototropism.
Therefore, even after hanging the best portion of plant upside down plant root grows
away from the light, it shows both types of phototropism that is root grow away from
the light and shoot growth toward the light. The roots show geotropism.
20) Take a cock feather touch smoothly at different parts of your body. find out which
portion of the body has high sensation. Is this similar during sleeping? Prepare a
report on it.
A) When we take a cock Feather and touch smoothly on different parts of my body.
The most sensitive part of body is the foot, when we touch with Cock feather at foot, we
will feel more sensation than other organ.

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 This we can experience even during the sleep. During the sleep when we touch, rub
smoothly on foot we feel the sensation, thus the sensation caused due to the cock
feather can be felt even during the sleep.

IV. INFORMATION SKILLS AND PROJECTS

21) What procedure do you follow to understand the effect of plant growth hormones
(in Agar medium) in the terminal portion of the tip of stem (coleoptile)?
A) To understand the effect of plant growth hormones in the terminal portion of tip of stem
Went experiment is as followed.
Cut off the coleoptile tip from oat seedlings.
• Cut the Agar into small blocks.
• Place the tip on the slice of Agar.
• Left it for an one hour.
• Place agar block on one side of cut plant as shown in figure
• Keep this plant in dark during entire experiment.
• Within one hour observe that the distinct bending away from the side on which
small piece of Agar block was placed.
• The experiment show that the coleoptile tip exerted its effect by means of
chemical stimulus. This chemical stimulus comes from growth hormone called
auxin. The auxin helps in the elongation of cells.

22) Collect information on the actions controlled by spinal cord by using reference book
from your school library?
A) • The central nervous system consists of spinal cord and brain.
• The spinal nerves are connected with various organs and body part.
• The maximum reflex action is controlled by spinal cord and this reflex action is known
as spinal reflex action.
The following are some actions controlled by spinal cord.
• When strong light is flashed across the eye, the eye is closed by responding to light.
• When limbs are touched to hot things then withdraw of limbs from hot things quickly.
• When we see the favourite food there is a watering in our mouth.
23) Read the following sentences and compare with endocrine glands.
A) Pheromones are chemical substances secreted by Organism.
B) This act as a chemical signal secret by exocrine gland.
C) Pheromones are used as a signal by the members of the same species.
D) Honey bees’ secret pheromones that attract other bees to the location of food.

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 VI. APPRECIATION AND AESTHETIC SENSE VALUE
31. It’s very interesting to watch a creeper entwining by its tendril to the support. Is not
it? How do you express your feelings in this situation?
A) 1) A very interesting thing in plants is movement of tendrils.
2) All plants show positive response to phototropism.
3) But creepers like cucumber, bitter gourd the stem is weak and thin hence plant cannot
grow erect.
4) Tendrils play a vital role to make the plant erect. Tendrils are thin thread like growths on
the leaves or stems of climbing plant.
5) They grow towards support and wind around them.
6) This type of response to make contact or touch is called thigmotropism.
7) Nature only finds its way to grow and survive on the earth.

VII. APPLICATION TO DAILY LIFE

32) Hormones are released at specific place. specific time for a specific function. Prepare
a cartoon on hormones with a nice caption.
A) • Hormones are chemical secreted by the Endocrine glands.
• Hormones are non­nutritive chemicals, it is related to transmission of messages to
different organs.
• It acts on target tissue in the body, many more functions are depending on hormonal
secretion.

