ave a Pe Ba oer = Toned Awplifier BO aaa \ ered paid ec a lsve | 4 Bote load 9 £2. all WSO. SW Prequenc e lew freg. Au Phdtler— Mudto Rauge Au blipie~ Bandwid4t, + ie vege. Fregvericy "Res fou S2, \ Touls cké i \* Ode Wy.t Fregvency + High free Au bli boo \ Radle Wave Alec Blt fer re Bandwidth » UGY Yer baud Aceh lt for | | | * Freqvence Res pouse \ | \ \ iToned Awblifier *® Counected load +L ¢ cht i) Taralle) Resonance * Single tuned Auplifier+ tte ckt Y ie AE XeSeuguce oe ei * Dovble tuued Auplifer»+9 rc cht aia ee HKD) fe = she eae Moning [MESS eirevit of Siugle duued Auplifier Tank civevit ie Pe (eo / a mayne xo juterual yesistquce Hage Grain x Joa d ius pedauce concept of Feseuonee Frequency Res pouse pais \o-\ ) Series Resouaguee SEUSS Ieee At Resenauce x = %e a ce: AER (% BW foy-fas & ais WereDovble Toned Aubh fer gk mutual Coupled Faralle) Le cht as load * Beth Le ckts Pewee co eeeiccuance dren Frequency Res fuse Civeuit fa, = Fee a =) os ae ) Be fer freg" espouse wy Gain Cous tayb Wy Higher Baud width Uses T¢é TF Aublifier * Based oy ju tevaeHen blu Le ché Q=eM y) a el ee Goupliug dvb - Jaa aa W) a over cou pling pw \ t Vania) under ceuplivg BySynchye neously Toned Meer ’ Staggered tuned Au plifier *~ Cascade of tuned Auplifier x Cascade of tuned Auli per pean ron SC IE Oe scciomc TONG ON Bt alate is Equad yesevia Hug fre?! cea * Vuegual vesoua tive freg' [oe al Paaciy = iucvease | * Use te increase Baud width 61 BLO- coustaut led. B13, be baud) se eee ie * Baudwidtl- decrease) Sa cos Le fH \ \ \ \ for Yesouating freg : xii BWbe Bw of p7 Auli fier * LF N ideutical Bungle tured if i ils € teed! fuga vesonating frez! Bw = Bi, x Pe sa & oveval{ Bw B Jz x BY { ( \ ( anf ae. < \ -— * if N ideubeal devble tuued \ AL wy - «AK [B= aR) on a \ \ : " | \ | \ \ BW © 6y x BY, Bw BY, x4 YH,” Boe og «BW,co Fe wt bli He an ‘Ava: Te get max a ee Py = wer at oad ' Covrent Auplifier Po ee Re Z ( | e au Ve lage Av plifier se ay Re \ za - Ro x ATU Vin SP OM = aos Gace a “ye io war J e a a ax AL —> sabl Mis ee ™ Rot very sw | Power Au flifier ® 2 RL havge \ eee ec devate value jee bad ofeva ling Region> Actvel? Se \ \\uear & Power Ap lifier X Nete'- vollage Au pli ‘flocs Gwer curyeut we Aur plier | BIT opera bug Regions Active N\utervePower Avsbli Pie Basics | oot oe pifference bw uz 4 P Aw plifer Bg JH iis large signal Auplifier vit anes fae auiiee Alp siqual > large roe 4 < a Pee 3) ele aan Atreug th a ated eo \ swat Jarge CT eae uy Region (@ chevabag Reg a AcHve, ae i 4 4 | Alt eget) ie \ jueay, You a es | Pavomeder Aualysl @ Pavaucter ual How’ ole after 4st = jx oto yet & 5 4 piety tou Bt jovi = vt Az, Av, fitu, Frep YU, Hie ee vs! 6 o mee ie \0) 210° = ee) ; i ahs ie Methed Used \® method vsed Papeete