Tense

Tense - It is a set of verb-forms

Verb/Action (It states the tense)
Past Present Future
Verb

Helping Verb/Linking Verb-24 Main Verb

Primary Auxiliary Verbs- 11 Modal Auxiliary - Finite Non-
13 Transitive Intransitive Finite
Present Past Present Past Verbs Verbs Infinitive
Be Is/am/are Was/were Will Would with without Gerund
Do Do/does Did Shall Should Object Object Participle
Have Has/have Had Can Could Write, Dance,
May Might play, feel, sleep,
Need see, do, fall, laugh
eat, etc.
make
etc.
Dare Used
to
Must
Ought
to

Forms of Verb/Action

V1 V2 V3 V4 V5
Play Played Played Playing Plays
Do Did Done Doing Does
1. Rahul plays hockey. (Present)
2. Rahul played hockey. (Past)
3. Rahul will play hockey. (Future)
Past Present Future
Action
1. Indefinite
2. Continuous
3. Perfect
4. Perfect Continuous
Simple Present Tense
Id- जिन वाक्यों में कायय(जिया) के समय की अजनजितता प्रकट हो तथा जिनके अंत में मख्ु य जिया के साथ ता है, ती है, ते हैं,
ता ह,ूँ ती हूँ आजि आए तो..(In these sentences the time of action is indefinite i.e it is not known when
the action happens.)
Structure - Subject + verbI/verbI + s/es/ies + Object
 Rule of English - Sentence based on Note: यजि sub एक वचन हो तो verb भी एक वचन
Singular Subject - Singular Verb होनी चाजहए और sub बहुवचन हो तो verb भी बहुवचन
Plural Subject - Plural Verb होनी चाजहए।
Simple Present Tense is used in the following 1. The earth moves around the sun.
sense: 2. The water boils at 1000c.

1. Universal Truth 3. The dogs bark at night.

2. Habitual Action 4. The lion kills the animals and eat.
3. Fixed Action of Future
Keywords: Every + 5. The PM arrives here tomorrow.
day/night/week/month/year/evening, daily, 6. The collector gives a speech on 15th of
Seldom, never, Occasionally, Frequently, Often, August.
Usually, Generally, Once/twice a
day/week/month, Hardly, Rarely, Scarcely,
always
Singular Subject - Singular Verb Plural Subject - Plural Verb
Singular Subject: Plural Subject:
He likes his family. We like our family.
She goes to market every Sunday. They go to market every Sunday.
It looks good to me. Those look good to me.
There lives a farmer in my village. There live two farmers in my Sunday.
Rajiv plays cricket. Rajiv and Vijay play cricket.
She sings well. I sing well.
Mohan does his work on time. Mohan and Jai do their work on time.
Shiva loves his wife too much. I and my brother love our mother.

Negative: यजि वाक्य में नकारात्मकता (Negative) का भाव हो तो

Structure: Subject + do/does + not + verb-I + object + etc.

Note:- With singular number & 3rd person subjects - does not
And with all other subjects - do not is used.

वह समय पर पढ़ाई नहीं करता है। He does not study on time.

वे मैच नहीं खेलते हैं। They do not play match.

Interrogative
Yes/No Type WH Type
िो वाक्य सिैव ‘क्या’ से शुरू होते हैं तथा इनकी इजं ललश बनाते जिन वाक्यों के बीच कोई प्रश्न वाचक शब्ि
हुए ‘क्या’ की इजं ललश ‘what’ नहीं लगाते बजकक वाक्य में (क्या,क्यों,कब,कहाूँ,कै से आजि) आए तो उस प्रश्न वाचक
प्रयोग की िाने वाली helping verb ही क्या की इजं ललश के शब्ि की इजं ललश सबसे पहले जलखते हैं।
रूप में use होती है।
Structure: Ques.Word + do/does + subject
Structure: Do/Does + subject + verb-I + object
+ verb-I + object + etc?
+ etc ?
 Negative: Do/does + subject + not + verb-I + Negative: Que.Word + do/does + subject +
object + etc.? not + verb-I + object + etc?

क्या तमु सच बोलते हो? Do you speak the truth? तमु कहाूँ रहते हो? Where do you live?
क्या राके श स्कूल नहीं िाता है? Does Rakesh not go to िेव क्या नहीं करता है? What does Dev not do?
school? तमु क्या कहते हो? What do you say?
क्या तमु गाना गाते हो? तमु क्या नहीं खाते हो? What do you not eat?
Do you sing a song?

Present Continuous Tense

Id- जिन वाक्यों में जिया (action) के िारी रहने का भाव हो तो साधारणतः जिया के साथ रहा है, रही है, रहे हैं, हुआ
है, हुई है, हुए हैं याजन कायय के िारी रहने का भाव।
(In these sentences the action is continue at the time of speaking.)
Structure: Subject + is/am/are + verb-I+ing + object etc.
Note:- With singular number subjects - is,
With plural number subjects - are &
With ‘I’ - am
Keywords: now/at this time/at this moment

वह एक कार खरीि रहा है। He is buying a car.