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 1 MARK QUESTIONS - ANSWERS
1. What are the functions of Nervous system
A. 1) Nervous system coordinates body organs to Control body functions.
2) Nervous system is responsible for sensitivity.
2. Who believed that there are two types of nerves in humans?
A. Galen.
3. How brain and spinal cord differ with each other In case of grey and white matters.
A. 1) Grey matter lies on surface of brain while white matter lies in inner part of the brain.
2) White matter lies on surface and grey matter lies inside the spinal cord.
4. Who discovered the significance of spinal cord for the first time.
A. Leonardo da Vinci.
5. Name the scientist who discovered islets of Langerhans?
A. Paul Langerhans.
6. Define hormones.
A. 1) Hormones are the chemicals released by ductless glands or endocrine glands.
2) Insulin, Adrenalin are examples for Hormones.
7. What happens if insulin is not released?
A. 1) Diabetes mellitus occurs.
2) Excess of sugar in blood and urine is the symptom of this condition.
8. What happens if a plant is placed and grown in a window?
A. Stem grows towards sunlight, outside of window.
9. Why phytohormones are also known as growth substances?
A. 1) Phytohormones coordinate the activities of the plant usually by controlling some of the
aspects of growth of the plant.
2) So, plant hormones are also called growth substances.
10. They stated. “when seedlings are freely exposed to a lateral light some ‘influence’ is
transmitted from upper to the lower part causing the material to bend. “What was
the influence Charles Darwin and Francis Darwin stated?
A. Auxin.
11. Who extracted and coined it as Auxin for the first time?
A. F.W. Went.
12. What is apical dominance?
A. The phenomenon of suppression of the growth of the lateral bud by the terminal bud is
called apical dominance.
13. Why cannot we see anything immediately, when we enter a dark room?
A) When we are in bright light, the diameter of the pupil decreases allowing less light to
enter into the eyes. But in the dark room the size of the pupil must be increased to allow
lighter in. This occurs slowly that’s why we can’t see anything immediately.
14. State whether the following actions are voluntary action, reflex action or conditioned
reflex?
i) Blinking ii) Cleaning the table iii) Playing on the keyboard.
iv) Salivating when food is put in the mouth.
v) We close our ears when we hard unbearable sound.
A) i) Blinking ­ Reflex action
BIOLOGY REFERENCE NOTES 88 10th CLASS (AP) 2023 - 24
 ii) Cleaning the table ­ Voluntary action
iii) Playing on the keyboard ­ Voluntary action
iv) Salivating when food is put in the mouth ­ Involuntary action
v) We close our ears when we hear unbearable sound ­ Conditioned reflex
15. Man is the most intelligent animal. What could be the fact that helped us to reach
such a conclusion?
A) 1. Man is the most intelligent animal. This is because of his wonderful brain.
2. The greatness of human brain is to analyse a problem and think of a solution.
3. The human brain has aesthetic sense to appreciate poetry, music, painting and the
beauty of objects and nature.
4. Another wonderful capacity of human brain is communication through language. No
other animal can pass on so much of information through sounds as a human being
can.
5. Man has developed the ability, to give a script to the sounds so that all the information
he has gathered in his lifetime is written down and passed on to the next generation.
With this skill, humans have become a superior race and rule the planet.

2 MARKS QUESTIONS - ANSWERS

1. What is called feedback mechanism ? How does this mechanism regulate release of
hormones?
A. 1) The timing and amount of hormones released by endocrine glands is controlled by the
feedback mechanism, which is inbuilt in our body.
2) Release of one hormone is simultaneously inhibited by release of another hormone.
3) Insulin concentration in blood is inhibited by release of glucagon.
2. How does Phototropism occur in plants ?
A. 1) Growth takes place in plants towards light is known as Phototropism.
2) Plant bends and grows towards light by the action of auxins.
3) Auxins are a type of phytochemicals, released below the tips of shoot and root.
4) If light falls from one side on the plant, Auxin in those cells diffuses to the other side
that means to the shady region of the plant and initiates elongation of cells to create
bending in the stem towards light.
3. How is brain protected in our body?
A. The brain is present in the hard­bony box called cranium. The brain as well as spinal cord
covered by three layers called meninges. The space between the inner layers is filled with
fluid called cerebro – spinal fluid. It protects the brain against the shocks.
4. How does Phototropism occur in plants?
A) 1. The bending of a plant stem towards light is called phototropism. This is due to the
action of auxin hormone.
2. The auxin hormone is present in the tip of the stem. It prefers to stay in shade away
from sunlight.
3. When sunlight falls on the stem from one side, auxin hormone gets concentrated on
the other shady side of the stem. Auxin promotes growth.
4. Due to more auxin, the shady side of the stem grows to be longer than the side of the
stem which is facing light and makes the stem bend towards light.