tie 2 Vv" are eee , ) wiathewahcal : Gaplicaf - ¥ We 1 ti ree \ USE. Power ave bt Shealser Aw li fie] jl ae bhical = ole : \ MNTyhes of Fewer Aus pli fies operating Rint Classifr y LE [8] c O:¢ (Ce, Me) © clacs A vs bli fier Baste Concept classifica hou ap, ve liveas: B= wide 6B RB oe load Jine © class 6 Abie ” ; viou-liMegh 5 To p g- Be Hew ee | Satuyo by ; ao ce a 36 Se aD élass AB Aw I a tO slighty ave cote, ny 2 © te ~ felew adv rates cutoff oe Class @ Au plifte ae Qa dee} coboth RB “AB dec p sateratica ole characteristics Vv. = Amplifier Active ox livear eure c ‘ 45 tee eaealh d Fea Vee Satuvatee, Power Auplifiers lieay oud Gorayee You-lueqeDistortion in Power Aviplifier Basie Pee , Ty be of Distortion 1p blifier ar ee ee CO reg? disterhionts ie a or ‘i cae Non- ee ene tin Eciep : nay 5) § 2, ds greg chouge xe Y P| ia in el” i a - = (Naw vresy) | 3 | Inocol | aa wpli per ole ia aes al ae ie ae 2,52 Nete!- fourier Sexies helps F cee exbress etae sui) ANG ot ¥ Also known as f 492 oO, Heme ieesds tfo co | Delay distortion” = | ( \ | Le !W Harmonie Dis tortion \ 2 z Z em ec F, BI Co ad ; ean a 1p Ara blifiex ol1-Sr10 surah = & J op 1 aap g Bs vy (New: linear) ie \ fz felt ey +(@) ne We nS ; ; 2} 2 Te = T+ (Bet BiSmure + BpSinidt eth (i4 OAD aa ) ee ee De ie oot \ 2p sles aC: 4 Be) 4(ecivney By Siuuh t+ — Diao Be 4 Cc at Uys ZW = mate teh \ See DE drezg Wi=Ws ¢ e (1+ ao) Pie Harmouie disteyHou = = \ ie it ee! Haydwouic dister Hon - 83 \ Bb, doodamantey Ac bower ae ie eB Br Ao Po”w) cae Ove’ Distortion Basia. = aetna © eer aa ‘ gl mMeaus Vin oe E[sle ] \ WF s09V kd Viu £ OV a 7 , then €8 Junction» RB é EI Boe i ( ©8 Jouctoy-> Reverse L Fp =A if Vin > o7volt Biased ir \ i) ee then BE Touch 68 , eee a TeV, 05 wid | Dead zone '- The vauge of Alp voltage fer which off Then BE Jouctou-RB \ i. Toy ( oo ee é \ Vv 4 Je a ‘ \ VApiifier if vy, in X -D-T Vel E Ya) Ss Bei EB gouctenrFB tv Vin 7-0-7 velt then $9 Jouctan- RBI Cae eae | Present in class-B Auwbliter| class A Awplipes * 8 Peiut isiu the center of Faye ee we load live Wee Viu> iu ovdar of Vel bs wee ; 7 3 Cee i BIT Auplifrer iv Active wegion Het Relypso Neve - if uit neue puc te De biasiv pai cases) pe hs es tve cycle + If viw -ve cycle collector covert -Tep “ee qo | te -ceexcese C-£ veltage =Neceo Tg _ jucrease ee —elecrease Rwer diss, bahsu = e a iMexegseé 2 262 IO a T-Pip> Fe lucas pee Mere a : Legx Vee@ | Neg = Veo tee) 3 “pisodvoutage J Phase Slight = 182 Power OvaryChavactesisticks of class A Au bli fier Y ole curveut Flos foy cutie cycle (o° bo 62) [Xe y Dees vet frave You livear distorfous fa 7 kK eae ; ! siveso'del ] Biuesy el 2 Nature of A)e siguel net chouged ab olp Ww) a boiut lies in the widd le of ood live Active Rae 06 blasiw ¢,,——> Pac