Program-Based Highlights

HIGH-VALUE PRODUCTS FROM

RICE AND IT’S ENVIRONMENT
PROGRAM
 Program-Based Highlights

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Executive Summary 1
I.High-Value Rice Grain 2
II. High-Value Products from the Rice Grain and Other 32
Parts of the Rice Plant
Abbreviations and acronymns
List of Tables

List of Figures
 High-Value Products from Rice and it’s Environment 1

High-Value Products From Rice and its

Environment Program (HVP)
Program Leader: Marissa V. Romero

Executive Summary

Rice remains to be the staple food in the Philippines that’s why

it is still the country’s major crop. The most commonly consumed form is
milled or white rice, which serves as the main source of carbohydrates for
daily energy requirement. However, there are other forms or kinds of rice
such as brown rice, pigmented rice, and micronutrient-dense rice that offer
additional health benefits. In addition, there are specialty rice including
aromatic and glutinous rice that command higher price in the market.
The use of suitable rice varieties and appropriate crop management will
encourage the farmers to cultivate these kinds of rice for higher profitability.

Although utilized mostly as table rice in boiled form, rice can also be
processed into various products. The different forms of rice such as rough
rice, unpolished rice, milled rice, brokens, rice flour, and rice starch can be
converted into many nutritious and marketable food products. These value-
adding activities for rice can improve the nutritional status of consumers and
can also enhance the profitability of rice farming by providing additional
income to the different rice stakeholders.

The High-Value Products from Rice and Its Environment (HVP)

Program explores rice and other crops in the rice environment to help
increase the income and improve the nutritional status of the members of
the rice farming community. Value-adding systems are developed to bring
about enhancement of quality, nutrition, shelf-life, market value, profitability,
and availability of rice, other crops, and products from organisms in the rice
environment to benefit the rice farmers and industry stakeholders.

In 2016, the HVP Program implemented two projects: High-Value

Rice Grain and High-Value Products from the Rice Grain and Other Parts
of the Rice Plant. The first project focused on the development of healthy
and nutritious gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) rice from Philippine rice
cultivars for potential applications to food and pharmaceutical industries;
quality evaluation of micronutrient-dense rice; exploration of the potential
of other crops in the preparation of nutrient-rich rice blends with high
consumer acceptability; development and/or verification of pre-harvest and
post-harvest management options for aromatic and organic rice; and isotopic
fingerprints.

Meanwhile, the objectives of the second project include the

following: to explore and evaluate the potential of developing high-value
2 Rice R&D Highlights 2016 High-Value Products from Rice and it’s Environment 3

products derived from the rice grain, rice plant parts and rice cell/organ The general objectives include: (1) development of healthy and nutritious
cultures; to innovate from existing and/or develop high-value product GABA rice from Philippine rice cultivars and identification of their potential
prototypes, processes and technologies utilizing the other parts of the rice applications to food and pharmaceutical industries; (2) determination of
plant and/or rice cell/organ cultures as main sources; to characterize the the grain quality and acceptability of commercially-fortified and biofortified
material sources and developed products, processes and technologies and raw and cooked iron- and zinc- rice; (3) exploration of the potential of corn
other relevant materials involved in the process; to develop production and adlai in the preparation of nutrient-rich rice blends with high consumer
systems/protocols for high-value products from the rice grain, other rice plant acceptability; (4) development/verification of pre-harvest and post-harvest
parts and rice cell/organ cultures, to evaluate the bio-efficacy, clinical and management for aromatic and organic rice; and (5) isotopic fingerprints.
toxicological properties and marketability of selected high-value products,
processes and technologies developed.
Healthy and nutritious GABA rice for functional food and pharmaceutical
industries
RMBulatao, MBCastillo, RPTubera, JPASamin, BSPeralta, and MVRomero
I.High-Value Rice Grain
Project Leader: MV Romero Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) is currently one of the most
promising compounds due to its health-promoting and cognitive-enhancing
In the Philippines, rice is the most important part of the diet because properties. It is a non-protein amino acid that serves as neurotransmitter
it is the staple food of its population. Thus, rice serves as the primary source in the central nervous systems. Regular intake of GABA-rich foods or
of calories needed for the daily energy requirement of Filipinos. It also supplements is effective in stimulating immune system and is helpful in
provides a significant amount of protein to those who cannot afford to buy treating insomnia, mental irritation, depression, and other neurological
protein-rich foods such as meat and fish. Majority of Filipinos prefer to disorders. In rice, GABA is found to lower blood pressure, inhibit leukemia
eat cooked milled or polished rice because of its excellent eating quality. cell proliferation, and stimulate cancer cell apoptosis. Because of these,
Unfortunately, milled rice contains mostly carbohydrates and protein since GABA rice is being consumed as a staple food and widely marketed as
most of the micronutrients are removed during the milling process. functional foods in Japan, China, Korea, Malaysia, and Thailand. It is used
as ingredient in making bread, cookies, crackers, rice balls, rice burger, and
There are other forms and types of rice with added value and instant GABA rice drink. Unfortunately, GABA rice has not yet explored
health benefits. Brown rice or the unpolished form of rice has more health in the country given that we have plenty of potential rice cultivars for
benefits than milled rice because of higher amounts of dietary fiber, fat, the production of this novel food stuff. Therefore, this study evaluated
vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. There is also germinated or sprouted the potential of Philippine rice cultivars in the production of healthy and
brown rice which contains γ-amino butyric acid (GABA). This form of rice nutritious GABA rice for functional food and pharmaceutical products.
is more nutritious, softer, sweeter, and tastier compared to brown rice. The
persistent problem of micronutrient deficiency in the country has prompted Activities:
various interventions such as commercial fortification and biofortification • Brown rice (BR) form of NSIC Rc160 was used to produce
to enhance the amounts of iron and zinc in rice. Since the Philippines is healthy and nutritious GABA rice. BR was soaked for 0, 12,
rich in nutrient-dense crops, they can also serve as alternative staple foods. 24, 36, and 48h and subjected to different drying methods
Efforts are being made to incorporate other staples in the regular diet by (sun-drying at 35-50°C for 24h; oven-drying at 60°C for 12h;
substituting them to rice as the main item of the meal. As most consumers and freeze-drying at -20°C for 24h). After reaching the 12%
are not yet accustomed to eating them as total replacement to table rice, moisture content, all GABA rice samples were placed in the
alternative staples may be mixed with rice in certain proportions that would aluminum bag, sealed and keep in the refrigerator at 4°C prior
satisfy consumer requirements on eating quality, nutritional improvement, to chemical analyses and sensory evaluation.
and hunger mitigation. Aromatic and organic rice, which command higher
market value, are also becoming popular nowadays. • GABA rice samples were evaluated for the chromametric (L*
and b*) values and proximate compositions (moisture, ash,
This project evaluated germinated brown rice, micronutrient-dense protein, and fat contents).
rice, nutrient-rich rice blends, aromatic rice, and organic rice which have
added value and/or health benefits compared to the regularly milled rice. • Raw and cooked forms of GABA rice samples were assessed
4 Rice R&D Highlights 2016 High-Value Products from Rice and it’s Environment 5

for their sensory properties (Raw: aroma, fermented-odor, were not significantly affected by different soaking times and
rancid-odor, color, glossiness and hardness; cooked: aroma, drying methods soaking (Figures 1 and 2). Of the three drying
fermented-odor, rancid-odor, color, glossiness, cohesiveness, methods, oven-drying showed slight improvement in sensory
tenderness, taste, and off-taste) and general acceptability. qualities and general acceptability. Overall, BR soaked for 48h
and oven-dried at 60°C for 12h produced the GABA rice with
• Phytic acid content of GABA rice samples was determined best eating quality.
using the modified acid extraction colorimetric method.
• Retention time of GABA was found to be at 5.78min. BR
• GABA content of rice samples was determined using an Ultra sample soaked for 48h produced the highest GABA content
Performance Liquid Chromatography. Rice samples were (16.56mg/100g), which is six times higher than the unsoaked
extracted with 70% ethanol and the GABA was derivatized sample (2.74mg/100g) (Figure 3).
using a derivitization kit (Waters, Singapore) purchased from
RainPhil Incorporated. The GABA was separated in a sample • Phytic acid content of GABA rice samples decreased by 35%
matrix using a linear gradient system consisting of 0.1% formic after 48h of soaking (Figure 4).
acid in acetonitrile (mobile phase A) and acetonitrile (mobile
B). The GABA was passed through a C-18 reverse phase • Blood glucose levels of diabetic rats fed with GABA rice were
column and was detected using photodiode array at 330nm. significantly reduced from 292-342 mg/dl to 54-127 mg/dl,
which is equivalent to 57 to 84% reduction after 35 days of
• Antidiabetic potential of GABA rice was evaluated using an feeding. Furthermore, the blood glucose level of all diabetic
alloxan-induced diabetic rats at Pampanga S. GABA rice from rats became normal (<150mg/dl) after feeding of GABA rice
three different varieties, namely, NSIC Rc13, Rc160, and for 35 days.
Rc152 were fed daily to rats for 35 days. Blood glucose level
was measured at 0, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days.
Like
• Instant GABA rice congee is being developed in collaboration
with the Institute of Food Science and Technology, UPLB.
Like
Results: Moderately
• Chromametric values of GABA rice samples were
quantitatively determined using a Konica Minolta CM-5
spectrophotometer. These parameters measure the intensity
Like
of lightness (+L*) and yellowness (+b*) of rice samples after Slightly
soaking and drying. The L* value of rice samples increased up
to 36h and then slightly decreased at 48 h for all the drying
methods. Opposite trend was observed for the b* value of
GABA rice samples wherein it decreased up to 36 h and then
slightly increased at 48 h of soaking.

• Regardless of drying method used, the ash and protein Figure 1. Acceptability score of raw GABA rice samples at different soaking
contents of GABA rice samples significantly increased upon times.
soaking up to 48h. The fat content increased after 24h but
gradually decreased after 48h. The moisture (10.7 to 11.8%)
and protein (8.2-8.4%) contents of rice samples were not
affected by soaking time and drying methods.

• In general, the sensory properties of GABA rice samples

6 Rice R&D Highlights 2016 High-Value Products from Rice and it’s Environment 7

Like

Like
General Acceptability

Moderately

GABA Content
Like
Slightly

Control 0 12 24 36 48

Soaking Time

Figure 2. Acceptability score of cooked GABA rice samples at different Control 0 12 24 36 48

soaking times. Soaking Time

Figure 4. Phytic acid content (mg/100g) of dried GABA rice samples at

different soaking times.