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 5. What are the functions of spinal cord?
A) 1. Spinal cord is concerned with spinal reflex actions and the conduction of nerve impulses
to and from the brain.
2. The basic function of the spinal cord is to act as a relay station.
3. It receives information from the parts below the head and sends this information to the
brain.
4. It receives information from brain and sends to other parts of the body.
6. Do you think body’s team work maintains functioning of our body? Justify your
answer with an example?
A) 1. Yes the statement is correct.
2. For example, when we see a dog which is chasing to bite, our eyes observe it first.
3. The receptors in the eyes trigger an impulse in sensory neuron, which transmits the
message to the spinal cord.
4. The relay neuron in the spinal cord analyse the impulses and send the commands to the
muscles of the legs through motor nerves.
7. Give an example of coordination in your body where both hormonal and nervous
controls function together?
A) 1. The adrenalin hormone prepares our body to function at maximum efficiency during
emergency situations like danger, anger, excitement etc.
2. When we are faced with a dangerous situation like being chased by a dog.
3. Then our nervous system stimulates the adrenal glands to secrets more adrenaline
hormone into our blood. This hormone increases our heartbeat, breathing rate and blood
flow into muscles.
4. All these actions of adrenaline hormone produce a lot of energy in our body very quickly.
5. This energy helps us to run away very fast from the dog to save ourselves.
6. In this action, the complete coordination in human body is achieved by the nervous
system and the endocrine system.
8. What is a synapse? How it is useful in transferring information?
A) 1. Synapse is a functional region of contact between two neurons, where information
from one neuron is transmitted or relayed to another neuron.
2. Synapse ensures that nerve impulses travel in only one direction.
3. These synapses are mainly found on the brain and spinal cord and around the spinal
cord.
4. Synapses are the regions of minute gaps and essentially neurons don’t have any
protoplasmic connection between them yet information is passed from one nerve cell
to another through these gaps either in the form of chemical or electrical impulse.
9. Give an example and explain how plants may immediately respond to a stimulus?
A) Mimosa pudica leaves have pad like swellings at the base. They are called pulvini. Here
cells contain lot of water and large intercellular spaces. Due to water pressure pulvini
hold the leaf erect. Touch me not plant shows nastic movement by touch. This is called
thigmonasty. When we touch the leaves, an electrical impulse is generated. This impulse
acts on plant hormone. Because of this hormone water in the pulvini cells which are
closer to the leaf vein migrate to other side of the cells. Then pulvini loss its firmness
leaves become fold. After 20 to 30 minutes water come back pulvini get firm and leaves
become erect.
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 10. If you visit a doctor what doubts you would like to clarify about pancreas?
A) 1. Where is pancreas located?
2. Why is called as a mixed gland?
3. What is the roll of pancreas in digestion?
4. What is the enzyme it secrets?
5. What is the hormone it secrets?
6. What are the diseases that occur to pancreas?
11. What will happen to the potted plant kept near window in the room?
A) The shoots of the plotted plant bend towards sun light coming from outside the window.
This is positive phototropism.
12. What happens if all functions of the human body are controlled only by brain?
A) 1. If all the actions and functions of human body are controlled only by brain, we will be in
deep trouble in facing the dangerous situations.
2. Especially, in the reflex actions, there will be time to send the impulses to the brain and
to receive the orders. Spinal cord gives the orders for an automatic response to the
dangerous stimulus. Otherwise, we will fell in danger.
3. EX: On seeing a snake, touching hot plate stepping on a sharp object.
4. The coordination of all activities in the living organisms and their growth will be disturbed.

