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Applied Thermodynamics 1 LEC-7

The document discusses the Second Law of Thermodynamics, emphasizing that heat naturally flows from hot to cold and not the reverse. It explains the operation of heat engines, including their efficiency and the Carnot cycle, as well as refrigerators and heat pumps functioning in reverse. Additionally, it touches on entropy and provides examples related to heat transfer and cooling systems.

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Thangavadivel Kirsand
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6 views

Applied Thermodynamics 1 LEC-7

The document discusses the Second Law of Thermodynamics, emphasizing that heat naturally flows from hot to cold and not the reverse. It explains the operation of heat engines, including their efficiency and the Carnot cycle, as well as refrigerators and heat pumps functioning in reverse. Additionally, it touches on entropy and provides examples related to heat transfer and cooling systems.

Uploaded by

Thangavadivel Kirsand
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ME2041- Thermodynamics LEC-6

LEC

Dr. Asiri Indrajith

[email protected]

0702077365

Saturday, 17 October 2020


econd Law of
modynamics – Introduction

e absence of the process illustrated above indicates that conservation of energy


t the whole story. If it were, movies run backwards would look perfectly normal
!
Second Law of
modynamics – Introduction

e second law of thermodynamics is a statement about which processes occur an


hich do not. There are many ways to state the second law; here is one:

Heat can flow spontaneously from a hot object to a cold object; it will not flow
spontaneously from a cold object to a hot object.
object
Engines

s easy to produce thermal energy using work, but how does one produce work
ing thermal energy?
is is a heat engine;
echanical energy can
obtained from thermal
ergy only when heat
n flow from a higher
mperature to a lower
mperature.
Engines

e will discuss only engines that run in a repeating cycle; the change in internal
ergy over a cycle is zero, as the system returns to its initial state.
e high temperature reservoir transfers an amount of heat QH to the engine, wher
rt of it is transformed into work W and the rest, QL, is exhausted to the lower
mperature reservoir. Note that all three of these quantities are positive.
positive
Engines

steam engine is one


pe of heat engine.
Engines

e internal combustion engine is a type of heat engine as well.


well
Engines

hy does a heat engine need a temperature difference?


herwise the work done on the system in one part of the cycle will be equal to the
ork done by the system in another part, and the net work will be zero.
zero
Engines

e efficiency of the heat engine is the ratio of the work done to the heat input:
input

ing conservation of energy to eliminate


Engines

e Carnot engine was created to examine the efficiency of a heat engine. It is


ealized, as it has no friction. Each leg of its cycle is reversible.
e Carnot cycle consists of:
sothermal expansion
Adiabatic expansion
sothermal compression
Adiabatic compression
n example is on the next slide.
gerators,, Air Conditioners, and Heat Pumps

ese appliances can be thought of as heat engines operating in reverse.


reverse
doing work, heat is
tracted from the cold
ervoir and exhausted
the hot reservoir.
gerators,, Air Conditioners, and Heat Pumps
gerators,, Air Conditioners, and Heat Pumps

frigerator performance is measured by the coefficient of performance (COP):


(COP)

(15-6a)
bstituting:

(15-6b)

(15-6c)
gerators,, Air Conditioners, and Heat Pumps

heat pump can heat a house in the winter:


winter

(15-7)
py and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

efinition of the change in entropy S when an amount of heat Q is added:

nother statement of the second law of thermodynamics:


e total entropy of an isolated system never decreases.
decreases
Introduction

r in a closed vessel of fixed volume 0.15 m3


erts pressure of 12 bar at 250 °C. If the
ssel is cooled so that the pressure falls to
bar , determine the final pressure, heat
nsfer and change of entropy.
domestic food freezer maintains a temperat
- 15°C.
C. The ambient air is at 30°C.
30 If the he
aks into the freezer at a continuous rate of 1
J/s, what is the least power necessary to pum
e heat out continuously?
frigerator working on reversed Carnot cycle requires 0.5 KW per KW
ing to maintain a temperature of -15
15°C. Determine the following:

P of the refrigerator

mperature at which heat is rejected and


ount of heat rejected to the surroundings per KW of cooling.

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