Quality assessment of iron- and zinc-dense rice

RG Abilgos-Ramos, JPA Samin, EC Arocena, and OC Soco

Breeding for high iron and zinc rice is still on as iron-deficiency

GABA Content

anemia and zinc deficiency are still prevalent among children, and pregnant
and lactating women. This study assessed the field performance in terms of
yield of rice lines bred for iron and zinc content, the grain quality in terms
of milling potential, physical attributes, and physicochemical properties, and
the mineral concentration of unpolished and polished rice materials. Data on
yield, grain quality properties, and mineral concentration of these breeding
Control 0 12 24 36 48 lines are important in identifying the potential lines for release as high iron
Soaking Time
and zinc rice variety.

Figure 3. GABA content (mg/100g) of oven-dried GABA rice samples at Activities:

different soaking times. • Thirty-eight breeding lines of biofortified rice (iron and zinc) were
seed increased in 2016 DS.

• A total of 43 2015 WS biofortified rice lines from PhilRice

plant breeders were analyzed for grain quality properties and mineral
concentration. Parameters such as milling potential, physical properties, and
physicochemical properties of each rice line were evaluated to assess their
8 Rice R&D Highlights 2016 High-Value Products from Rice and it’s Environment 9

grain qualities and acceptability. Iron and zinc contents were also determined
using the Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The 31 2016 DS materials are • The iron and zinc contents (Table 1, Figures 6 and 7) of the
currently being evaluated for their grain quality parameters. unpolished form of the 43 rice lines ranged from 10.20 mg/
Kg (PR43156-3B-3-1-3) to 74.79 mg/Kg (PR43909-B-7-1-3)
Results: and from 12.22mg/Kg (PR40228-(Fe)-2B-B-38-1-4-1-NEW)
• Yield performance of the top 10 2016 DS entries ranged from to 25.99mg/Kg (PR38982-(Fe)-5B-5-1-1-1-1). Moreover,
8276kg/ha to 9356kg/ha with a yield advantage over MS 13 PR40228-(Fe)-2B-B-38-1-4-1-NEW had the highest iron
of 28.1% to 44.9% (Figure 5). Nine other entries had yields content among the rice lines in polished form. On the other
ranged from 6841kg/ha to 8112kg/ha also out-yielded MS 13 hand, 65.12% (28 rice lines) obtained lower than 5mg/Kg of
(6459kg/ha) by 5.9% to 25.6%. Moderate to severe infestation/ iron (the lower limit of detection of the equipment used in the
infection of bacterial leaf blight, sheath blight, and stemborer analysis). Zinc content of the rice lines in polished form ranged
was observed on some entries. from 9.11mg/Kg (PR43909-B-10-1-2) to 38.89 mg/Kg.

• The moisture content (MC) of the 2015 WS rough rice samples

ranged from 9.60 to 11.90%. All rice samples had fair brown
rice (BR) recovery except for PR43888-3B-8-2 which had a
poor BR recovery. Also, PR43888-3B-8-2 had a G2 milled rice
(MR) recovery, which failed to pass the recommended values.
On the other hand, all the samples had grade 1 to premium
MR recovery. In terms of head rice recovery, the rice line
samples had a range of 28.4% to 59.6%, wherein 46.5% (20
rice lines) passed the recommended values.

• In terms of their physical dimensions, 74.4% (32 rice lines) of

the 2015WS biofortified rice lines had long and slender grains,
11.6% (5 rice lines) with long and intermediate grains, while
the remaining 14% comprised of medium and intermediate-
shaped grains. The % chalky grains of the rice lines ranged
from grade 3 (62.6%) to premium (1.6%) in which 46.5% (20
rice lines) passed the recommended value of 5% and less for Figure 5. Yield performance of the top 10 high Fe/Zn advanced lines for
chalky grains. seed increase, 2016DS.

• The MC of the biofortified rice lines harvested during the 2015

wet season ranged from 10.9 to 11.8%.

• The amylose content of the rice samples ranged from 7.7%

to 25.6%. 19 rice lines (44.2%) had intermediate amylose
content (AC), which is the most preferred by consumers.
It was followed by 12 rice lines (27.9%) with low amylose
content, 11 (25.6%) with high AC, and 1 rice line (2.3%) with
very low amylose content. Their gelatinization temperature
as measured by alkali spreading values suggested low to high
intermediate classification. Furthermore, the crude protein
content of the rice lines ranged from 5.6% to 8.1%, wherein
only PR43909-B-10-1-2 had not pass the recommended range
of values for protein (6%-9%).
10 Rice R&D Highlights 2016 High-Value Products from Rice and it’s Environment 11

Table 1. Micronutrient content of 43 breeder rice lines (2015WS).

Entry Designation Unpolished Rice Polished Rice
No. Fe Content Zn Content Fe Content Zn Content
(mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg)
± SD ± SD ± SD ± SD
AON 75 PR43156-3B-3-1-3 10.20±0.19 21.07±0.59 14.92±0.40 20.67±0.56
AON 78 PR43156-3B-8-1-2 11.67±0.54 20.46±1.34 9.59±0.51 16.71±0.67
AON 82 PR43996-2B-56-1-1 13.11±0.42 22.78±2.23 <5.00 38.89±0.20
AON 68 PR44930-2B-13 11.97±1.16 20.66±2.09 <5.00 19.52±0.89
AON 69 PR44930-2B-17 21.94±5.55 18.26±0.47 <5.00 28.88±1.27
AON 70 PR44930-2B-18 17.28±1.19 19.54±0.63 <5.00 18.83±0.51
AON 72 PR43888-3B-8-2 17.31±0.79 22.19±0.11 <5.00 23.56±1.13
AON 76 PR43156-3B-3-3-1 19.38±0.78 18.17±0.69 <5.00 20.99±0.98
AON 77 PR43156-3B-8-1-1 21.36±1.31 16.97±0.69 <5.00 25.71±0.53
AON 79 PR43908-2B-46-1-2 20.33±1.22 20.76±1.02 <5.00 32.02±1.10
AON 81 PR43996-2B-44-2-3 24.93±1.62 23.25±1.01 <5.00 23.29±1.30
AON 83 PR40282-(Fe)-2B-8-2-2-1-1-2-1-2-1 28.27±0.99 22.89±1.20 <5.00 18.93±0.40
AON 84 PR40282-(Fe)-2B-8-2-2-1-1-2-1-2-2 19.33±0.63 14.20±1.05 <5.00 21.54±0.80
AON 86 PR40228-(Fe)-2B-B-26-1-1-1-2-1 31.52±2.85 23.03±1.21 <5.00 29.10±1.43
AON 136 PR43872-JR-2B-1-1 40.13±2.38 15.99±0.70 <5.00 19.90±1.01
AON 138 PR43872-JR-2B-11-1 18.17±2.81 16.56±1.96 <5.00 19.16±0.96
PYT 57 PR38963 (Fe)-B-5-5-1 29.06±1.79 21.66±2.48 <5.00 24.34±1.16
PYT 44 PR41079-(Fe)-B-B-14 24.35±4.03 18.04±2.43 <5.00 16.33±0.53
PYT 45 PR40228-(Fe)-3B-38-2-2-1-1 20.08±0.54 24.45±1.56 <5.00 23.14±1.10
PYT 46 PR40241-(Fe)-4B-12-2-1-1 21.38±0.49 24.51±0.70 <5.00 16.85±0.65
PYT 47 PR38982-(Fe)-5B-5-1-1-1-1 32.58±1.00 25.99±0.77 <5.00 22.91±0.56
PYT 53 PR40228-(Fe)-2B-B-42-1-1 20.55±1.44 25.02±1.77 <5.00 17.68±0.98
PYT 55 PR40228-(Fe)-2B-B-11-1 18.09±1.24 23.73±1.17 <5.00 18.92±0.41 Figure 6. Iron concentration of the rice lines (2015WS).
PYT 59 PR38952-B-22-3-2 16.65±0.22 24.17±0.59 <5.00 21.55±0.76
PYT 64 PR44031-(Fe)-2B-2 24.4±0.59 21.73±0.46 <5.00 28.53±1.30
PYT 60 PR40225-(Fe)-2B-6-2-2-2-1 20.16±0.62 23.43±0.19 <5.00 14.06±0.76
PYT 61 PR44026-2B-2 20.13±1.12 24.61±2.26 <5.00 28.51±1.07
PYT 63 PR44026-2B-9 20.55±1.75 23.75±2.28 <5.00 23.26±1.48
PYT 65 PR44031-2B-15 35.16±1.56 21.44±1.24 <5.00 25.89±0.85
PYT 68 PR43156-3B-3-3 33.02±2.59 18.54±0.38 <5.00 13.59±0.40
PYT 69 PR43996-2B-39-2 24.09±0.18 19.37±0.97 11.48±0.58 21.33±0.83
PYT 70 PR44026-2B-6-1 24.73±0.83 19.71±0.35 8.30±0.73 13.20±0.61
PYT 71 PR44026-2B-6-2 17.84±0.51 19.87±0.44 10.57±0.71 12.50±0.41
PYT 72 PR44031-2B-6-2 40.12±1.21 17.71±0.92 10.82±1.54 9.90±0.27
PYT 73 PR44031-2B-16-1 27.26±0.40 16.52±0.94 8.20±0.72 11.21±0.62
PYT 74 PR44031-2B-21-1 21.50±1.45 17.29±0.60 13.96±0.46 10.92±0.29
PYT 75 PR40282-(Fe)-2B-8-2-2-1-2-1-1-3 53.97±3.49 22.64±1.30 13.07±1.17 9.25±0.21
PYT 76 PR43909-B-7-1-3 74.79±2.14 22.02±0.48 9.00±0.58 11.18±0.60
PYT 77 PR43909-B-10-1-2 29.46±0.95 18.76±0.50 10.87±0.69 9.11±0.31
PYT 78 PR43913-B-7-1-2 52.96±2.07 16.85±0.49 18.07±1.43 18.30±0.95
PYT 80 PR43229-3B-42-1 57.45±1.77 17.56±0.86 14.79±0.44 11.17±0.37
MYT 67 PR40228-(Fe)-3B-38-2-1-1-1 (NEW) 42.35±3.12 14.64±1.23 12.65±0.89 10.71±0.72
MYT 68 PR40228-(Fe)-2B-B-38-1-4-1 (NEW) 27.73±1.40 12.22±0.53 19.79±1.60 20.35±1.97

Figure 7. Zinc concentration of the rice lines (2015WS).