4 MARKS QUESTIONS - ANSWERS

1. What are the types in glands? Write the differences between hormone and enzyme?
A. There are two types of glands. They are
1. Ducted glands: These are also called as exocrine glands These release enzymes into
their ducts. Ex: liver, Pancreas.
2. Duct less glands: These are also called as endocrine glands. These release hormones
directly into blood. Ex: pituitary gland, thyroid gland, etc.
Hormone Enzyme
1. These are secreted by ductless glands. 1. These are secreted by ducted glands.
2. These are travel through blood. 2. These travel through ducts
3. Less in quantity. 3. More in quantity.
4. Reaction is slow. 4. Reaction is fast.
5. Involve in metabolic activities. 5. Involve in digestion.
6. Ex: Insulin. 6. Digestive enzymes Pepsin, Trypsin etc.
2. Give an example to show how hormones can influence visible changes in your body?
A) 1. The external features of males and females (secondary sexual characters) are
responsible by the influence of sex hormones called estrogen, progesterone and
testosterone.
2. When we are in fearful situation like a dog chasing due to this stimulus, adrenalin
hormone is secreted in high quantities.
3. Due to this hormone the rate of heartbeat and breathe will be faster, blood pressure
increases, the hair on the body becomes erect (goosebumps).
4. We can also observe the dilation of pupil. The bladder and the rectum may be emptied.
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 3. How does a neuron differ from an ordinary cell in structure? Write notes?
A) All the eukaryotic cells have plasma membrane, cytoplasm and some cell organelles like
mitochondria, nucleus, ribosomes, lysosomes etc. But unlike these cells, the nerve cell
(cyton) has these features ——
1. Neuron consists of 3 parts – (a). Cell body (cyton), (b). Dendrites, (c). Axons.
2. The cell body has a large nucleus with one or two nucleoli.
3. Nissel granules are present in cytoplasm. These are groups of ribosomes.
4. Dendrites are projections arising from the cell body. They receive and carry information.
5. axon is also a long projection from the cell body, it carries the information and ends
with nerve terminals.
6. Nerve terminals contact dendrites or cell body of other neurons.
4. Is the structure of neuron suitable for transmission of impulses? Analyse?
A) 1. Yes, the structure of neuron is very much helpful in the transmission of impulses.
2. The receptors or sense organs are in touch with the dendrites of sensory neuron.
3. When a stimulus act on a receptor, a chemical reaction is set off that creates an electrical
impulse.
4. Electrical impulse transmitted through the body and axon.
5. At the end of the axon, electrical impulse releases chemicals.
6. The chemicals cross the synapse and reach the next neuron, similarly, the electrical
impulse crosses several neurons.
7. Finally the impulse is delivered from neuron to the gland. That helps in recognition of
the stimulus and muscle cells act according to the orders if received.
5. Observe the given experiment and answer the following questions.

Questions:
1. Who conducted this experiment?
2. What was the chemical he discovered in this experiment?
3. Which side of the stump grown more?
4. Which side of the stump grown less?
5. What is the plant used in this experiment?
1. Who conducted this experiment?
A) F.W.Went
2. What was the chemical he discovered in this experiment?
A) Auxin
3. Which side of the stump grown more?
A) At the side of which agar block was kept
4. Which side of the stump grew less?
A) On the opposite side to where agar block was kept
BIOLOGY REFERENCE NOTES 92 10th CLASS (AP) 2023 - 24
 5. What is the plant used in this experiment?
A) The seedlings of oats
6. Observe the diagram and answer the given questions:
Questions :
1. What type of movement is shown in the diagram?
2. What is the reason for such kind of bending towards the
direction of light?
3. Which side the cells of the plant grow faster?
4. Which side the plant bends?
5. Which side the cell grows slow?
6. What kind of moment the plant exhibit in this
experiment?
1. What type of movement is shown in the diagram?
A) Phototropism
2. What is the reason for such kind of bending towards the direction of light? (or)
What is the hormone responsible for this phenomenon?
A) Auxins.
3. Which side the cells of the plant grow faster?
A) The opposite side to light illuminated side
4. Which side the plant bends?
A) Towards the light illuminated side
5. Which side the cell grows slow?
A) At light illuminated side
6. What kind of moment the plant exhibit in this experiment?
A) Phototropism
7. What experimental procedure you follow to prove phototropism and geotropism?
A) Aim: To show the roots are negatively phototropic in their growth.
Procedure: 1. Take a glass jar and fill with soil.
2. Sow a bean seed near the wall of the jar. This helps us to observe how root and shoot
are growing.
3. After 4­5 days we will notice seed germination.
4. Keep the jar under sun.
Observations: The shoot grows positively phototropic and the roots grow negatively
phototropic.
Inference : Roots growth is always negatively phototropic and positively geotropic.
8. Take a small potted plant cover base portion of the plant tightly and hang the part of
upside down. Observe the plant for a weak. Based on your observation how can you
support phototropism?
A) Aim: To prove that phototropism is a character that is carried by stem.
Apparatus: plotted plant, rope.
Procedure: Take a small potted plant. Cover the base portion tightly so that the plant
along with soil don’t fell down. Now take the rope and hang the potted plant upside down.
Observe the plant after a week.
Observation: The stem of the plant bends upwards towards light. If we observe the roots
of the plants they also bend downwards towards the earth.
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BIOLOGY REFERENCE NOTES 94 10th CLASS (AP) 2023 - 24
 One projection of cyton is somewhat longer than the
remaining projections is called axon.
Axons of some nerve cells are covered with the myelin
sheath.
The Myelin sheath is made up of Schwann cells.
It contains chiefly of fatty materials.
Myelin sheath is interrupted at regular intervals called
nodes of Ranvier.
Axon is the responsible for carryout the information from
the cell body.
Axon ends with nerve terminals.
2. Describe the structure of human brain with the help of labelled diagram.
Central Nervous System includes brain
and spinal cord.
It coordinates all neural functions.
Nervous System Central Nervous
System Peripheral Nervous System
Autonomous nervous system Brain
Spinal cord cranial nerves spinal nerves
sympathetic parasympathetic (12 pairs)
(31 pairs)
It is present in the hard­bony box like
structure called cranium.
The brain weight approximately 1400 gms. (Male ­ 1375 g, Female ­ 1275 g.)
It is covered by three layers called Meninges. (Dura matter, archnoid matter, Pia matter)
The Meninges are continuous and cover the spinal cord as well.
The space between the inner layers is filled with fluid called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
C.S.F serves as a shock­absorbing medium and protects the brain against shocks/jerks
along with the meninges and cranium.
Cell bodies of neurons which are present in brain together with capillaries form a mass
called grey matter, while the myelinated axons form white matter.
The grey matter is usually present on the periphery while white matter is present towards
the center.
Brain contains three divisions 1. Forebrain 2. Midbrain 3. Hindbrain
3. Write about the tropical movements seen in plants.
A) Plants can sense the presence of stimuli like light, heat, water, touch, pressure, chemicals,
gravity etc. . . .
Tropic movements :­ Movements of individual parts of plants is possible when they are
subjected to external stimuli sometimes the direction of stimuli determines the direction
of response is called Tropism (or) Tropic movements.
Ex :­ 1. Phototropism :­ Photo means light, tropism means movement. The growth of a plant
occurs always towards sunlight. Such type of response of a plant to light is called
phototropism. When we keep a potted plant near a window in the room. Plant shows
phototropism and bends towards the direction of light.

