Q.1 Define Biocontrol and Write the Ideal Charcteristics of Bioagent.

Ans:-
Biocontrol :- Biological control or bio-control is a deliberate attempt to use natural enemies
(NEs) either by introducing new species into the environment of a pest or by increasing the
effectiveness of those already present bio-controls. Ideal Characteristics of Bioagent: - 1.
Should have high searching capacity of host and utilize the host. 2. Should be fairly host
specific in feeding rather than polyphagous i.e. restriction in feeding habit to a relatively few
species. This implies high degree of adaptation. 3. Should be primarily to its high potential
reproductive capacity, ultimately high fecundity i.e. potential for rate of increase. 4. Ability
to occupy all the host inhabited niches and to survive well. 5. Adaptation to broad range of
climatic conditions. 6. Should be amenable to culture in the insectary. 7. It must be efficient
to bring about the death of the host. 8. It should not become a plant feeder under any
conditions. 9. It should not be hyperparasites or harmful to the beneficial species.

Q2. Mass multiplication of Trichogrammachilonis in Laboratory with its Field

releasetechnique:- Facilities required for Trichogramma rearing: -Refrigerator ,Honey ,UV
chamber ,Glass tubes (15×3 cm) ,Air conditioner /water cooler,Gum Local/ Brown colour,Egg
sprinkler ,Table lamp ,Trays ,Cotton ,Working tables ,Fluorescent tube light ,Scissors and
brushes ,Corcyra eggs ,‘Tricho’ cards of specific size ,Polythene bag (25×20 cms) ,Clips
Methodology:- 1. Clean fresh Corcyra eggs by passing through 15, 30 and 45 mesh sieves.
Treat the eggs under UV lamp for 45 minutes. 2. Prepare “Trichocard” by cutting card board
sheet to the size of 13 x 20 cm(15x10 cm) which can accommodate 1 cc of eggs. 3. Apply
natural brown gum on the card and sprinkle the cleaned eggs uniformly. 4. Remove the
excess eggs from the cards by using brush 5. Allow the card for shade drying for few
minutes. 6. Take polythene bag, insert UV treated “Trichocard” and nucleus card at the ratio
of 6:1 Release of Trichogramma in the field 1. Tricho cards’ are cut into small pieces. 2.
Adult emergence is occur after 8th day of parasitisation. Staple piece of ‘Tricho card’ on the
lower side of the leaf to protect them from direct sunlight, rains and other factors. 3. The
first dose of Trichogrammaare given when the eggs observed in the field. 4. If the spraying is
needed then it is done before or after the 7 days of release of parasitoids. 5. The gap
between the release is about a week and it is upto the availability in the field.
Q.3 Define voltinism and Write types of voltinism in silkworm: Ans. Defination : Voltinism
is a term used in biology to indicate the number of broods or generations of an organism in
a year Types of voltinism in silkworm 1. Univoltinism – organisms having one brood or
generation per year 2. Bivoltinism – organisms having two broods or generations per year 3.
Multivoltinism – organisms having more than two broods or generations/ year 4.
Semivoltinism – organisms whose generation time is more than one year 5. Partial
vontinism : a) An organism wherein generations overlap in time, and so are not completely
reproductively isolated. b) A population where the voltinism is mixed, because of genetic
variation and/or because environmental stimuli.

Q.4 Describe Shellac and its uses. Ans. Shellac: -Shellac is a natural gum resin. It is natural,
non toxic, physiologically harmless and edible resin. Shellac is a hard, tough, amorphous,
and brittle resin containing small amount of wax with characteristic pleasant odour. Its
natural colour varies from dark red to light yellow. When heated, it softens at 65-70 ℃ and
melts at 84-90℃. Shellac is insoluble in water, glycerol and hydrocarbon solvents, but,
dissolves readily in alcohols (methylated spirit) and organic acids. Shellac is acidic in
character. It is thermoplastic, uv-resistant with excellent dielectric and film forming
properties with high gloss, hardness and strength. It is powerful bonding material with low
thermal conductivity used as fillers. Uses of Shellac:1. It is approved for various applications
in the food industry. 2. It is used in coatings, e.g. citrus fruits and apples. As a parting and
glazing agents for sweets, marzipan, chocolate etc. 3. It is used for digestive juice-resistant
coatings for tablets. 4. It is used in manufacturing of photographic material, lithographic ink
and for stiffening felt and hat material. 5. It is utilized in preparation of gramophone
records. 6. Jewelers and goldsmiths use lac as a filling material in the hollows in ornaments.
7. It is also used in preparation of toys, buttons, pottery and artificial leather. 8. It is also
used commonly as sealing wax. 9. As binder for foodstuff stamp inks, e.g. for cheese and
eggs.