12 Rice R&D Highlights 2016 High-Value Products from Rice and it’s Environment 13

Development of nutrient-rich rice blends using local food crops rice:adlai and rice:corn ratios, read-to-eat rice:adlai and
HF Mamucod, RV Manaois, AV Morales, and MV Romero rice:corn blends were prepared by retorting using polyethylene
retort pouch (Figure 11). Retorting was done using the newly
Adlai (Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen) and corn (Zea mays) have acquired Automatic Autoclave (Model CL-32/42 Series, ALP
recently been promoted as alternatives to rice as a measure to help control Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The effect of different volume of
the increasing per capita intake of rice in the Philippines. Adlai or “katigbi” is water, soaking, and steaming on the physical appearance and
grown and eaten mostly in Southern Philippines, particularly in Zamboanga texture of the retort-processed products was evaluated.
del Sur (Dela Cruz, 2011). Nutritional value of adlai was reported to
be comparable, or even better, than rice. It provides around the same Results:
amount of energy as milled rice (Juliano, 2003) at 356kcal per 100g, but Energy bar
its protein and total fat content were higher (Adlai, n.d., Dechkunchon and • Samples made with puffed pigmented rice (Chor-chor-os
Thongngam, 2007). On the other hand, corn, specifically the white variety of and Ittum) had higher fat content compared with those
Quality Protein Maize (QPM) has acceptable taste similar to rice alone. QPM made with non-pigmented NSIC Rc222. Energy bar made
is nutritionally superior to ordinary white corn in terms dietary fiber and with unpolished rice, regardless of the variety, contained
minerals. It also contains two essential amino acids, lysine and tryptophan. significantly higher fiber content than that made of polished
Considered as low GI food, QPM has higher amylose content which makes rice. Sample with unpolished NSIC Rc222 had the highest ash
it harder to gelatinize and slower to digest compared with rice. This study content among the sample (Table 2).
evaluated the suitability of adlai and QPM in complementing rice as staple
food and in the development of energy bar and ready-to-eat rice:adlai and • Preliminary result of sensory evaluation showed that the
rice:corn blends. energy bar generally remained stable and acceptable after four
weeks of storage regardless of the packaging materials used.
Activities: However, there was a slight decrease in cohesiveness and
Energy bar chewiness on the second week of storage compared with the
• Adlai var gulian, unpolished and polished NSIC Rc222, freshly prepared sample. Moisture content and water activity
unpolished Chro-chor-os, and unpolished Ittum were puffed of the samples ranged from 8.37 to 8.81% and 0.48 to 0.51,
and used in the development of energy bar (Figure 8). respectively. In terms so microbial load, all the samples were
Puffing of samples was done in Tayug, Pangasinan (Figure 9). within the safe level of aerobic plate (105cfu/g) and mold
Nutritional composition (moisture content, total sugar, crude (102cfu/g) counts. Yeast was not detected in all samples.
ash, crude fat, crude protein, and total dietary fiber) of the
product was evaluated. Ready-to-eat rice:adlai and rice:corn blends
• Soaking the rice:adlai and rice:corn blends for 30min prior
• Shelf-life of energy bar made with puffed adlai and unpolished to processing produced better texture and consistency of the
NSIC Rc222 was evaluated. The samples were packed retort-processed blends. Steaming for 30 min also improved
in polypropylene and aluminum-coated pouches and the quality of the products. The optimum water volume for
stored at ambient temperature (25.6 to 28.2oC, 41 to 62% rice:adlai and rice:corn were 50 and 60mL, respectively.
relative humidity) (Figure 10). Periodic evaluation of sensory
properties, water activity, moisture content, and microbial load • Retorting did not produce significant effect on the color and
was performed. texture (cohesiveness and tenderness) of the retort-processed
rice:adlai blend compared with the pan-cooked sample.
Ready-to-eat rice:adlai and rice:corn blends However, pan-cooked sample was glossier than the retort-
• Several DA regional offices and centers (STIRAC, CVIARC, processed one.
BIARC, and DA-MIMAROPA) were coordinated and requested
for adlai samples. Adlai var ginampay is also being cultivated at • Retort-processed rice:corn blend had comparable gloss and
the Future Rice farm. texture (cohesiveness and tenderness) with the pan-cooked
sample.
• Using the previously identified rice variety and the established
14 Rice R&D Highlights 2016 High-Value Products from Rice and it’s Environment 15

Figure 8. Energy bar made with puffed rice and adlai.

Figure 11. Ready-to-eat (retort-processed) rice:adlai and rice:corn blends.

Figure 9. Puffing of rice and adlai.

Figure 12. Sensory characteristics of ready-to-eat rice:adlai blend.

Figure 10. Rice:adlai energy bar packed in PP and aluminum-coated

Figure 13. Sensory characteristics of ready-to-eat rice:corn blend.
pouches stored at room temperature.
16 Rice R&D Highlights 2016 High-Value Products from Rice and it’s Environment 17

Table 2. Nutritional composition of rice-adlai energy bar*. Activities:

ENERGY BAR WITH PUFFED RICE-ADLAI • The effects of nitrogen levels on the grain quality parameters,
NUTRITIONAL PROPERTIES Polished NSIC Unpolished Unpolished Unpolished
Rc222:adlai NSIC Rc222:adlai Chor-chor-os:adlai Ittum:adlai health promoting phytochemicals, and yields of three
Moisture content (%) 8.64b 9.24a 9.31a 8.69b different rice genotypes grown under the PalayCheck System
Total sugar as invert (%) 51.39a 51.38a 50.09a 49.88a of integrated crop management for transplanted irrigated
Ash (%) 1.44b 1.48a 1.44b 1.42b
Crude fat (%) 23.50b 23.29b 23.93a 23.76a lowland rice were determined during 2016 dry season (DS),
Crude protein (%) 9.20a 9.23a 9.27a 9.24a for its second year of implementation in PhilRice Los Baños.
Total dietary fiber (%) 1.62b 1.94a 1.74ab 2.07a Aromatic variety Burdagol-Laguna Type, a pigmented rice
*Mean values with the same letter within a row are not significantly different at p=0.05 (n=2)
variety (Gal-ong) and a non-aromatic PSB Rc82 were tested in
response to inorganic and organic fertilizer treatments.

Pre-harvest and post-harvest management for aromatic and organic rice • The experiment was replicated three times and the treatments
MAU Baradi, MC Quimbo, JM Solero, MS Cabrera, MFA Magno, RG Ancheta, were laid out in the field following a Split Plot Design. Nutrient
CT Dangcil, RT Cruz, MJC Regalado, and MV Romero treatments (zero fertilizer, N-omission plot, P-omission plot,
K-omission plot, LCC-based N fertilizer level 1, LCC-based N
Aromatic and organic rice have become popular and continue fertilizer level 2, Organic fertilizer 1, Organic fertilizer 2, and
to command higher price in the market. Aromatic rice is preferred by Organic fertilizer 3) were the main plot. Variety (PSB Rc82,
consumers because of its distinctive pleasant scent that makes it more Burdagol-Laguna Type, and Gal-ong) was the sub-plot. Each
special than the ordinary rice. The major compound identified to give plot size was 4m x 5m (20 m2).
rice its pandan- or popcorn-like scent was the 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline or 2AP
(Buttery et al. 1983; Paul and Powers 1989). The scent of aromatic rice is • The third mineralization trial, a pot experiment to determine
inherent in the variety, but can be influenced by pre-harvest and post-harvest the nutrient release pattern of organic materials was also
management practices. conducted from June to September 2015 at PhilRice Los
Baños.
Organic rice or organically-grown rice has also become popular
among consumers because of the belief that it has more nutritional benefits • For the site in San Nicolas, Ilocos Norte, in addition to the
(Tafere et al. 2011). Organic rice is grown only with organic amendments/ usual Palaycheck System Key Check 1 (seed quality) to Key
materials/fertilizers and bio-pesticide. The benefit of organic material is Check 7 (pest management), the recently-improved Key Check
that they may contain several essential nutrients (IRRI 2013). However, the 8 (harvest management) and the proposed Key Check 9 (post-
organic fertilizer releases nutrients much slower than inorganic (mineral) harvest management) was initially validated for aromatic,
fertilizers like ammonium sulphate and urea. Thus, the response of plants non-aromatic, organically-grown and inorganically-grown rice
to organic fertilizer is likewise delayed because these materials have to be genotypes.
mineralized first before the nutrients can be taken up by the plant.
• The 2016 DS set-up was established using the three varieties
In addition to the usual Palaycheck System Key Check 1 (seed (Burdagol-Laguna Type, Gal-ong, PSB Rc82) subjected to
quality) to Key Check 7 (pest management), the recently-improved Key inorganic (LCC-based 1) and organic (chicken manure)
Check 8 (harvest management) and the proposed Key Check 9 (post- fertilizer treatments. Experiments were conducted to
harvest management) was initially validated for aromatic, non-aromatic, determine the effects of fertilizer treatments, harvesting time,
organically-grown and inorganically-grown rice genotypes. The validation and frequency of stirring during sundrying on the yield and
was conducted in San Nicolas, Ilocos Norte during the 2016 dry season (DS) grain quality.
and wet season (WS). The setup was established using the three varieties
(Burdagol-Laguna Type, Gal-ong, PSB Rc82) subjected to inorganic (LCC- • Harvesting, drying, and storage experiments were established
based 1) and organic (chicken manure) fertilizer treatments. Experiments during DS and WS 2016 in San Nicolas, Ilocos Norte to
were conducted to determine the effects of harvesting time, frequency of develop and/or verify post-harvest management for aromatic
stirring during sundrying, and type of storage on the yield and grain quality of and organic rice. Effects of harvesting time (25, 30, and
aromatic and organic rice. 35 days after flowering [DAF]), frequency of stirring during
18 Rice R&D Highlights 2016 High-Value Products from Rice and it’s Environment 19

sundrying (stirring every 0.5, 1, 2, 4 hours) and type of storage 1.98%, 1.07% and 0.65%, respectively.
(sack, un-insulated storage bin, insulated storage bin) on the
yield and grain quality of aromatic and organic rice were • Since rice straw had the highest OC and lowest N, it had the
investigated. highest C:N ratio of 55.

Results: • Mungbean stalks had a C:N ratio of 19 followed by vermicast

2016 Dry Season, PhilRice Los Baños Site with 11 and lastly, chicken manure with 4.
• The partial yield data of the 2016 dry season rice crop conducted
from January to May, 2016 are presented in Table 3. PSB Rc82 Periodic Changes in Total Organic Carbon. Table 6 and Figure 13 show the
produced the highest grain yield (14% MC) at 5.07t/ha-1 but was changes in total organic carbon content of the organic materials during
not significantly different from Burdagol at 4.72t/ha while Gal-ong mineralization test.
produced the lowest grain yield at 1.82t/ha. The straw yield did not • The total OC of organic materials except vermicast decreased
differ significantly among varieties. The higher grain yield of PSB from day 0 until 89th day of incorporation. Vermicast had a
Rc82 and Burdagol compared to Gal-ong may be attributed to their slight increase in OC which almost stabilized until the 89th
higher tiller count. day.