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 2. Geotropism :­ Roots of a plant always grows downwards. This means that plants
respond positively for gravitation force. This is called Geotropism.
3. Hydrotropism :­ If we observe plant which grows near a rock or wall side, we notice
that all roots are growing in one direction, away from the rock or wall where water is
available in the soil. This type of response to water is called hydrotropism.
4. Thigmotropism :­ In climbing plant, tendrils are thin thread like growths on the stem.
They grow towards support and wind around them. This type of response to make contact
or touch is called thigmotropism.
5. Chemotropism :­ Ripen stigma secrets sugary substance. This chemical substance
stimulates the pollen grain which falls on the stigma. Pollen grains responds to this
stimulates as pollen tubes grow to reach the ovule for fertilization. This type of response
to chemicals is called chemotropism.
Nastic Movements :­ Sometimes the directional movement of individual parts of the plant
are not determined by direction of stimuli. These type of movements are called nastic
movements.
Mimosa pudica leaves have pad like swellings at the base. They are called pulvini. Here
cells contain lot of water and large intercellular spaces. Due to water pressure pulvini
hold the leaf erect. Touch me not plant shows nastic movement by touch. This is called
thigmonasty. When we touch the leaves, an electrical impulse is generated. This impulse
acts on plant hormones. Because of this hormone water in the pulvini cells which are
closer to the leaf vein migrate to other side of the cells. Then pulvini loses its firmness
hence leaves become fold. After 20 to 30 minutes water comes back pulvini attains firmness
and leaves become erect.
Nastic movements in Mymosa pudica leaves is an example for immediate response to a
stimuli.
3. Study the table and Answer the given questions: (Recitation table)
Glands Hormones Effects
Somatotrophin Growth of bones.
Thyrotrophin Activity of thyroid gland.
Gonadotrophin Activity of ovary and testis.
Andrenocortico Stimulates secretion from adrenal cortex.
tropic hormone
Pituitary Luteinizing In males ­ secretion of testosterone. In female ­
hormone ovulation, development of corpus luteum and secretion
of progesterone.
Follicle stimulating In male ­ spermatogenesis, in female ­ growth of
hormone grffian follicles, estrogen secretion, milk production
and secretion.
Thyroid Thyroxine General growth rate and metabolic activity.
Estrogen Growth of the uterus, mammary glands, fallopian tubes
and skeleton of pelvis. Control menstrual cycle in
Ovary females. Development of secondary sexual characters
in females.