Q.5 Enlist different species of honey bees with scientific name and write the duties of
worker. Ans. a. Apisdorsata : The rock bee Apidae. b. Apisceranaindica : The Indian hive bee
Apidae. c. Apisflorea : The little bee Apidae. d. Apismellifera : The European or Italian bee
Apidae. e. Meliponairridipennis : Dammar bee, stingless Meliponidae Duties of worker a.
Build comb with wax secretion from wax glands .b. Feed the young larvae with royal jelly
secreted from hypopharyngeal gland. c. Feed older larvae with bee-bread(pollen+honey) d.
Feeding and attending queen. e. Feeding drones .f. Cleaning ,ventilating and cooling the
hive. g. Guarding the hive. h. Evaporating nectar and storing honey. Explain: - Indian hive
bee/Asian bee (Apis cerana indica):- they are the domesticated species, which construct
multiple parallel combs with an average honey yield of 6-8 kg per colony per year. These
bees are larger than Apis florae but smaller than apis melliferae. They are more prone to
swarming and absconding. They are native India/Asia.

Q6. Write in brief role of beneficial insects.1. Pollinators: honey bees, solitary species,
bumblebees, pollen wasps (Masarinae); ants; flies2. Natural Enemies: Lady Beetles (Lady
bird beetle), Dipha apidivora, Trichgramma spp., Chelonus blackburni,3. Weed Killers:
Manetee or sea-cow Water hyacinth, Zygogramma bicolorata Parthenium (Congress)
4. Soil Builders: Beetles, Ants, Cut-worms, Larvae of flies, Crickets, Termites,Wasps etc.