• Across varieties, significantly higher grain yields were obtained • Mungbean stalks reached its highest OC content after 40 days
from Omission Plot (-P), Omission Plot (-K), LCC-based 1 and of incorporation but dropped by about 123% at 64th day.
2, and chicken manure compared to other treatments. Lower
yields obtained from Omission Plot (-N) and rice straw were • Chicken manure had a gradual decrease in OC content
not significantly different from the control (no fertilizer applied), starting at 6th day after incorporation until 89th days after
suggesting that N was the limiting nutrient and using rice straw alone incorporation.
as fertilizer did not improve the yield.
Mineralization of Nitrogen. Table 7 and Figure 14 show the mineralization
• In terms of the influence of fertilizer management on grain yields rate of nitrogen from different organic materials.
of individual variety, Table 4 shows the same trend with PSB Rc82 • For rice straw, total N tends to increase with time which might
and Burdagol wherein Omission Plot (-N), rice straw and the control indicate N immobilization by microorganisms. This in turn
gave significantly lower grain yields compared to the other fertilizer renders N to be unavailable for plant uptake.
treatments. With Gal-ong, no significant difference was observed
among all fertilizer treatments. • The same trend is observed for mungbean stalks wherein N
content increased by 39% at 26 days of soil incorporation and
Mineralization Study carried over up to 89th day after soil incorporation. Thus, N in
green manures is mostly stored in the soil which can become
The third mineralization trial was actually conducted from June–September available upon death of microorganisms.
2015 but most of the laboratory analytical data became available only during
the first semester of 2016. • Nitrogen in vermicast tends to be immobilized up to 40 days
after incorporation but it was subsequently mineralized which
Initial Total Organic Carbon, Total Nitrogen and C:N Ratio. Table 5 shows the was observed in the decreased N content at 64 and 89 days
initial total organic carbon (OC) and total nitrogen (N) of the soil and organic after incorporation.
materials used in the study.
• Mungbean stalks (37.2%) and rice straw (35.8%) contained the • Chicken manure had the fastest mineralization rate which was
highest total OC while chicken manure (17.6%) and vermicast expressed as early as 6 days after incorporation into the soil
(11.4%) had lower total OC. wherein it released as much as 73% of its initial total N. Thus,
it is advised that dried chicken manure can be applied at least
• Chicken manure contained the highest total N at 4.11% 6 days before planting so that plants will be able to maximize
followed by mungbean stalks, vermicast and rice straw at from the N release.
20 Rice R&D Highlights 2016 High-Value Products from Rice and it’s Environment 21

Periodic Changes in C:N Ratio. The C:N ratio of rice straw and mungbean Harvesting time - 25, 30, and 35 days after flowering (DAF)
stalks decreased while vermicast and chicken manure increased at 89 days Drying (frequency of stirring) – every 30 minutes, 1, 2, and 4
after incorporation (Table 8, Figure 15) compared to their initial C:N ratios. hours
• If C:N ratio will be used as index of decomposition, it can be
said that rice straw was considered to be somewhat but not • Nutrient management was assigned as the main plot: organic
fully decomposed at 89 days after incorporation. Mungbean and inorganic (LCC- based) while varieties in the subplot (PSB
stalks were fully decomposed at 64 days after incorporation. Rc82, Burdagol (Laguna-type) and Gal-Ong (Trad var).

• Chicken manure started to increase its C:N ratio at 6th day of • The yield was significantly affected by the variety. Burdagol
incorporation but decreased gradually from 26th day onwards Laguna-type produced the highest yield (6.24t/ha) while
until the 89th day of incorporation. The C:N ratios however Gal-ong was the lowest (1.72t/ha) as shown in Table 12. The
remained higher than the initial (day 0) C:N ratio. interaction of the variety and fertilizer treatments significantly
affected the yield. Only the Gal-ong rice had higher yield
• Vermicast had a gradual increase in C:N ratio due to increasing when applied with chicken manure than when applied with
carbon and decreasing nitrogen content with time. LCC-based 1.

Changes in Total Soil Organic Carbon, Total Soil Nitrogen and C:N Ratio • The yield of the different varieties both for inorganic and
During Mineralization Test organic rice was not significantly affected by harvesting time
• Soil organic carbon generally decreased for all of the during the 2016 DS (Tables 13 and 14). However, it was
treatments at about the same level of 45% after 89 days of significantly affected during WS. Yield of the varieties during
incorporation (Table 9), Figure 16). WS at inorganic setup were higher when harvested at 25 to 30
DAF. However, it significantly reduced when harvested at 35
• Generally, N content of soils treated with different organic DAF. For the organic setup, yield was higher when harvested
materials increased from initial N content suggesting that N at 25 DAF and significantly reduced when harvested beyond
mineralization had occurred (Table 10, Figure 17). (Tables 3 to 6).

• Comparing the different organic materials, vermicast had • For the drying experiment, every 30 minutes stirring gave the
significantly the highest N contribution at 53% followed by shortest time of drying the paddy rice and lowest variations in
rice straw (34%), chicken manure (26%), and mungbean stalks moisture contents compared to the other treatments (Figures
(10%). 13 through16).

• Generally, the C:N ratio of the soil decreased with time with
vermicast having the highest reduction at 73% followed by
rice straw (63%), chicken manure (58%) and mungbean stalks
(50%) (Table 11, Figure 18).

2016 Dry Season, San Nicolas, Ilocos Norte

• A field setup was established in San Nicolas, Ilocos Norte in
2016 dry season (DS) to develop and/or verify pre-harvest and
post-harvest management for aromatic and organic rice.

• From the field setup, three experiments were conducted with

the following details:
Nutrient management - Organic (Chicken manure) and
inorganic (LCC-based 1)
22 Rice R&D Highlights 2016 High-Value Products from Rice and it’s Environment 23

Table 3. Effect of fertilizer management and varieties on grain yield and

Fertilizer Management Variety
other yield parameters, PhilRice Los Baños (2016 DS).
Parameters Omission Omission Omission LCC- LCC- Rice Chicken
PSB
Control Plot (-N) Plot (-P) Plot (-K) Based 1 Based 2 Straw manure Burdagol Gal-Ong
Rc82
0-28-28 98-0-28 98-28-0 98-28-28 134-28-28 4 t ha-1 3 t ha-1
Grain Yield, 14% MC (t ha-1) 3.10 b 3.09 b 4.33 a 4.41 a 4.22 a 4.23 a 3.38 b 4.18 a 4.72 a 1.82 b 5.07 a Table 6. Periodic changes in total organic carbon (%).
Straw Yield, ODW (t ha-1 ) 3.57 c 4.01 bc 5.57 a 5.82 a 5.43 a 5.72 a 4.08 bc 4.89 ab 4.84 a 4.91 a 4.91 a Days after incorporation (n)
Organic Materials
Yield Components 0 6th 26th 40th 64th 89th
Initial Plant height (cm) 76.0 d 77.5 d 88.8 b 90.0 ab 88.1 bc 94.1 a 75.8 d 84.0 c 82.7 b 96.8 a 73.5 c Rice Straw 35.76 32.98 32.79 31.14 35.71 22.20
Plant height at harvest (cm) 97.8 cd 96.6 d 112.3 a 108.3 ab 109.9 ab 112.8 a 97.2 d 103.8 bc 95.8 b 131.4 a 87.3 c Vermicast 11.42 14.90 14.60 14.62 13.88 15.08
Initial Tiller Count (n) 9 ab 8b 10 ab 10 ab 10 ab 11 a 8b 10 ab 10 b 7c 12 a Mungbean Stalks 37.19 58.12 59.76 61.85 27.77 29.99
Tiller count at harvest (n) 10 c 10 c 12 ab 12 ab 12 ab 14 a 10 bc 11 bc 11 b 7c 16 a Chicken Manure 17.56 17.52 12.72 9.94 9.14 9.08

Productive tiller count (n) 9b 9b 11 ab 10 b 11 ab 13 a 9b 10 b 10 b 6c 15 a

In a row for each parameter, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of significance (DMRT).

Table 7. Mineralization rate of total N (%).

Organic materials Day after incorporation (n)
0 6th 26th 40th 64th 89th
Rice Straw
Table 4. Grain yield of three varieties as influenced by fertilizer management, 0.65 0.57 0.74 0.96 0.95 1.45
Vermicast 1.07 1.19 1.23 1.25 1.02 0.99
PhilRice Los Baños (2016 DS).
Mungbean Stalks 1.98 2.28 3.23 3.08 3.22 3.23
Fertilizer Rate Grain Yield (%14MC), t ha -1

Fertilizer Management Chicken Manure 4.11 1.10 1.01 0.90 1.13 0.90
N-P-K (kg ha ) -1
Burdagol Gal-ong PSB Rc82

Control 0-0-0 3.53 c 1.59 a 4.17 b

Omission Plot (-N) 0-28-28 3.84 c 1.45 a 3.97 b Table 8. Periodic changes in C:N ratio of organic materials during
Omission Plot (-P) 98-0-28 5.42 a 1.86 a 5.70 a mineralization test.
Omission Plot (-K) 98-28-0 5.49 a 1.79 a 5.96 a Day after incorporation (n)
Organic Materials
LCC Based 1 98-28-28 5.12 ab 1.93 a 5.63 a 0 6th 26th 40th 64th 89th
LCC Based 2 134-28-28 5.18 ab 1.59 a 5.93 a Rice Straw 55 58 44 32 37 16
Rice Straw 4 t ha-1 4.03 bc 1.93 a 4.17 b Vermicast 11 12 12 12 14 15
Chicken Manure 3 t ha-1 5.12 ab 2.41 a 5.02 ab Mungbean Stalks 19 26 19 21 9 9
Chicken Manure 4 16 13 11 8 10
In a column, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of significance (DMRT).

Table 9. Comparison of total soil organic carbon (%) and percent reduction
Table 5. Initial total organic carbon and total nitrogen of soil and organic before and after mineralization test of different organic materials.
materials used in the mineralization study. Initial Soil Organic C Total Soil Organic C after % Decrease
Total Organic Carbon, OC Total Nitrogen, N (%) C:N ratio Organic Materials mineralization test
Organic Materials
(%)
Rice straw 2.80 1.54 82
Soil 2.80 0.17 16
Vermicast 2.80 1.55 81
Rice straw 35.76 0.65 55
Mungbean stalks 2.80 1.53 83
Vermicast 11.42 1.07 11
Chicken manure 2.80 1.55 81
Mungbean stalks 37.19 1.98 19
Chicken manure 17.56 4.11 4
24 Rice R&D Highlights 2016 High-Value Products from Rice and it’s Environment 25

Table 10. Comparison of total soil nitrogen (%) and percent increase before
and after mineralization test .
Initial Total Soil N Total Soil N after % Increase
Organic materials mineralization test

Rice straw 0.17 0.26 34 Table 14. Yield of the varieties for organic rice as affected by harvesting time.
Vermicast 0.17 0.36 53 Harvesting Time (days after Yield (t/ha)
Mungbean stalks 0.17 0.19 10 flowering or DAF)
Burdagol Gal-ong PSB Rc82 Mean
Chicken manure 0.17 0.23 26
Laguna-Type
25 6.05 1.94 3.82 3.94 a
30 5.49 2.29 3.47 3.75 a
35 5.77 _ 3.31 4.54 a
Table 11. Comparison of soil C:N ratio and percent decrease before and Mean 5.77 a 2.12 c 3.53 b
after mineralization test. Significance
Harvesting time (A) ns
Initial Total Soil N Total Soil N after % Increase Variety (B) ***
Organic materials mineralization test AxB ns
Rice straw 0.17 0.26 34 ns-not significant; *** - significant at 0.1% level of significance
Means followed by common letter are not significantly different from each other at 5% level of using LSD
Vermicast 0.17 0.36 53
Mungbean stalks 0.17 0.19 10
Chicken manure 0.17 0.23 26

Table 12. Yield of the varieties as influenced by fertilizer treatments.