eae conver sion eff icreucy ea Aah SE vy Power diss: pa fiou high wlreu Ale Smee apblied, ) Provides vudistoyrted ole (becavse of liuear veion) ole EEC ae pea oed ISQ u Advantage ee z oY less © Disterton ® Power Din ) Mherwial Aun Away oy ow seat” ae blasing4 of class A Auiplifier — revi t oh curt ee ; = 3 si Inte fewe(O) ree * Zee PF eng, = die fiver 8s Re ey A/e Power (PC) aa Ta (Oc)= Voc tee oe 2 Sian nVGG 2 = Vee aa 3 ee ae Peak Ve one ol Tower (Ac) = Wiens ~ Fors ; Megs VecScRe (Pay ene Vcr De lead line Bee oice Sip Re zee ace Vere Ve CE=Vec = Wee 1g = Ge Rc B Re a ve w= Vee [Bk Yeetes) = Vee a Me [Re Greece of oy, x |2> = Vee Ces i gos Ze eee! | Le rus = a Re \Z ff x oWa ise sree ee Jo wott—___ ne ReeTeausformer Coupled class A Aupli fier a ¥ lwhy this 7 ee 24 4f Y of THe Coupled - Fei (Ad ee Circuit ee ae aera) x I, lee Visms * aes Pie Bish fe a “Ee | (Pue Vere Alp load line ~ Merte a: Te cee) = ATe ae 2 2 (rE) vt encod inp) eg = eS aie: E [Fevais = a Zz How 4 lMucrease pAz = eas Re > Te slews Ys Worcty > Zu) Wits ex fe Naty ae \« = © /| i : Basics of fe i Nete = Deitewen diss bertiow a, i : my a \ efficieucy 2 4)4 reeties 7 Tz eS |e welt, sw 2 r. ae i) A sw of? Cg . ze asnd am - Problems on Class A Auplified “+ ATH coupled closs A Awplifier | Qa Serica dfed direct coupled class 1€ BE CIUa? Fever te is beaher | ; Aublifier supp Nests walt wer te F ga eee eo) = i & F Go00e yo xe P= Veck tg ee = 20 X bv0 = FP K le000K) mn = 079k wath hoLK 1600 Van eat ae: 0.06 coatlass 8B Power Anp)ifrey BOE) ut off yecion ne) : ee uf a Single (uded closs B Auplifier a Vo 4Posh- Poll class 2 Awplif Bea 1 NeN Tyausistors Used (4 NeN £ 4 exe) aa pm CO Th), 01/7 Post Poll ede Bosng tVe cycle Dvsing -ve cycle gon & oa AVE CyCIe a) fermatiou Vrocessed, nes oot Active Fe, ve a $e fete ree cgAub lif a é half cycle 0, Works aa -Ve holt é i Tf 1Advantage of Class B Disadvau tage of class B BS i Cost £ i Compboueut ad cle OX # homing effect x Nine at low greg Res peure / Mouiee Caucelled * Coss over distertsClass Al B a _ Power Drain? , Distortion t Fower Drain), Distortion 1 CO “aClass AB Aublifier Man. BT Ge tev fi 3727 Trausistor Conducfs OT 4 does ntms of Class AB AwlBee ile sy (= 207) Storfious, nou linearly cecurs ema eM Mer TY Occur a + REae of Fewer Aub bli fier Closs A ‘Class B 0 is ss | Class AB FF lass @ oe | a " _/ a ~£ Maddie Beet es Ce “| a ieee Ss ba raf 29) cute . jgc° bs \So- = ae (Ro ee a ao | ey : (a ‘C¥Ss evel Co O° Disrer au | i a aOscillator * Produce oscillaHens (sustain) | Case 1 * Couvert De to AC. \ppbY Vin * feedback Auplifer(tve fle) | vy = AMA working aes Bo on | My =P A Vo 2A(varbY) Ambler a a eeatesne = a aa MEGS Gon figuration ( J ye a, : = Nees Aas Po ce ae ea eee Vo = AU x fiitte