हम गाने गा रहे हैं। We are singing songs.
मैं एक जकताब जलख रहा हूँ। I am writing a book.

Negative: Subject + is/am/are + not + verb-I + ing + object + etc.

वह कार नहीं खरीि रहा है। He is not buying a car.
हम गाने नहीं गा रहे हैं। We are not singing songs.
मैं एक जकताब नहीं जलख रहा ह।ूँ I am not writing a book.

Interrogative
Yes/No Type WH Type
िो वाक्य सिैव ‘क्या’ से शुरू होते हैं तथा इनकी इजं ललश बनाते जिन वाक्यों के बीच में कोई प्रश्न वाचक शब्ि
हुए ‘क्या’ की इजं ललश ‘what’ नहीं लगाते बजकक वाक्य में (क्या,क्यों,कब,कहाूँ,कै से आजि) आए तो उस प्रश्न वाचक
प्रयोग की िाने वाली helping verb ही क्या की इजं ललश के शब्ि की इजं ललश सबसे पहले जलखते हैं।
रूप में use होती है। Structure: Ques.Word + is/am/are + subject
+ verb-I + ing + object + etc?
Structure: Is/am/are + subject + verb-I + ing +
object + etc? Negative: Que.Word + is/am/are + subject
Negative: Is/am/are + subject + not + verb-I + + not + verb-I + ing + object + etc?
ing + object + etc.?
 क्या तमु सच बोल रहे हो? Are you speaking the तमु कहाूँ रह रहे हो? Where are you living?
truth? िेव क्या नहीं कर रहा है? What is Dev not
क्या राके श स्कूल नहीं िा रहा है? Is Rakesh not doing?
going to school? तमु क्या कह रहे हो?
क्या तमु गाना गा रहे हो? What are you saying?
Are you singing a song?

Present Perfect Tense

Id- जिन वाक्यों में जिया (action) के हाल ही में परू ा होने का भाव हो तो साधारणतः जिया के साथ चक
ु ा है, चक
ु ी है,
चक
ु े हैं, जलया है, जिया है, जकया है, या है आजि याजन कायय के हाल ही में खत्म/परू ा होने का भाव हो तो ।
(In these sentences the action has been completed recently/before some time.)
Structure: Subject + has/have + verb-III + object + etc.
Note: With Singular Subjects - Has
With Plural Subjects - Have
Keywords: Just now/recently/few seconds/minutes/hours/moments + ago/back

मैंने अभी खाना खाया है। I have eaten food just now.
उसने कुछ जमनट पहले ही अपना काम जकया है। He has completed his work few minutes back.
Negative: Subject + has/have + not + verb-III + object + etc

Yes/No Type: Has/have + subject + verb-III + object + etc?

Wh Type: Q.word + has/have + subject + verb-III + object + etc?

तमु ने खाना खा जलया है। You have eaten food.

तमु ने खाना नहीं खाया है। You have not eaten food.
क्या तमु ने खाना खा जलया है? Have you eaten food?
क्या तमु ने खाना नहीं खाया है? Have you not eaten food?
तमु ने खाना क्यों खा जलया है? Why have you eaten food?
तमु ने खाना क्यों नहीं खाया है? Why have you not eaten food?
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Id- जिन वाक्यों में जिया (action) के जपछले कुछ समय से लगातार िारी रहने का भाव हो, साधारणतः जिया के साथ
रहा है, रही है, रहे हैं, हुआ है, हुई है, हुए हैं + समय याजन जपछले कुछ समय से कायय के लगातार िारी रहने का भाव।
(In these sentences the action started in past, continue in present & possibly will be future also)
Structure: Subject + has/have + been + verb-I + ing + object + since/for + time.
Examples:
He has been learning English speaking for two years.
He has not been learning English speaking for two years.
 Has he been learning English speaking for two years?
Has he not been learning English speaking for two years?
Where has he been learning English speaking for two years?
Where has he not been learning English speaking for two years?