Fertilizer Treatment Yield (t/ha) MEAN
Burdagol Gal-ong PSB Rc82
Laguna-Type
LCC-based 1 6.99 a 1.16 b 5.21 a 4.45 a
Chicken manure 5.49 b 2.29 a 3.47 b 3.75 a
Mean 6.24 a 1.72 c 4.34 b
Significance
Nutrient Management (A) ns
Variety (B) ***
AxB ***
ns-not significant; *** - significant at 0.1% level of significance
Means followed by common letter are not significantly different from each other at 5% level of using LSD

Table 13. Yield of the varieties for norganic ice as affected by harvesting time.
Harvesting Time (days after Yield (t/ha)
flowering or DAF)
Burdagol Gal-ong PSB Rc82 Mean
Laguna-Type
25 6.50 1.65 5.42 4.52 a
30 6.99 1.16 5.20 4.45 a
35 6.82 0.90 4.18 3.97 a Figure 14. Periodic changes in total organic carbon.
Mean 6.77 a 1.24 c 4.94 b
Significance
Harvesting time (A) ns
Variety (B) ***
AxB ns
ns-not significant; *** - significant at 0.1% level of significance
Means followed by common letter are not significantly different from each other at 5% level of using LSD
26 Rice R&D Highlights 2016 High-Value Products from Rice and it’s Environment 27

Figure 15. Periodic changes in total nitrogen. Figure 17. Comparison of total soil organic C before and after mineralization
test.

Figure 16. Periodic changes in C:N ratio. Figure 18. Comparison of total soil organic N before and after mineralization
test.
28 Rice R&D Highlights 2016 High-Value Products from Rice and it’s Environment 29

Figure 19. Comparison of soil C:N ratio before and after mineralization test.

.
Figure 21. Moisture reduction (%) in Arize as affected by the frequency of
stirring. Ambient temperature (31.8 oC), relative humidity (55.8%), and grain
temperature (36.1 oC).

Figure 20. Moisture reduction (%) in Grain Super Rice (GSR) as affected by
the frequency of stirring. Ambient temperature (33.3 oC), relative humidity
(50.6%), and grain temperature (36.4 oC).
30 Rice R&D Highlights 2016 High-Value Products from Rice and it’s Environment 31

Establishing isotopic fingerprints in popular and traditional rice varieties determined using chemometrics. Based on the data, possible
NC Ramos, PCC Pabroa, and MV Romero discrimination using principal component analysis (PCA).

Rice is the basic food for nearly half the people on earth, most of • The multi element analyses of the 239 rice samples were
them in Asia. The expansion of global trade has promoted the international carried to determine possible discrimination of the samples
trade of rice. With that, agricultural products are increasingly labeled with when PCA will be applied. Based on Table 15.
their geographical origin in many countries for branding strategy purposes
and help consumers in their selection of foodstuffs. For rice, this information
is important to consumers and stockholders. Table 15. Concentration of the metals in milled rice determined by
Microwave Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (MP-AES).
Cu . Mn . Zn . Fe . Si . Ti . Sr . Zr . Rb . V . S .
A simple analytical method that can identify milled rice varieties is Location n
ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm
Region 1 19 3.2±0.2a 9.0±1.5d 8.3±1.9e 0.32±0.04e 0.38±0.03b 0.025±0.003b 0.011a 0.002±0.001a nd 0.001a 0.006
required to resolve these rice aunthenticity problems. Isotopic composition Region 2
Region 3
20
20
2.9±0.2c
2.1±0.4f
11.2±0.7c
8.3±4.1e
14.0±0.2a
10.3±0.6d
0.25±0.04f
0.48a
0.47a
0.33±0.01d
0.018f
0.025±0.001b
0.010±0.002a
0.005d
0.002a
0.002a
0.001a
0.002a
0.001a
0.002a
0.012
0.007
of one or more elements present in the samples can be often be used for Region 4B
Region 5
18
21
1.8±0.5g
2.5±0.3d
7.0±1.5f
9.1±2.0d
9.1±1.2e
12.3±0.4c
0.46±0.01b
0.44c
0.33d
0.37±0.05b
0.025±0.001b
0.032±0.005a
0.005d
0.005d
0.002a
0.003±0.001b
0.001a
0.001a
0.001a
0.002a
0.005
0.007

identification purposes, as several factors can lead to measurable differences Region 6

Region 7
23
24
2.7±0.5c
2.4±0.3d
12.2±4.1c
14.3±4.8a
11.8±0.4c
13.2±3.0b
0.43±0.08c
0.43±0.06c
0.37±0.06b
0.34±0.03c
0.031±0.005a
0.021±0.005c
0.002±0.001e
0.004±0.004d
0.005±0.001c
0.002±0.001a
0.001a
nd
0.001a
0.001a
0.018
0.012

depending on “the environment”. Isotopic analysis is an effective tool since Region 8

Region 10
25
22
2.2±0.2e
3.2±0.2a
11.1±4.5c
12.1±4.6c
8.5±3.2e
7.5±1.2f
0.34±0.04e
0.37±0.05d
0.33±0.04d
0.30±0.03e
0.022±0.002c
0.019±0.001e
0.010a
0.009±0.001b
0.002a
0.002a
nd
nd
0.002a
0.001a
0.012
0.008

isotopic ratio in a crop inherits the geological character of a production Region 11

Region 13
25
21
2.9±0.2b
2.5±0.4d
11.1±4.9c
13.4±2.4b
8.2±0.9e
12.1±1.2c
0.33±0.07e
0.44±0.05c
0.35±0.08c
0.31±0.12f
0.022±0.003c
0.020e
0.008±0.001b
0.007±0.006c
0.002a
0.003b
nd
nd
0.002a
0.001a
0.013
0.010

area. Additional technique is the use of chemometrics to further identify Note: nd – not detected; below LOD; Cd and Pb were not detected in all samples

distinction among the samples.

Activities:
• A total of 239 rice samples of NSIC Rc222, PSB Rc18, PSB
Rc10, and NSIC Rc160 were collected from 11 regions in the
Philippines. The rice samples were dehulled, polished and
washed thrice. The samples were dried and ground using
mortar and pestle.

• All rice samples were analyzed for multi-element analysis

such as Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe, Si, Ti, Sr, Zr, Rb, V, and S using the
Microwave Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (MP-AES) at
National Institute of Geological Sciences at University of the
Philippines Diliman.

• A total of 136 rice samples were analyzed for carbon-13

analysis using IRMS at Philippine Nuclear Research Institute.
Analysis for the remaining 100 rice samples is on-going.

• About 50 traditional rice varieties collected from various

regions in the country were selected for isotopic analysis. The
samples will be submitted to the Analytical Services Laboratory
at the International Rice Research Institute.

Results:
• The isotopic analysis, specifically C13, of the 139 rice
samples collected from Regions 1-8 ranges from -27.5% to
-29.5%. The geographical origin of the rice samples will be
32 Rice R&D Highlights 2016 High-Value Products from Rice and it’s Environment 33

II. High-Value Products from the Rice Grain and Other Parts intended to extract and characterize antioxidants and proteins from rice bran
of the Rice Plant for functional food, pharmaceutical and biomedical applications.
Project Leader: APP Tuaño
Activities:
Rice has been cultivated in the country mainly as source of food. • Extraction of anthocyanins from rice bran was optimized using
Its potential as source of industrially important compounds (biomolecules Response Surface Methodology (RSM).
and secondary metabolites) has not yet been fully investigated in the country
and using local rice cultivars, despite the large land area dedicated to rice • Crude anthocyanin extracts (CAEs) produced using optimized
farming. This is due to the main interest on the rice grain, particularly as and conventional methods were compared in terms of
milled rice, which consists of around 90 to 92% starch serving as the primary total anthocyanin, phenolic, and flavonoid contents, and
source of dietary caloric requirements of Filipinos. This project aims to antioxidant activities (DPPH and FRAP assays).
explore the potential of the rice grain, rice plant parts and rice cell and organ
cultures as sources of biomolecules such as proteins, bioactive peptides, • Stability of CAEs in biologically relevant buffers was
carbohydrate-based prebiotics, and beneficial secondary metabolites like determined for 48 hr. The treatments employed were as
lignans, flavonoids, terpenoids, antioxidants, anthocyanins, phytic acid and follows: T0-CAEs + pH 1.0 buffer at 25°C; T1-CAEs + pH 7.4
other bioactive components having nutritional, biomedical/health-related buffer at 25°C; T2-CAEs + pH 7.4 buffer + 10% Newborn calf
and industrial applications. It includes survey, screening and characterization serum at 25°C; T3-CAEs + pH 1.0 buffer at 37°C; T4-CAEs +
of rice cultivars (modern and traditional), their plant parts and cell cultures pH 7.4 buffer + 10% Newborn calf serum at 37°C.
derived from them in order to determine best sources of the compounds
of interest. Processes, methodologies and technologies necessary for the • Effective concentrations at 50 (EC50) of pigmented rice bran
development of production systems/product prototypes of marketable high- extracts were determined.
value products from abovementioned sources are expected to be delivered Anticlastogenic property of black and red rice extracts was
at the end of the project. evaluated using white mice at the Pampanga State Agricultural
University, Magalang, Pampanga (Figure2).

Extraction and encapsulation of antioxidants and proteins from rice bran • Cell toxicity of pigmented rice bran extracts was evaluated
for functional food and biomedical applications against normal human blood lymphocytes using trypan blue
RMBulatao, JPASamin, RPTubera, RVManaois, AVMorales, BSPeralta, and exclusion assay at the Natural Sciences Research Institute,
HMCorpuz University of the Philippines-Diliman, Quezon City.