voltage Gain(AJ( yy, A Bue Feed back lig psi : oe # Frequency selective ckt or we og * Albw fix freg to bass thrash = ie an eee Reese ashi} ~ = Be" | Exam fle Yryy, noise with all freg Y Aro NW) pe ot p= ize p=R IB step, if Vin= OSV zv v oe Vie Aye Noa es Vo = AVI + ABE oe |v fae ee came \ vee 6) od A Case-£ ii =0.g"i) Vive OSV with all freg WY Ass 1) Brod RTA ulith all freg pegs eee DAE oe) ana he yea Be lS Sipe i = q “hy ce m ve en Os Step -z Step as’ Bee Vp = Mee -2sv ste 3 Voa -as¥ 0s “sustaived oscil labeusBaxkhavsen Cwitesia + aaa Fee isto (#) Prackeal aspect fl \ \ ( ( \ ( \ { ( ( PE aL slight ly De to Vel linear bebaviesy of ean | \ i \ \ \ \ Tyhes on oscilla a Alp oscillate ole lors aM CS eb rey ole a ® ae oscillate a Auplipe Frégvency Selec hve Nho Ke, a Gee ay ste) Ophase siitt Ces He © Wien bridge ou He 4 dverts > AF aI Mie Xe He te gobsEET 5S es RO Phase Shift Oscillator Using BIT ¥% Avdio frez oscillates civevit Diag vow x Auplifier. C€ Coufiguabey ~~ ~~ he Feedback es 6 Combi va bios Bleck iagvous ABat A - veal i ae ys m * Phase intredeced by Auph fer= |S Teta! O= 18% o B e peed hoe ie ar eee a a Mau we VonenA * Tedal phase lu loop Seber co?) o ie buf $296Re Phase Suuitt Osci\later Adventage’- ee x Ne inchactonr vsed, heuge sual sige « well svited fer y fres bele ew “ehHe * pees oxcillater sae on Role Disadvautage \- * Small ofp dvedte swall feed back K peceney etabili ty | is beer due do tet, ageng _ * ‘RKegvire Tigh garu, prec bea\ly web Pessible,Mathewabcaf Analysis of Phase shift oscillate ( etree eeu naa £e Be tRE, AT 4RTg-PT = © 1 (fet k]t,-@& =v — Use cramer Rule “RT, +1(2Rt+d) - A Tg70 - BD ais ATz + ATz-ATZ=0 25) AE + eta \ L#R -R o)| fz, Vo é = SE at aD \ ERM ccs eit |ereall =o \ ona < Slee T3 © * A allways yea? no “ B must be veal ne | ; S LES Peo a : ite NE 1 caren aon EEE tes V4 \ O Sey ike i \ se sarah ales ater 2) > She Reactance (a)! 0 = (iseg(Musecrucec) — PE cee ) $3¢ Xon de, Where S-3w 2 ae ' pl Asnetusicyy Set usecty ce ChE _ RSC g Ei Abbly pvt tu all 3 wesh | ese ee a, V Os | t5sretssac®y s2ee* : ue. See—— — Te find Tz find 9, of walnx | ea AE ee f ’ f 25) f qc? wee? 3 4 Sir. = ee 1tSAC ok Wb B- — es ( |-s Foacms 470 Gssome In 0, = -R 14ZSRE BRR" fone whee we oe: . BE ‘ ae s meee Ee Ga : a” be (ee exd tix? bean ( p must be real psi Du ) Dy = eee -o) 4a(0) +. (2" Aa Rew 3 oc Z g 42 °) a) 35 A 24 feat o Ape D3= YR ae 3 eee Oe voR ics MG GOROLE CIE oh = ea! [ASSRE+E SRE4 SES | We Gigere a es sReFeSRC TRE? ans, \U Spee Sesion meen Es Vo~ Hssnctéskencee* J stu pe xp Wee® fed pian: SQUARE - BWR GWCR qIaH Dividing wo by gue? (Wien - Bridge Osc llatow * Audio fre Oscillator \ eivevit and Block diag vou 2 ‘ ie i ° Sea on x2 Aublifer used \ LY See eee one : 2 \ ( * lead. lag Nlw eer as Sg. Mud x ey, fe — Ne phose introduces oft Boe [Fee 7 i 7“ eee he base qudreduce s * at Rita = phase lag introduces eet at tik => Phase lead udroduceg pee hs: ey He TRAC elemen went used i iu fle Ned ¥ bverall goin very b erg high (Aphis) | K Pot Variable {reg vouge ( Peers = | x Coupler civwit, need to balance brid e.