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 Glands Hormones Effects
Ovary Progesterone Acts mostly during pregnancy. Acts on implantation of
embryo and in the formation of placenta.
Testis Testosterone Development of secondary sexual characters in males.
Normal sexual behavior and development of male
sexual organs.
Adrenal Adrenalin Increase in heartbeat rate. Rise in blood sugar. Dilation
of the coronary artery. Dilation of the pupil of the eye.

1. Which hormone is responsible for growth in animals?

A) Somatotropin
2. Which hormone is known as fight or flight hormone?
A) Adrenalin
3. What are called as female sex hormones?
A) Estrange and progesterone
4. What is called as male sex hormones?
A) Testosterone
5. Which is responsible for dilation of the pupil of the eye?
A) Adrenalin
6. Which is called as master gland?
A) Pituitary gland
7. Which is responsible for menstrual cycle in females?
A) Estrogens
8. The increased levels of adrenalin lead to ———?
A) Anger
4. Answer the given questions: Recitation table)
Hormones Effects
Abscisic acid Closing of stomata; seed dormancy.
Auxins Cell elongation and differentiation of shoots and roots.
Cytokinins Promote cell division, promotion of sprouting of lateral buds, delay the
aging in leaves, opening of stomata.
Ethylene Ripening of fruit.
Gibberellins Germination of seeds and sprouting of buds; elongation of stems;
stimulation of flowering; development of fruit, breaking the dormancy in
seeds and buds.
1. Which hormone control the opening and closing of stomata?
A) Abscisic acid and cytokinin
2. Which hormone prompts seed dormancy?
A) Abscisic acid
3. Which hormone breaks the seed dormancy?
A) Gibberellins
4. How the auxins promote shoots and roots growth?
A) By promoting cell elongation

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 5. Which hormone is in gaseous state?
A) Ethylene
6. How cytokinin helps in the growth of various parts of plants?
A) By promoting cell division
7. Which hormone help in increasing the stem size?
A) Gibberellins.
8. Which hormone is responsible for shedding of leaves and fruits?
A) Abscisic acid.

DIAGRAMS
NERVE CELL / NEURON Plz scan QR how to
draw image

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 1. GLOBAL WARMING
1. Global warming: The annual increase in the overall temperature of the earth’s atmosphere
is called Global warming.
2. Green house gases: Carbon Monoxide(Co), Carbon dioxide(Co2), Chloro Fluoro carbons
(CFCs), Hydro Fluoro Carbons(HFCs), Per Fluoro Carbons(PFCs).
3. Role of gases in maintaining the temperature of the earth: Greenhouse gases trap
radiation and prevent heat from leaving the earth’s surface. In this process they help to
maintain the temperature of the earth. Excess presence of these gases causes global
warming.
4. Harmful effects of global warming:
1. It causes ice in Tundra to melt and this result to floods in coastal areas.
2. It results in climate change, which causes diseases like Malaria and Dengue.
5. Responsible factors for global warming:
1. Factories, chemical industries are primary responsible for global warming.
2. The Chloro Fluoro Carbons which are released by air conditioners, and refrigerators.
3. Burning of household wastes and plastic materials are also responsible for global warming.
6. **How do we reduce global warming:
1. We should reduce the usage of refrigerators.
2. We should reduce the usage of Incondescent bulbs.
3. Convert household wastes into manure without burning them.
4. We should grow trees in our school or surroundings.
5. We should use public transport for more distances and cycle for very short distances.
6. We should use eco friendly electronic and solar equipment.
2. SAVIOURS OF OUR ENVIRONMENT
1. Name the environmentalists and their movements:
Environmentalists Movement Issue
1. Bob Hunter Green Peace Movement Protesting underwater nuclear
tests.
2. Satiah Chandra Nair Silent Valley Movement Protesting the Hydroelectric
Project in Kerala.
3. Anil Kumar Agarwal Center for Science and Creating awareness on the
Environment welfare of Environment
4. Medha Patkar Narmada Bachavo Protesting the dam construction
Andolan and others on Narmada river. Opposing
Nuclear, Hydrothermal power
plants.
5. Sunderlal Bahuguna Chipko Movement Protest the cutting down of
forests in Himalayas.