Rice bran is a low-valued by-product of rice processing yet is a Results:

good source of useful ingredients and products. It is a good source of • Extraction of anthocyanin from Ominio bran was optimized
edible and healthful products since it contains about 11-17% protein, 12- using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Two
18% fats, 6-15% fiber, and 18% carbohydrates. It also contains substantial methods were employed for the screening and optimization
amount of essential vitamins, minerals, and natural phytochemicals, which of independent variables, namely, the two level full factorial
are known to have therapeutic and health-enhancing properties. Pigmented and Box-Behnken design. Ethanol and HCl concentrations
rice bran is nutritionally superior compared with ordinary white rice as and shaking time were identified as independent variables.
it contains higher amount of nutrients and phytochemicals. Specifically, All independent variables were found to be significant,
it contains more of phenolic compounds like anthocyanins, which have thus exerted a positive impact during extraction. Significant
anticancer, hypoglycaemic, and anti-inflammatory health benefits. In this interactions were also observed in the model particularly
regard, utilization of nutritious rice bran as source of natural antioxidants between solvent and HCl concentrations, and solvent
and proteins could be one of the sustainable strategies in order to maximize concentration and shaking time. Furthermore, the established
the use of essential nutrients and phytochemicals that are usually removed optimum conditions for the efficient extraction of anthocyanin
during the milling process. This cheap agricultural by-product when properly using RSM were found to be 60% of ethanol, 0.2% of HCl, and
utilized as food ingredients might be a good response to the escalating 3.5hr of extraction time. The predicted response of the model
chronic disease incidence facing our country today. Thus, this study was for the total anthocyanin content under these conditions was
34 Rice R&D Highlights 2016 High-Value Products from Rice and it’s Environment 35

90.25mg/g with a relative error of 0.05% (Experimental value

= 90.20mg/g). The optimized method was found to be more
efficient, less laborious, and cost-effective way to extract Table 16. Comparison of crude anthocyanin extracts (CAEs) obtained from
anthocyanin from black rice bran. optimized and conventional methods of extraction.
Extraction Method
Conventional Optimized
• Optimized method produced an extract with higher total Phytochemical Analyses
Mean±SD Mean±SD
anthocyanin, phenolic, and flavonoid contents, DPPH radical (mg/g) (mg/g)
scavenging activity, and Ferric reducing antioxidant power Total Anthocyanin Content 22.43±0.26 90.20±0.65
compared with the conventional method (Table 16). Total Phenolic Content 30.66±1.15 50.07±1.54
Total Flavonoid Content 66.22±0.61 92.18±0.60
• CAEs under acidic condition did not undergo substantial
DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity 33.67±0.28 75.82±0.10
degradation regardless of temperature (Figure 22). Whereas,
CAEs under slightly basic solution undergo rapid degradation. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power 70.90±2.25 120.23±0.77
Since T2 and T4 underwent quick degradation, their half-
life were calculated and found to be 32.5hr and 28.9hr,
respectively.

• Black rice (Ominio) bran extract significantly reduced the

micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MPCEs) in bone
marrow cells of tetracycline-induced cancer white mice by 42
to 49% while red rice (Chor-chor-os) bran extract decreased
by 33 to 37%. This implies that the black and red rice bran
extracts can be considered as anticlastogenic to the bone
marrow cells of the clastogen-induced white mice. This might
be due to the phytochemicals present in the bran extracts
that can counteract the chromosome-breaking effect of the
tetracycline.
Figure 22. 48-hr stability of anthocyanin extract in biologically relevant
• EC50 estimates the concentration of pigmented rice bran buffers.
extracts that causes 50% reduction in the DPPH concentration.
It is inversely correlated with the antioxidant activity of the
samples. Bran extracts of Ominio (11.5mg/L) and Gomiki
(21.2mg/L) had the lowest EC50, indicating that these
samples require low concentration of extracts to reduce the
concentration of free radicals by 50%.

• Black and red rice bran extracts at concentrations ranging from

100 to 1000 ppm showed no toxic effect on normal human
blood lymphocytes. This implies that pigmented rice bran
extracts is safe to consume by humans at those concentrations, Figure 23a. Arrow pointing the Figure 23b. Arrow pointing the
therefore, can be used as ingredient in the formulation of micronucleated polychromatic normal micronucleated polychro-
different functional food and pharmaceutical products. erythrocyte. matic erythrocyte.
36 Rice R&D Highlights 2016 High-Value Products from Rice and it’s Environment 37

Prebiotics from rice: Dietary Fiber, resistant starch and abovementioned 10 modern rice varieties, 11 traditional
xylooligosaccharides (Balikwadang, Gomiki, Imbuucan, Ingopon, Kamanga,
RVManaois and JEIZapater Minaangan, Red Blondie, Kotinaw, Galo, Ominio, and Chong-
ak) were processed and their brans were subjected to crude
Prebiotics are food components not digested and absorbed in the fiber analysis using the standard ISO 6865:2000 method.
small intestines, but instead are fermented in the large intestines and are
metabolized by resident beneficial microorganisms, resulting in improved gut Results:
health. Their resistance to digestion results in hypoglycemic effects, which • Table 17 summarizes the physicochemical properties of 10
in turn helps combat risks of diseases associated with high blood glucose modern and six traditional pigmented rice varieties. The
levels such as diabetes and obesity. Different parts of the rice grain could be samples had apparent amylose content (AC) ranging from 0.54
explored as potential sources of various prebiotics, such as resistant starch, to 28.7%. Two varieties were classified as waxy, two low, five
dietary fiber, and xylooligosaccharides. This study was conducted to evaluate intermediate, and seven high amylose types. The ASV ranged
these healthful substances from rice and optimize processes to further from 2.33 to 7.0, which were classified as low to high GT.
enhance their content for potential functional food product development. Crude protein ranged from 6.1 to 9.3%, NSIC Rc242 having
For this year, the different physicochemical properties, cooking parameters, the highest CP while NSIC Rc160 having the lowest.
and viscosity profiles of the different rice varieties were determined to screen
for varieties with higher potential for RS formation and DF isolation. • Eleven of the samples were subjected to parboiling treatment
and the Instron hardness values were compared with those of
Activities: their non-parboiled counterparts. The Instron hardness values
• Ten non-pigmented modern rice varieties (NSIC Rc238, NSIC of parboiled traditional samples were generally higher than
Rc118, NSIC Rc242, NSIC Rc298, NSIC Rc222, NSIC Rc160, those of their non-parboiled counterparts (Table 18). For the
NSIC Rc152, PSB Rc10, PSB Rc14 and PSB Rc82) grown in modern varieties, parboiling resulted in more tender cooked
Maligaya, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija during the 2015 rice.
WS and one traditional black rice (Inipot Ibon) cultivated
in 2016 DS in Bontoc, Mt. Province were procured as test • Table 19 shows the pasting profiles of 10 selected rice samples.
samples.. The samples were processed and determined for The highest peak, trough, final, and setback viscosities were
their physicochemical properties, namely amylose content recorded for Minaangan (intermediate AC), NSIC Rc222,
(AC) using the modified iodine staining method of Juliano et al. and PSB Rc10 (both high AC). The pasting temperatures
(2012), gelatinization temperature (GT) using alkali spreading ranged from 71.25 to 78.30oC. Minaangan had the highest
value (ASV) test, and crude protein (CP) content using the retrogradation potential (2821.5 cP), followed by PSB Rc10
standard Kjeldahl method (AOAC, 2000). (2520.5 cP) and NSIC Rc222 (2261.0 cP).

• Ten rice samples were subjected to parboiling using a lab • The crude fiber content of 21 rice bran samples are presented
optimized method of Corpuz et al. (2013). Parboiled grains in Table 20. The crude fiber content ranged from 7.62 to
were cooked and the Instron hardness compared with non- 11.61%. The bran samples with the highest CF (>10%) were:
parboiled samples using t-test at p<0.05. Red Blondie, NSIC Rc242, NSIC Rc152, NSIC Rc298, PSB
Rc14, and Minaangan.
• The different properties of the 10 modern rice samples were
evaluated, along with six traditional pigmented varieties, which
were previously assayed. This was done to select for samples
for pasting profile determination by Rapid Visco Analyzer. The
selected samples comprised of one black, four red and five
white rice varieties.

• A total of 21 rice samples (3 black, 10 white and 8 red) were

collected for crude fiber (CF) analysis. In addition to the
38 Rice R&D Highlights 2016 High-Value Products from Rice and it’s Environment 39

Table 17. Physicochemical properties of rice samples (n=3). Table 20. Crude fiber of rice bran samples.
AC GT Rice Variety Bran Color Crude Fiber1 Rice Variety Bran Color Crude Fiber1
Rice Variety Color CP (%)
Value (%) Class2 ASV Class3 Balikwadang Red 9.65 ± 0.39cde Kamanga Red 7.86 ± 0.01fg
Balikwadang Red 7.2 0.5 Wx 2.6 H/HI Minaangan Red 10.47 ± Kotinaw Red 9.91 ±
Imbuucan Red 8.71 22.7 H 5.0 I 0.13abcd 0.20bcde
Ingopon Black 7.1 0.6 Wx 2.8 H/HI Imbuucan Red 8.89 ± 0.57ef
Inipot Ibon Black 8.8 22.4 H 5.1 H/HI Ingopon Black 9.23 ± 0.30de NSIC Rc222 Brown 9.04 ± 0.33e
Gomiki Red 5.6 24.1 H 6.0 L NSIC Rc118 Brown 9.51 ± 0.11cde NSIC Rc152 Brown 11.32 ± 0.65a
Kamanga Red 7.2 23.6 H 5.0 I NSIC Rc160 Brown 9.52 ± 0.08cde PSB Rc10 Brown 9.65 ± 0.02cde
Minaangan Red 5.8 19.4 I 6.0 L NSIC Rc238 Brown 9.84 ± Chong-ak Red 7.57 ± 0.28g
NSIC Rc152 White 6.91 28.71 H 7.01 L 0.36bcde
NSIC Rc118 White 8.5 18.2 I 2.3 H/HI NSIC Rc242 Brown 11.41 ± 0.11a Gomiki Rdd 7.62 ± 0.15g
NSIC Rc160 White 6.11 15.71 L 6.01 L NSIC Rc298 Brown 10.99 ± Galo Black 7.71 ± 0.31g
NSIC Rc222 White 6.51 23.91 H 4.61 I 0.09ab
NSIC Rc238 White 7.0 22.0 H 6.4 L/I/HI PSB Rc14 Brown 10.56 ± Ominio Black 8.89 ± 0.85ef
NSIC Rc242 White 9.31 11.5 L 6.1 I/L 0.04abc
NSIC Rc298 White 6.71 19.7 I 2.7 H/HI PSB Rc82 Brown 9.68 ± 0.21cde Red Blondie Red 11.61 ± 0.24a
PSB Rc10 White 7.6 24.2 H 3.2 HI/I 1Mean ± SD (n=2). Mean values having the same small letter within the same column are not significantly different (p<0.05).
PSB Rc14 White 7.9 20.0 I 2.5 H/HI/I
PSB Rc82 White 6.3 20.6 I 2.3 H/HI/I
CP, crude protein content; AC, amylose content; ASV, alkali spreading value; GT, gelatinization temperature
1Data from the Bandonill et al. (2016) .
2High (H), >22.0% AC, Intermediate (I), 17.1-22.0%, Low (L), 10.1-17.0%, Waxy (Wx), 0.00-2.00%.
Utilization of protein concentrates from rice bran and broken grains
3H (74.5-80oC), I (70-74oC), L (<70oC) (binlid) as encapsulant of β-carotene in model food systems for improved
in vitro delivery
FP Flores, MJFA Magnaye, APP Tuaño
Table 18. Instron hardness of parboiled and non-parboiled rice samples.
Rice Variety
Instron Hardness (kgf/gm2)1 Vitamin A is an important micronutrient that affects several
Non-parboiled Parboiled biological functions. However, humans cannot synthesize vitamin A so it
Balikwadang 0.94 ± 0.05* 0.82 ± 0.04*
Imbuucan 2.75 ± 0.04* 3.65 ± 0.04* is obtained from diets. β-carotene has the highest vitamin A activity and is
Inipot Ibon 1.73 ± 0.03* 1.21 ± 0.02* converted most efficiently to vitamin A, but its maximum absorption from
Ingopon 0.97 ± 0.02* 1.02 ± 0.04* natural plant sources is low (~65%). Pure β-carotene is rapidly degraded
Gomiki 1.93 ± 0.04* 3.07 ± 0.04*
Kamanga 2.32 ± 0.01* 3.51 ± 0.05*
in the gastric phase during digestion, which means that the delivery vehicle
Minaangan 2.42 ± 0.01* 3.62 ± 0.06* must protect it from initial degradation without inhibiting intestinal release.
NSIC Rc160 1.57 ± 0.10* 0.78 ± 0.02* Encapsulation and entrapment technologies such as coacervation, spray
NSIC Rc222 2.07 ± 0.02* 1.79 ± 0.06*
NSIC Rc242 1.19 ± 0.08* 0.55 ± 0.00*
drying and adsorption may stabilize β-carotene with the aim of improving
PSB Rc14 1.60 ± 0.04* 1.29 ± 0.07* bioavailability. This study focuses on the encapsulation of β-carotene
1Means ± SD (n=3). Mean values across a row with * are significantly different (p<0.05). using rice proteins for improved bioavailability and value addition to rice
processing by-products.

