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Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

The document explains the differences between inductive and deductive reasoning, highlighting that inductive reasoning derives general principles from specific observations while deductive reasoning applies general principles to specific instances. It provides examples of both reasoning types and discusses the validity of arguments using syllogisms and Venn diagrams. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between truth and validity in deductive reasoning.

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Everette Henley Menina
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Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

The document explains the differences between inductive and deductive reasoning, highlighting that inductive reasoning derives general principles from specific observations while deductive reasoning applies general principles to specific instances. It provides examples of both reasoning types and discusses the validity of arguments using syllogisms and Venn diagrams. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between truth and validity in deductive reasoning.

Uploaded by

Everette Henley Menina
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DEDUCTIVE vs.

INDUCTIVE
REASONING
Inductive Reasoning Deductive Reasoning
• Derives general principles • Reasoning flows from
from specific observations. general to specific.
Ex. All organisms are made Ex. If all organisms are
of cells – based on years of made of cells, and humans
findings from biologist. are organisms, then
humans are made of cells.
• Reasoning – The drawing of inferences or
conclusions from known or assumed facts.
When solving a problem, one must
understand the question, gather all
pertinent facts, analyze the problem i.e.
compare with previous problems (note
similarities and differences), perhaps use
pictures or formulas to solve the problem.
Deductive Reasoning
• Deductive Reasoning – A type of logic in
which one goes from a general statement
to a specific instance.
• The classic example
All men are mortal. (major premise)
Socrates is a man. (minor premise)
Therefore, Socrates is mortal. (conclusion)
The above is an example of a syllogism.
Deductive Reasoning
• Syllogism: An argument composed of two
statements or premises (the major and minor
premises), followed by a conclusion.
• For any given set of premises, if the conclusion
is guaranteed, the arguments is said to be valid.
• If the conclusion is not guaranteed (at least one
instance in which the conclusion does not
follow), the argument is said to be invalid.
• BE CAREFUL, DO NOT CONFUSE TRUTH
WITH VALIDITY!
Deductive Reasoning
Examples:
1. All students eat pizza.
Claire is a student at USC.
Therefore, Claire eats pizza.

2. All athletes work out in the gym.


Barry Bonds is an athlete.
Therefore, Barry Bonds works out in the gym.
Deductive Reasoning
3. All math teachers are over 7 feet tall.
Mr. Santos is a math teacher.
Therefore, Mr. Santos is over 7 feet tall.
• The argument is valid, but is certainly not true.
• The above examples are of the form
If p, then q. (major premise)
x is p. (minor premise)
Therefore, x is q. (conclusion)
Venn Diagrams
• Venn Diagram: A diagram consisting of various
overlapping figures contained in a rectangle called the
universe.
U
A

This is an example of all A are B. (If A, then B.)


Venn Diagrams
This is an example of No A are B.

A
B

U
Venn Diagrams
This is an example of some A are B. (At least one
A is B.)

The yellow oval is A, the blue oval is B.


Example
• Construct a Venn Diagram to determine
the validity of the given argument.

All smiling cats talk.


The Cheshire Cat smiles.
Therefore, the Cheshire Cat talks.

VALID OR INVALID???
Example
Valid argument; x is Cheshire Cat

Smiling cats
Things
that talk

x
Examples
No one who can afford health
insurance is unemployed.
All politicians can afford health
insurance.
Therefore, no politician is unemployed.

VALID OR INVALID?????
Examples
X=politician. The argument is valid.

Politicians
X

People who can afford Unemployed


Health Care.
Example
Some professors wear glasses.
Mr. Einstein wears glasses.
Therefore, Mr. Einstein is a professor.
Let the yellow oval be professors, and the blue oval be glass
wearers. Then x (Mr. Einstein) is in the blue oval, but not in the
overlapping region. The argument is invalid.
Inductive Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning, involves going from a
series of specific cases to a general
statement. The conclusion in an inductive
argument is never guaranteed.

Example: What is the next number in the


sequence 6, 13, 20, 27,…
There is more than one correct answer.
Inductive Reasoning
• Here’s the sequence again 6, 13, 20, 27,…
• Look at the difference of each term.
• 13 – 6 = 7, 20 – 13 = 7, 27 – 20 = 7
• Thus the next term is 34, because 34 – 27 = 7.
• However what if the sequence represents the
dates. Then the next number could be 3 (31 days
in a month).
• The next number could be 4 (30 day month)
• Or it could be 5 (29 day month – Feb. Leap year)
• Or even 6 (28 day month – Feb.)
1) Every tiger observed in a particular region has black stripes on
orange fur. Therefore all the tigers native to this region have black
stripes on orange fur.
Inductive
2) Joe leaves home at 08:30 in the morning and arrives late for work,
based on which he concludes that he will be late for work every
time he leaves at 08:30.
Inductive
3) Snakes are reptiles and reptiles are cold-blooded. Therefore,
snakes are cold-blooded.
Deductive (chain rule)
4) All squares are rectangles. All rectangles have four right angles.
Therefore, all squares have four right angles.
Deductive (chain rule)
5) John and Joe are friends. John likes to sing, write and read. Joe
likes to sing and write. Therefore, one assumes that Joe also likes
to read.
Inductive (analogy)
6) Rock music is loud. Sayber listens to rock music. Sayber’s
music is loud.
Deductive
7) If it rains, the sand gets wet. The sand did not get wet. It
did not rain.
Deductive
8) My garden has pumpkins. My dad’s garden has pumpkins.
All gardens have pumpkins.
Inductive
9) Engineering students are smart. You are an engineering
student. You are smart.
Deductive
10) Students who study hard get good grades. You are a
student who studies hard. You will get good grades.
Deductive
11) Every quiz in Mathematics of the Modern World has been difficult.
Therefore, the test tomorrow will be difficult.
Inductive
12) Every wet season, there have been typhoons in the Philippines. Therefore,
there will be typhoons in the Philippines this coming wet season.
Inductive
13) CHED mandates that all entering freshmen to tertiary education must take a
placement exam. David is an entering freshman to tertiary education. Therefore,
he will have to take a placement exam.
Deductive
14) Every dog has a tail. Maxx is a dog. Therefore, Maxx has a tail.
Deductive
15) If you are not happy, then it is time to change something. You didn’t change
something. Therefore, you are happy.
Deductive
16) Elephants have cells in their bodies. Cells have DNA. Therefore,
elephants have DNA.
Deductive (chain rule)

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