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 3. ESTIMATION OF PARTICULATE POLLUTANTS IN AIR
1. Particulate matter: Solid particles and liquid droplets present in air are called Particulate
matter. Dust particles, Pollen grains, Fly ash, Coal dust and Cement are some of the
examples to particulate matter.
2. Effects of particulate matter:
1. They absorb light and reduce visibility.
2. They prevent heat to escape from earth’s surface and causes for global warming.
3. They also causes for various respiratory diseases.
3. What are the different aerosols enter into air in your locality?
1. The inorganic materials like smoke, dust, ash, pesticides, water droplets etc.
2. The organic material like, pollen grain, bacteria etc.
4. VACCINATION – A SHIELD
1. Vaccination – Diseases: Vaccination is done to protect ourselves from diseases like
diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, cholera, hepatitis, polio etc.
2. Why polio is not eradicated in India: due to lack of awareness, negligence in taking polio
vaccine and poor public health system it is not eradicated in our country.
3. What helps in preventing diseases:
1. Keep the surroundings clean.
2. Cleaning hands before eating.
3. Drinking boiled water.
4. **Slogans to create awareness on vaccination:
1. Take vaccine – save the life.
2. Spare the children – give them vaccine.
3. Love them – protect them – give them vaccine.
4. Get resistance power, through vaccination.
5. Get a drop – stop the trap.
6. Vaccination is the only way to rescue from death.
6. ** Slogans on disease spread by mosquitoes:
1. Use mosquito nets - save lives.
2. Do not allow the water to stagnant – do not allow the mosquitoes to breed.
3. Small bite big threat.
4. Kill mosquitoes before they kill you.
5. FOSSIL FUEL IS NOT FOREVER
1. Fossil fuels – uses: Coal, Kerosene, LPG, Petrol and Diesel are called Fossil Fuels. Coal,
Kerosene and LPG are used for cooking, heating and burning in our households. Petrol and
Diesel are used for transport and in industry. Coal is also used for the production of Electricity.
2. Types of fuels used for cooking: Firewood, LP Gas, Kerosene, Electricity and Solar
energy is used for cooking.

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3. **Ways of saving LP Gas in cooking in your houses / MDM Programme in schools:
1. Put on the stove only after arranging all ingredients for cooking.
2. By using pressure cookers we can save 20% to 40% of fuel.
3. Use appropriate quantity of water for cooking.
4. Reduce the flame as soon as the boiling process starts.
5. Soak food material before cooking. It saves 22% of fuel.
6. Use broad and low depth vessels for cooking.
7. Use lids on the cooking vessels. It saves 7.25 grams of fuel per hour.
8. Use small burner for cooking. It saves 6.5% of fuel.
9. Do not heat immediately after taking out the things like milk from Refrigerators.
10. Do not heat the food again and again.
4. Alternative sources for Fossil Fuels: Solar energy, Wind energy, Tidal energy.
5. MDM stands for Mid Day Meal programme.
6. LPG stands for Liquefied Petroleum Gas.
7. Fossil Fuels not forever: In terms of years of production left, Oil reserves lasts for 45
years. Gas reserves lasts for 72 years, Coal reserves lasts for 252 years.
6. USE SOLAR ENERGY – SAVE ELECTRICITY
1. **Benefits of solar energy:
1. It is the best and evergreen energy source.
2. It is a never reduced and always available resource.
3. It is a good substitute for conventional energy resources.
4. It is cost saving energy.
5. It is environment friendly resource.
2. Solar appliances: Solar lights, Solar water heaters, Solar fans, Solar cookers, Solar
pumpsets etc…
3. LED stands for Light Emitting Diode.
4. Differences between solar appliances and electrical appliances: Electrical appliances
work by utilising electrical energy where as solar appliances work by utilising solar energy.
Solar appliances have solar panels to produce power but electrical appliances are connected
to wires to get elrctrical energy.
5. **Electricity saving methods:
1. Turn off lights and fans before I leave the room.
2. Use the solar appliences.
3. Don’t keep the refrigerator doors open any longer than I need .
4. Use L.E.D bulbs.
5. Use energy saving electrical appliances.
6. **Slogans on benefits of solar energy:
1. Solar energy is nonpolluting.
2. You don’t need to pay for solar energy-use it freely.
3. Solar energy is abundant-use it.
4. Solar energy is evergreen energy.
7. Gujarat stands in first place in our country in utilising solar energy. Karnataka and Tamilnadu
stand in 2nd and 3rd places respectively.
8. Average lifespan of incandescent bulb is 1000 hours.
9. Front loader washing machine consume 25% less energy than a standard model.