Table 19. Viscosity profiles of rice samples. Activities:

Peak Viscosity Trough Viscosity Breakdown Final Viscosity Peak Time Pasting Temp Retrogradation
Rice Variety
(cP) (cP) Viscosity (cP) (cP) (min) (oC) Potential (cP)
• Optimization of rice bran protein concentrate production by
Imbuucan 3118.5 ± 4.9bc
1732.0 ± 14.1 d
1386.5 ± 9.2 ab
3486.0 ± 4.2d 5.60 ± 0.00cde 73.6 ± 0.00d 1754.0 ± 9.9d alkali extraction and isoelectric precipitation using various
Ingopon 2898.5 ± 17.7 2059.0 ± 11.3 839.5 ± 6.4 2455.5 ± 10.6f 5.00 ± 0.10f 76.35 ± 0.57c 396.5 ± 0.7g defatting, extraction, and drying conditions
d c d

Gomiki 2975.0 ± 76.4cd 1591.5 ± 38.9de 1383.5 ± 37.5ab 3353.0 ± 39.6d 5.77 ± 0.05bcd 71.65 ± 0.57e 1761.5 ± 0.7d
Kamanga 3084.0 ± 90.5bcd 1704.5 ± 31.8d 1379.5 ± 122.3ab 3492.5 ± 26.2d 5.80 ± 0.00bc 71.25 ± 0.07e 1788.0 ± 5.7d
Minaangan 3698.5 ± 34.6a 2553.5 ± 6.4a 1145.0 ± 28.3c 5375.0 ± 36.8a 5.60 ± 0.00cde 72.45 ± 0.64de 2821.5 ± 30.4a • Determination of the proximate composition of rice bran
NSIC Rc160 3212.5 ± 70.0b 1662.5 ± 34.6de 1550 ± 35.4a 2947.5 ± 50.2de 5.57 ± 0.05de 72.03 ± 0.11e 1285.0 ± 15.6f
NSIC Rc222 3575.5 ± 17.7a 2250.0 ± 159.8b 1325.5±142.1abc 4511.0 ± 22.6c 5.50 ± 0.04e 76.83 ± 0.04bc 2261.0 ± 137.2c protein concentrates
NSIC Rc242 2984.0 ± 8.5cd 1744.0 ± 36.8d 1240.0 ± 28.3bc 2890.5 ± 47.4e 6.10 ± 0.04a 71.6 ± 0.49e 1146.5 ± 10.6f
PSB Rc10 3227.0 ± 80.6b 2386.0 ± 58.0ab 841.0 ± 22.6d 4906.5 ± 108.2b 5.90 ± 0.04b 78.3 ± 0.00a 2520.5 ± 50.2b
PSB Rc14 2969.5 ± 29.0cd 1493.0 ± 12.7e 1476.5 ± 16.3a 3081.0 ± 0.0e 5.64 ± 0.05cde 77.93 ± 0.60ab 1588.0 ± 12.7e • Preparation of β-carotene dispersion using rice bran protein
Mean values with the same small letter within the same column are not significantly different (p<0.05). concentrate as stabilizer
40 Rice R&D Highlights 2016 High-Value Products from Rice and it’s Environment 41

Results: 47.5% of rice straws are composed of cellulose, hence it proves that it is a
• Optimization of protein extraction protocols from composite good source of cellulose, which is the main component of cellulose acetate
rice bran was completed and the method yielding highest (Yang, 2006). Therefore, this study aimed to produce cellulose acetate from
protein content was adopted. The rice bran protein rice straw for agricultural and industrial applications. Furthermore, this study
concentrate contained 1.3% moisture, 4.6% fat and 64.8% also intended to evaluate the feasibility of putting up a local production
protein. Protein concentrates production from broken grains facility for the production of cellulose acetate from rice straw.
(binlid) and other analyses are on-going.
Activities:
• Dispersions containing β-carotene (Figure 24) were prepared • Cellulose acetate (CA) and electrospun nanofiber were
and observed to exhibit Tyndall effect. Freeze-drying of produced from rice straw using optimized method. Straw
dispersions to produce powdered microcapsules is on-going from different rice varieties, namely, PSB Rc10, Rc216, Rc152,
and characterization of the final product will follow. Rc238 were delignified to produce CA. Rice straw was boiled
in 10% of sodium hydroxide at 55-65°C. Filtrates were washed
then bleached with 1% hypocholorite and acetate buffer at pH
5. Straw of different rice varieties were screened for their pulp
yield.

• Chemical properties of CA were characterized using Fourier

Transform Infrared Spectroscopy.

• Heavy metal removal system was developed by mixing the

derived CA with a biodegradable polymer (Polylactic Acid) and
alpha ferric oxide nanoparticle.

Figure 24. A sample of the prepared β-carotene powder- • Pesticide residue removal system was developed using the
rice bran protein concentrate dispersion. synthesized nanoremediation particles.

• Evaluated the efficiency of the pesticide residue removal

Production nanotechnology of rice straw and rice hull for industrial system to eliminate organic pesticide residues using SEM and
applications ICPMS OR GC-MS.
JJMonserate, RPilare, JRSalazar, RMBulata, and MVRomero
Results:
Palay (Oryza sativa) is considered as one of the most valuable crop • NSIC Rc22 had the highest pulp yield (35.7%) while NSIC
in the Philippines with a total cultivation area of 4.7 million ha and annual Rc152 had the lowest (14.4%) among the samples.
production of 18.4 million metric tons (BAS, 2013). As the processing of rice
goes on, there are some agricultural by products produced like rice straw and • Rice straw was acetylated by mixing glacial acetic acid,
rice hull. Rice straw is basically the stem of the rice plant while the rice hull acetic anyhydride, sulfuric acid, and water at 50-65°C. After
is the tough covering that surrounds and protects the rice kernel. The most washing, filtrate were soaked overnight and air-dried. Among
common practice of farmers is to burn rice straw and hull in the open field, the samples, NSIC Rc10 had the highest CA yield (93%) while
but this process imposes a threat especially to the environment as tons of NSIC Rc216 has the lowest (39.43%). To enhance further the
unwanted greenhouse gases are being produced. Rice straw or rice hull can CA yield of rice straw samples, the following solvents were
be converted into high valued industrial products such as cellulose acetate used: sulfuric acid and ionic liquid with sulfuric acid. Among
and silica, in which through nanotechnology, they can be transformed into a the samples, NSIC Rc10 obtained the highest CA. The solvent
nano scale. With this, the properties of the material change that will suit for combination of sulfuric acid and ionic liquid yielded the
industrial applications such as water nano-filtration system, nanoremediation highest CA of 4.37g while sulfuric alone yielded only 2.46
system, biofilm for packaging and industrial catalysts. Studies shows that grams. The percentage yield of sulfuric acid and ionic liquid
42 Rice R&D Highlights 2016 High-Value Products from Rice and it’s Environment 43

with sulfuric acid were 123% and 219%, respectively. between organochlorine pesticide residues.

• Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed

the compositional resemblance of the produced CA from rice
straw with that of CA standard from Sigma Aldrich (Figure
25). IR spectra of CA showed the presence of carbonyl
(C=0) and ester (C-O-C) bands at 1750 cm-1 and 1200
cm-1, respectively. The peaks at 1000-1050 cm-1 (C-O-C
asymmetric stretching of pyranose) and 1350 cm-1 (C-H
symmetric stretching) showed characteristic peaks of CA,
which indicate a good mixing of the polymers.

• CA was electrospinned by dissolving it with poly lactic acid,

dicholromethane, and methanol with ratio concentration of
3g: 18ml: 6ml, respectively. CA ratio was tested in different
amount from 0.4 to 0.8g. Among the weights tested, 0.5g
of CA was the finest. Electrospinning of nanofibers was
fabricated at 30kv. Mass production of electrospun nanofiber
is being conducted at the Physical, Inorganic and Material
Science Laboratory, Department of Chemistry CLSU.
Figure 24. Spectral analysis of cellulose acetate.
• Heavy metal content of soil samples were determined and
their values were compared with those of the regulated
level of heavy metal in soil. Results showed that the initial
soil sample had exceeded the regulated level of Hg. Also, it
contains Cr and Pb which are toxic even in small amount.
After nanoremediation, soil analysis revealed that the
concentrations of α-Fe2O3 nanoparticle had inverse effect
against Hg, Cr, and Pb contens. Among the treatments, 0.5 g
of α-Fe2O3 had the most efficient concentration that could
lower the toxic concentration of the heavy metal tested. This is
due to the magnetic property of the oxidized α-Fe2O3, which
resulted to adsorption and degradation of heavy metals.