( xMalheauebeal Auvalysis of Wie Bridge Oscillator ey pz Rae s 14 1& G4 Bc) 84 ROSES ER58 | - ) Pc eee. st] ie FIRS “ee = ca 2) + VS uaa | ANA a ci \ oo jw ve Zp Rote a | ee ea eS ia AL : za] [Vt Rite RSS| Rane ae BS rs oe : ZB, + e2 | Jeagqays eR = e ies pee B p = Vee) 2s oe ‘ RCo IW 2 Rel Ce @ * ARGS si S k2/l Z Ri cz di — ie crrOna c hi TERR tage ps Am (as) (14428) / Gran Koes) tes[a oscillator asic GIRS ate, igh | ne Le < Give it *X USe for hi pen. | publ her eve ZLK eee Used iv fle Nw | a : Tr a ee Ain a d : ZF ea Se. i ae \ Nee Zz Kve an ee eee et! ape ed) ; _ i \[zz 1_ veal 2) 2 (2423) 4 Ke / “27 2) Zaps Ay 22¥ (Ae Fit < - yeak i cee pry S22 ~ YE Vp ap-1 An -* Sa ee de L4+~Z Popes Feed back [uo ae _ Aone if 242.7 0- Ze, Fe, Eat A (Gees) ze an i Hartley iN ie —Ay %1%2 aq Zz,232 4E- uy oe Nas J aoe 4 i Re (414+%24 3) 2 Colpitts 1 = Zi > TOOHartley OsciNlatox Block Diag vous ¥ Rachie freq" oscillator e : Use & inductor 4 4 Capociter ( Aub ped—— Ve IM fib M/u ia a aT ee a, * civevié eb me lhach [Alw 3 for Le oscillator, Pe cata Whi + Why - Lane eee ee ee whi 2) We Oe Disadvantage + Size lange (2am) | x Cost high * Zan mt generate [ow preg’ & Por fret statality ° == eS = = daataye we ang vi qeage 7b RE! \ Advan tage « RE OlP Cr oe ue Capacitor x» Use Bute Trams fe mer Caimgle CotCol bits Oscillator eer cee, Bleck pia “Use capacitor t a m7 Civeit bee Me fer Le oscillator, Block Diagyaws K++ ae 4—| Feedback ee pe Vo Wwe, We eee = wet Wee pe Be ew ove = (ae Ce yep oe t oy Ura i [eee = (cians wien i a) Advaul aye Jt % High frep, sfabil ity, x Diffecolt te Design * Generate Leith fred mts) x Poor isela eee * Pure Pore sinosvidal ate a Can be unstable re to) due to Fo interned : Capacitauces s of Tray sister. * Small Small size as Gu Hartley, ) a We, : | WwW eX qClabb Oscillator reer aS) eee Tern | fe foe * Provide Frey stabitt oa &. el JHE) | Gy = 2 t Cove } ams to a eae cepseir Te elimuate this breblew, additional - Use ci ¢ 3 es: Capacitor is connecticd. Zi eae oscillator a ne = BIT (Mts) fo- de (Ye os : fa a ‘ Cc ee a {ENA fe at CAD Cz elected! fo be smaller than GG dix pig ee oe Cen TX RI HK se wae KLI | = AIR fo FF (eit) ae f e9 stability 1s better uUow, ! L >>>?) aeCrystal Oscillator x gjtis fixed fred" Oscillator ace | pel ee Cquiveleut civeurt . ae Fe | % Freq is highly stable RE Le * Le oscillator CY) ee bas x Quartz crystal is used in place of mm ee * Quartz > Piezoelectyic material, convert pee ZP fe Vey 4 at Ty €lectrical Cuergy to wechaurcal PEE | te ovu 4 Vice versa, | * Breperties of quartz material net chauge witls femb 4 Hime, ‘ Gl thas high auality factor 8 * SF his crystal used ag electvical ac. \ ater) metal coat tz oaTlu ae *« Symbol ole ma le | { L> mechanical) mass C> got ths % 4 B> Resistive et aoa lo= L == G Cdve te electrode Gq 2 LH ¥ > infernal vesistauce 1 2 gnduclauce of quartz > Capac tauce ' c!> Parallel blate Capeciter Quartz is dielectne blu f metal coating capacitive i , indvetve EtaalOsciater at Series Kesoviauce 1 Decillater al ¢ blw ROAR at FFs \ sa. z of xta = rommus | iA tte Se feed back factoy - B 77 l (fe Xral Ce Aw plifier gaia ey 27)" , x Provide stable frat A P ed ec ae get austen oscillaboyTm bedauce of Ovartz Crystal ¥ ! 1 ; pee (st - Se) oa f yis ueglected ee yrow wl + 1 + 3 d 1 jwe qwe eee 212 wae" xf -fs ib fed impedance becomes Zee This |s called Sevies Reseuauee frey f d-fp pedauce becoues lufurte if tg called Favallel Resonance Frez! if Ext kfo 2 Z=4dK, behave as iu ductor a Jt cay vse as ii Gatoy iw Eerosch leneye beete and Cirwit iS JyuclwH as erystal ose\latere1 : : Troblems <= Rc Phase shift oscillator breduces Wa, jokte greg" -siqual ic breduced Shi, free. Fle nlw is mode vb St “by wien Bridge oscillator. feedbach Mh Ro clement with s-sectlous. poops) flac Ke élemeut. The c Valve 's Je PF R= 5S KHz they fiud valve of capac tance theu fiud the value of RK. assume ok He ww, ond gain of Aw blif'er \ €gval valve of R&c tw db MIX. f= ShHe Pu STF ye ee en ! \ _ es = Nodes de ym Ace” : VRC a “ao eee Sieg ae - B ae oe are ae ego 2 mere | R= sysutjen ore © BEBIUES K ER SKOKIE oe oes lo éhaoe ee ise eS a 3 er ee rtese = fesse SBUSE 628 5 AOSV CH 0.0076 KP -9 ee 6a x 1° if Ge wae ue | Je be J \ \ = Rees le ye: ( \ )aS wa hovtley oscillator 1, olpittis OSci de bye gH, le ‘is i Ipitts oscillator below Eis variable capaci tor. Rid valve of ¢ | Find opera buy freg Ve ib free vareyiug Frou (pit, 2 2S MMe po wivtual iuductauce. ae 5 PY Gae [ere fe an @raye oo a = ew You y Ces = Sasa 7 case-& == ce oe fc 1M. & = zs MHe Bi | Tes Cee = 0,01 eae 1z eae ile (ode) xir le” | C= Up emexenincegsxtr fo Nai ee ; iG - FEN [lear O04 - -giger aes Re ae eee) en 8 eg OOO LENE e= 0.000°°, (iE See a «IA PF pains oe) 1g wie & Bes Ove at Sie 6 eS = a pe = Gros x OSes ee Xx< iS EE a |he 05 KH FO)— oo - ssheci fied te have L = OS2ZH, Ce= o.01g PF, Cp= eee rou find fs &, 4 bi Ovordz crystal < a ¢ oe pei a a OSD x Ofte x2 = — cl rela ae £s a 6 seme XaUS kak ide won ies 4 ( ‘DQasy I fr > PUR Eres, AN |e: d.onx (2 ! ee os zn, Front f = AN (Les Gz we [ Egat Ge ag a (i ee Ze 24% Oo1f i ceo Zena Oe rae ae aus r O80 Sy is ee SCP) 8 HS pe am es eae