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 7. OBSERVE THE 3R’S
1. What are 3R’s: The 3R’s that help in controlling the rate of environmental degradation are
1.Reduce, 2.Re-use, 3.Recycle.
2. **Suggestions to reduce the fuel consumption while travelling:
1. Use public transport as far as possible.
2. Carpooling can be followed.
3. Stop engine at traffic signals and traffic jams.
4. Use own vehicles only when you are outing with family.
3. Each litre of petrol produces CO2 2 ½ times of its weight.
4. 40 persons travel by bus instead of travelling in their own vehicles will save 70,000 litres of
fuel per year. 175 tonnes of smoke will be reduced.
5. The waste materials produce Methane gas. On burning it produces CO2 into the atmosphere.
8. IMPACT OF LOW-COST IMPORTS IN OUR ECONOMY AND ENVIRONMENT
1. Nowadays the markets are flooded with cheap, low quality goods. Because they are cheap,
we prefer them. But within short span of time we have to purchase a new one. Then the
material, power, and space are wasted in their manufacture. The colors used in food material
and toys polluting the environment.
2. When we are purchasing articles, we should keep in mind the quality, durability the material
used in their manufacture and their impact on environment.
3. Electronic Waste: TVs, Computer monitors, Printers, Scanners, Keyboards, Mice, Cables,
Circuit boards, Lamps, Clocks, Calculators, Phones, Washing machines, Cameras, VCRs,
DVD players etc…
9. LOTS OF WATER AND YET NO WATER
1. *Reasons for floods in cities:
1. Cutting down of trees.
2. Cementing the roads.
3. Lack of percolation tanks for rainwater.
4. Improper drainage facility.
5. Heavy rains.
2. *Suggestive measures to check the floods:
1. Drainage facilities should be proper.
2. Planting more trees.
3. Leaving the edges roads without cementing.
4. Percolation tanks and pits should be constructed.
3. *Reasons for people not having the drinking water fecility even though they reside
near rivers and streams:
1. Water in the rivers are being polluted by human activities
2. Release of industrial effluents and garbage into rivers polluting rivers water.
4. Man is responsible for famines and floods: Forests help in percolation of water by
obstructing water flow. If forests cut down indiscriminately there is no obstruction for the
flow of water and it results in floods. Small amount of water only percolates into the soil and
it gets evaporated quickly. It results in drying up of plants and increase temperature.

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 1 MARK QUESTIONS
1. Excess amount of fluorine in water causes _________________
2. _______________are places for conservation of animals.
3. Which is non-renewable resource.?
A. water B. solar energy C. Coal D. Soil
4. To increase ground water levels we should…
A. dig wells. B. dig percolation pits C. Dig canals
5. Which flowers farmers do the cultivate along with chillies in field.? Why.?
6. Triple Antigen D.P.T stands for.....
7. What is WALTA act 2002?
8. B.C.G stand for..
9. In LED Bulb -LED stand for.
10. If deforestation is done on a large-scale earthquake may occur. Correct the underlined word.
11. What are the greenhouse gases ?
12. Suggest alternate resource for fossil fuel.
13. Nalgonda, Ranga Reddy, Prakasam districts are badly affected by me. Excess amount of myself in
water cause a disease. Who am I.?
14. How much of CO2 present in the atmosphere…?
15. Which fish eats mosquito larvae in ponds.?
16. Ramu is burning waste papers in the school. Do you support Ramu. Why? Why not?
17. What are the main effects of global warming.?
18. Identify the wrong pair
A. Genetical conservation of national crops -Vandana Shiva
B. Green belt movement -Wangari Maathai
C. Medha Patkar- Chipko movement.
19. Find the false statement.
1. Zoos are for amusement
2. Zoos are for animal conservation.
3. Zoos are for animal farming
20. Is this statement True or false.
LED bulbs are better than Incandescent bulb.
21. Is this statement True or false.?
Particulate pollutants cause many respiratory diseases.
22. Which is correct statement.?
A. Bio degradable substances are harmful to the environment.
B. Non-Bio degradable substances are harmful to the environment.

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