Simple Past Tense

Id- जिन वाक्यों में कायय(जिया) के समय की अजनजितता प्रकट हो तथा जिनके अंत में मख्ु य जिया के साथ ता था,
ती थी, ते थे, आ, ई, ऐ, या आजि आने पर साधारणतः ये कोई भतू काल (Past) की आित/घटना होती है.
(In these sentences the time of action is indefinite i.e it is not know when the action happens.
Generally it is a habit/incident of Past)
Past Event (Verb-II) Past Habit (Used to + Verb-I)
Positive St: Subject + verb-II + object + etc.
Positive St: Subject + used to + verb-I +
Negative: Subject + did + not + Verb-I + object
object Negative: Subject + used + not + to + verb-I +
obj. Or
Subject + did + not + use to + verb-I + object
1. He went to school last Monday. 1. He used to go to school in childhood.
2. Radha danced in the function last month. 2. Radha used to dance in the function before.
3. My son broke the pencil yesterday. 3. My son used to break pencil when he was
young.
Yes/No Type: Did + subject + verb-I + object Yes/No Type: Did + subject + use to + verb-I
+ etc? + object + etc? Or
Used + subject + to + verb-I + object + etc?
Wh Type: Q.word + did + subject + verb-I + Wh Type: Q.word + did + subject + use to +
object + etc? verb-I + object + etc? Or
Q.word + used + subject + to + verb-I +object
+etc?
Examples:
वह कल बािार गया था। He went to market yesterday.
मैं झठू नहीं बोलता था। I did not use to tell a lie./ I used not to tell a lie. (Habit)
क्या उसने तुम्हें गली िी? Did he abuse you?
क्या रजव ने तम्ु हारी मिि नहीं की? Did Ravi not help you?
तमु ने कल क्या खाया था? What did you eat yesterday?
तमु ने अपना गृह कायय क्यों नहीं जकया? Why did you not do your homework?
 Past Continuous Tense
Id- जिन वाक्यों में जिया (action) के िारी रहने का भाव हो तो साधारणतः जिया के साथ रहा है, रही है, रहे हैं, हुआ
है, हुई है, हुए हैं याजन कायय के िारी रहने का रहना।
(In these sentences the action is continue at the time of speaking.)
Structure: Subject + was/were + verb-I+ing + object etc.
Note:- With singular number subjects - was,
With plural number subjects - were
Keywords: Then/at that time/at that moment

वह उस समय कार खरीि रहा था। He was buying a car at that time.
हम उस क्षण गाने गा रहे थे। We were singing songs at that moment.
मैं तब जकताब जलख रहा ह।ूँ I was writing a book then.
Negative: Subject + was/were + not + verb-I + ing + object + etc.
वह कल कार नहीं खरीि रहा था। He was not buying a car yesterday.
हम गाने नहीं गा रहे थे। We were not singing songs.
मैं जकताब नहीं जलख रहा था। I was not writing a book.

When (िब) While (उस िौरान)

When I reached home, my son was studying. I was cooking food while my son was
studying.

Past Perfect Tense

Id- When there are two actions happened in past; one is old past which is translated in Past
Perfect (Had + verb-III), second is recent past which is translated in Past Indefinite (Verb-II).
Keywords: before & after
Structure: Subject + had + verb-III + object + BEFORE + subject + verb-II + object.
Structure: Subject + verb-II + object + AFTER + subject + had + verb-III + object
Examples:
1. The patient had died before the doctor came.
2. My wife had cooked food before I reached home from office.
3. My son had polished the shoes before I said.
4. We ate food after our father had come home.
5. I went to the party after my parents has allowed me.
 Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Id- When the action of the sentence started in past, continued in past and ended in past.
Keywords: Since/for/till/uptill
Structure: Subject + had + been + verb-I + ing + object + since/for + time.

Examples:
1. He had been learning how to play cricket for five years.
2. He had not been doing that job since last two years only.
3. Why had they been listening to these old songs for a long time.
4. Had you been loving your parents since childhood?
5. She had been taking care of her grandparents.
6. This teacher had been teaching his students for ten years.
7. The children had been crying in the class for two hours.
Future Indefinite Tense
Id- The action which will take place in future.
Keywords: Tomorrow, next day, day after tomorrow, next Sunday, coming week/month/year
Structure: Subject + will/shall + verb-I + object + etc
Note: With I & We - Shall
With rest subjects - Will
Examples:
1. I shall go to school next Sunday.
2. The government will announce the important news day after tomorrow.
3. The airline company will start flights next week.
4. She will visit my family tomorrow.

Future Continuous Tense

Id- The action which is supposed to be continue at any particular time in future.
Keywords: at this time tomorrow/at that time tomorrow/ when/while
Structure: Subject + will/ shall + be + verb-I + ing + object
1. We shall be going to the park at this time tomorrow.
2. I shall be doing this task tomorrow.
3. She will be cooking my favourite dish at this time.

Future Perfect Tense

Id- The action which will start in future and supposed to be finished in future itself.
Keywords: Till/by
Structure: Subject + will/shall + have + verb-III + object
Examples:
Possible Case Impossible Case
मैं कल चार बिे तक अपना काम कर चक
ु ा होऊूँगा। अगर मैंने काम शरू
ु जकया होता तो चार बिे तक मेरा
I shall have completed my work by 4 ‘o’ काम हो चक ु ा होता।
clock tomorrow. If I would have started the work then my
work would have completed by 4 o clock.
िब तक मैं घर पहुचूँगू ा मेरे जपतािी खाना खा चक
ु े होंगे।
My father will have eaten food by the time I अगर तमु ने मझु े अपनी शािी में बल
ु ाया होता तो मैं िरूर
shall reach home. आता।
मेरे घर िाने से पहले सब सो चक ु े होंगे। If you would have invited me at your
All will have slept before I go home. marriage, I would have come.

Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Id- When the action of the sentence will start in future, will be continued in future and will end
in future.
Keywords: By/for
Structure: Subject + will/shall + have + been + verb-I + ing + object + by/for + time.
Examples:
1. He will have been doing this job for many years.
2. I shall have been enjoying ourselves for a long time.
3. You will have been cleaning the floor for five days.
4. Radhika will have been working on this project for so many years.