• Pesticide residue analysis revealed that the soil samples

contained high concentration of organochlorine pesticide
residues such as Endosulfan II, DDT, Beta BHC, and DDE.
There are also trace amounts of Heptachlor epoxide,
Methoxychlor, Alpha and Gamma BHC, Aldrin, Chlordane,
Endosulfan I, Diedron I, Endrin, TDE, and Metocychlor. After
nanoremediation, the concentrations of organochlorine
pesticide residues were decreased significantly. This might be
due to the reaction of α-Fe2O3 with organochlorine pesticide
residues, which disintegrated the product having the same
components position with the reactants. Moreover, this was
due to the compounds’ ability to degrade the bonds existing
44 Rice R&D Highlights 2016 High-Value Products from Rice and it’s Environment 45

Abbreviations and acronymns LSTD – location specific technology PI – panicle initiation

development PN – pedigree nursery
ABA – Abscicic acid EMBI – effective microorganism-based m – meter PRKB – Pinoy Rice Knowledge Bank
Ac – anther culture inoculant MAS – marker-assisted selection PTD – participatory technology
AC – amylose content EPI – early panicle initiation MAT – Multi-Adaption Trial development
AESA – Agro-ecosystems Analysis ET – early tillering MC – moisture content PYT – preliminary yield trial
AEW – agricultural extension workers FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization MDDST – modified dry direct seeding QTL – quantitative trait loci
AG – anaerobic germination Fe – Iron technique R - resistant
AIS – Agricultural Information System FFA – free fatty acid MET – multi-environment trial RBB – rice black bug
ANOVA – analysis of variance FFP – farmer’s fertilizer practice MFE – male fertile environment RCBD – randomized complete block design
AON – advance observation nursery FFS – farmers’ field school MLM – mixed-effects linear model RDI – regulated deficit irrigation
AT – agricultural technologist FGD – focus group discussion Mg – magnesium RF – rainfed
AYT – advanced yield trial FI – farmer innovator Mn – Manganese RP – resource person
BCA – biological control agent FSSP – Food Staples Self-sufficiency Plan MDDST – Modified Dry Direct Seeding RPM – revolution per minute
BLB – bacterial leaf blight g – gram Technique RQCS – Rice Quality Classification Software
BLS – bacterial leaf streak GAS – golden apple snail MOET – minus one element technique RS4D – Rice Science for Development
BPH – brown planthopper GC – gel consistency MR – moderately resistant RSO – rice sufficiency officer
Bo - boron GIS – geographic information system MRT – Mobile Rice TeknoKlinik RFL – Rainfed lowland
BR – brown rice GHG – greenhouse gas MSE – male-sterile environment RTV – rice tungro virus
BSWM – Bureau of Soils and Water GLH – green leafhopper MT – minimum tillage RTWG – Rice Technical Working Group
Management GPS – global positioning system mtha-¹ - metric ton per hectare S – sulfur
Ca - Calcium GQ – grain quality MYT – multi-location yield trials SACLOB – Sealed Storage Enclosure for Rice
CARP – Comprehensive Agrarian Reform GUI – graphical user interface N – nitrogen Seeds
Program GWS – genomwide selection NAFC – National Agricultural and Fishery SALT – Sloping Agricultural Land Technology
cav – cavan, usually 50 kg GYT – general yield trial Council SB – sheath blight
CBFM – community-based forestry h – hour NBS – narrow brown spot SFR – small farm reservoir
management ha – hectare NCT – National Cooperative Testing SME – small-medium enterprise
CLSU – Central Luzon State University HIP - high inorganic phosphate NFA – National Food Authority SMS – short message service
cm – centimeter HPL – hybrid parental line NGO – non-government organization SN – source nursery
CMS – cystoplasmic male sterile I - intermediate NE – natural enemies SSNM – site-specific nutrient management
CP – protein content ICIS – International Crop Information NIL – near isogenic line SSR – simple sequence repeat
CRH – carbonized rice hull System NM – Nutrient Manager STK – soil test kit
CTRHC – continuous-type rice hull ICT – information and communication NOPT – Nutrient Omission Plot Technique STR – sequence tandem repeat
carbonizer technology NR – new reagent SV – seedling vigor
CT – conventional tillage IMO – indigenous microorganism NSIC – National Seed Industry Council t – ton
Cu – copper IF – inorganic fertilizer NSQCS – National Seed Quality Control TCN – testcross nursery
DA – Department of Agriculture INGER - International Network for Genetic Services TCP – technical cooperation project
DA-RFU – Department of Agriculture- Evaluation of Rice OF – organic fertilizer TGMS – thermo-sensitive genetic male
Regional Field Units IP – insect pest OFT – on-farm trial sterile
DAE – days after emergence IPDTK – insect pest diagnostic tool kit OM – organic matter TN – testcross nursery
DAS – days after seeding IPM – Integrated Pest Management ON – observational nursery TOT – training of trainers
DAT – days after transplanting IRRI – International Rice Research Institute OPAg – Office of Provincial Agriculturist TPR – transplanted rice
DBMS – database management system IVC – in vitro culture OpAPA – Open Academy for Philippine TRV – traditional variety
DDTK – disease diagnostic tool kit IVM – in vitro mutagenesis Agriculture TSS – total soluble solid
DENR – Department of Environment and IWM – integrated weed management P – phosphorus UEM – ultra-early maturing
Natural Resources JICA – Japan International Cooperation PA – phytic acid UPLB – University of the Philippines Los
DH L– double haploid lines Agency PCR – Polymerase chain reaction Baños
DRR – drought recovery rate K – potassium PDW – plant dry weight VSU – Visayas State University
DS – dry season kg – kilogram PF – participating farmer WBPH – white-backed planthopper
DSA - diversity and stress adaptation KP – knowledge product PFS – PalayCheck field school WEPP – water erosion prediction project
DSR – direct seeded rice KSL – knowledge sharing and learning PhilRice – Philippine Rice Research Institute WHC – water holding capacity
DUST – distinctness, uniformity and stability LCC – leaf color chart PhilSCAT – Philippine-Sino Center for WHO – World Health Organization
trial LDIS – low-cost drip irrigation system Agricultural Technology WS – wet season
DWSR – direct wet-seeded rice LeD – leaf drying PHilMech – Philippine Center WT – weed tolerance
EGS – early generation screening LeR – leaf rolling for Postharvest Development and YA – yield advantage
EH – early heading lpa – low phytic acid Mechanization Zn – zinc
LGU – local government unit PCA – principal component analysis ZT – zero tillage
46 Rice R&D Highlights 2016 High-Value Products from Rice and it’s Environment 47

List of Tables List of Tables

Page Page

Table 1. Micronutrient content of 43 breeder rice lines 10 Table 16. Comparison of crude anthocyanin extracts (CAEs) 35
(2015WS). obtained from optimized and conventional methods of
extraction.
Table 2. Nutritional composition of rice-adlai energy bar. 16
Table 17. Physicochemical properties of rice samples (n=3). 38
Table 3. Effect of fertilizer management and varieties on grain 22
yield and other yield parameters, PhilRice Los Baños (2016 Table 18. Instron hardness of parboiled and non-parboiled 38
DS). rice samples.
Table 4. Grain yield of three varieties as influenced by 22 Table 19. Viscosity profiles of rice samples. 38
fertilizer management, PhilRice Los Baños (2016 DS).
Table 20. Crude fiber of rice bran samples. 39
Table 5. Initial total organic carbon and total nitrogen of soil 22
and organic materials used in the mineralization study.
Table 6. Periodic changes in total organic carbon (%). 23
Table 7. Mineralization rate of total N (%). 23
Table 8. Periodic changes in C:N ratio of organic materials 23
during mineralization test.
Table 9. Comparison of total soil organic carbon (%) and 23
percent reduction before and after mineralization test of
different organic materials.
Table 10. Comparison of total soil nitrogen (%) and percent 24
increase before and after mineralization test .
Table 11. Comparison of soil C:N ratio and percent decrease 24
before and after mineralization test.
Table 12. Yield of the varieties as influenced by fertilizer 24
treatments.
Table 13. Yield of the varieties for norganic ice as affected by 24
harvesting time.
Table 14. Yield of the varieties for organic rice as affected by 25
harvesting time.
Table 15. Concentration of the metals in milled rice 31
determined by Microwave Plasma Atomic Emission
Spectroscopy (MP-AES).
48 Rice R&D Highlights 2016 High-Value Products from Rice and it’s Environment 49

List of Figures List of Figures

Page Page

Figure 1. Acceptability score of raw GABA rice samples at 5 Figure 19. Comparison of soil C:N ratio before and after 28
different soaking times. mineralization test.
Figure 2. Acceptability score of cooked GABA rice samples at 6 Figure 20. Moisture reduction (%) in Grain Super Rice (GSR) 28
different soaking times. as affected by the frequency of stirring. Ambient temperature
(33.3 oC), relative humidity (50.6%), and grain temperature
Figure 3. GABA content (mg/100g) of oven-dried GABA rice 6 (36.4 oC).
samples at different soaking times.
Figure 21. Moisture reduction (%) in Arize as affected by the 29
Figure 4. Phytic acid content (mg/100g) of dried GABA rice 7 frequency of stirring. Ambient temperature (31.8 oC), relative
samples at different soaking times. humidity (55.8%), and grain temperature (36.1 oC).
Figure 5. Yield performance of the top 10 high Fe/Zn 9 Figure 22. 48-hr stability of anthocyanin extract in biologically 35
advanced lines for seed increase, 2016DS. relevant buffers.
Figure 6. Iron concentration of the rice lines (2015WS). 11 Figure 23a. Arrow pointing the micronucleated polychromatic 35
erythrocyte.
Figure 7. Zinc concentration of the rice lines (2015WS). 11
Figure 23b. Arrow pointing the normal micronucleated poly- 35
Figure 8. Energy bar made with puffed rice and adlai. 14 chromatic erythrocyte.
Figure 9. Puffing of rice and adlai. 14 Figure 24. A sample of the prepared β-carotene powder- 40
Figure 10. Rice:adlai energy bar packed in PP and aluminum- 14 rice bran protein concentrate dispersion.
coated pouches stored at room temperature. Figure 24. Spectral analysis of cellulose acetate. 43
Figure 11. Ready-to-eat (retort-processed) rice:adlai and 15
rice:corn blends.
Figure 12. Sensory characteristics of ready-to-eat rice:adlai 15
blend.
Figure 13. Sensory characteristics of ready-to-eat rice:corn 15
blend.
Figure 14. Periodic changes in total organic carbon. 25
Figure 15. Periodic changes in total nitrogen. 26
Figure 16. Periodic changes in C:N ratio. 26
Figure 17. Comparison of total soil organic C before and after 27
mineralization test.
Figure 18. Comparison of total soil organic N before and after 27
mineralization test.
50 Rice R&D Highlights 2016