Q7. Define sericulture. Write in brief history and development of silkworm in India.
Defination :Sericulture is the rearing of silkworms for the production of raw silk.
>Although there are several commercial species of silkworms, B. mori is the most widely
used and intensively studied, and techniques for its rearing are the most improved. >This
insect is the sole living species in its family, Bombycidae, and has been domesticated for so
long that it probably no longer survives in the wild. >World silk production has
approximately doubled during the last 30 years in spite of manmade fibers replacing silk for
some uses. >China and Japan during this period have been the two main producers,
together manufacturing more than 50% of the world production each year. China during the
late 1970's drastically increased its silk production and became the world's leading producer
of silk. >The 1970's were a period of tumultuous political and social upheaval in China,
resulting in various economic reforms. Undoubtedly, these reforms are partially responsible
for China's increased silk production. Thus the country that first developed sericulture
approximately 4,700 years ago has again become the world's main producer of silk.
Q8. Enlist the insect pest of silkworm and write in brief uzi fly problem in silkworm
rearing. Enlist insect pest:1. Uzifly (Exorista soebillans) 2. Beetles (Dremestes cadeverinus)
Coleoptera3. Ants. Explain:- 1. Uzifly (Exorista soebillans) Type of damage:- Mature maggot
causes reduction in yield of cocoons and cocoon quality. Causes death of silkworm larva.
Symptoms> Presence of creamy white oval eggs on the skin of larvae in the initial stage.
> Presence of black scar on the larval skin o Silkworm larvae die before they reach the
spinning stage (if they are attacked in the early stage). > In later stage, pierced cocoon is
noticed. Period of occurrence:- > Throughout the year, severity is more in winter months o
Maintain sanitary and hygienic conditions in the rearing room.o Provide physical barriers
like wire mesh in the doors and windows of the rearing rooms. Control measures: > Spray 1
per cent benzoic acid over the larvae to kill the eggs of uzi fly. o Dissolve the uzicide tablets
in the water (2 tablets/1) to attract the adults. > Release the gregarious, ecto pupal
hyperparasitoid, Nesolynx thymus (Eulophidae: Hymenoptera) @ 1 lakh adults/100 dfls
during night hours. Release the hyperparasitoid in three split doses @ 8000, 16,000 and
76,000/100 DFLs during fourth and fifth instars and after cocoon harvest.
Q9. Write in brief inoculation and harvesting procedure of lac culture. a) Inoculation:
Propagation of lac insects is done by inoculation of newly hatched (brood lac) nymphs on
host plants. Lac sticks bearing alive mother cells which are about to oviposit are called as
Brood Lac. One to 20 kg of brood stick is needed for inoculating a tree based on size of
Kusumi strain, 0.4 to 5 kg in case of Rangeeni Natural/self/auto inoculation: swarmed
nymphs infest the same plant again. Natural inoculation, repeated on the same host, makes
the host plant weak nymphs do not get proper nutrition. Uniform sequence of inoculation
does not take place.b) Artificial inoculation: The old weak and diseased twigs of host plants
are pruned in January or June. Induces host plants to throw out new succulent twigs. The
cut pieces of brood twig (i.e., 20 x 30 cm in length) are tied to fresh twigs. Each stick touches
the tender branches at several places. The nymphs swarm from brood and migrate to
tender and succulent twigs and infest them. Precautions for artificial inoculation: a) Use
fully matured and healthy brood b) Inoculation should be done immediately after cutting
the brood lac c) Tie the brood stick on upper surface of branches securely d) Raise brood
sticks at room temperature to 20°C to induce swarming e) Avoid cultivation of rangeeni in
kusumi area and vice versa f) Inoculate only on non rainy day Harvesting of lac (Cropping):
Cutting the lac encrusted twigs when the crop is mature. It is of 2 types. a) Immature
harvesting: In this method, lac is collected before swarming and lac obtained is known as
"ARI LAC" In this method, lac insect may be damaged during harvest.Ari lac harvesting.
Q10. Write short notes on parasites and predators. 1. Parasites: A parasite is an organism
that lives and feeds in or on a host. Insect parasites can develop on the inside or outside of
the host's body. Often only the immature stage of the parasite feeds on the host. However,
adult females of certain parasites feed on and kill their hosts, providing an easily overlooked
but important source of biological control in addition to the host mortality caused by
parasitism. Although the term "parasite" is used here, true parasites (e.g., fleas and ticks) do
not typically kill their hosts. Predators: Predators kill and feed on several to many individual
prey during their lifetimes. Many species of amphibians, birds, mammals, and reptiles prey
extensively on insects. Predatory beetles, flies, lacewings, true bugs (Order Hemiptera), and
wasps feed onvarious pest insects or mites. Most spiders feed entirely on insects. Predatory
mites that feed primarily on pest spider mites include Amblyseius spp. Neoseiulus spp., and
the western predatory mite, Galendromus occidentalis.
Q11. Types of lac types of lac: - Lac Culture: Lac culture is the scientific management of lac
insects to obtain a high amount of quality lac”. Lac: Lac is the resinous secretion of lac
insects. Types of lac: - 1. Stick lac: After harvest, lac encrustations are removed from the
twigs of host plant by scraping the raw lac thus obtained is known as crude/scraped/stick
lac The optimum moisture content is 4% for storage of stick lac to avoid lump formation
2. Button lac: ⬧lac formed into cakes shaped like buttons by melting and solidifying. ⬧Button
Lac is the preferred choice for French Polishing, Floor Finishing, tough & moisture resistant
finishes. ⬧Button Lac contains wax and may not be as compatible as dewaxed shellac when
being used in combination with other finishing products like Polyurethane, Water lox etc. 3.
Seed lac/grain lac: ⬧The stick lac is crushed and sieved to remove sand and dust, washed in
large vats ⬧Decaying bug bodies turn the water a deep red that is processed further to get
the by-product dye 4. Shellac: The seed lac is processed into shellac by any of the 3 methods
i.e., handmade country process/heat process/solvent process/ Solvent process. Host
plants:- 1. Butea monosperma (Vern. Palas) 2. Zizyphus spp (vern. Ber) 3. Schleichera oleosa
(Vern. Kusum) 4. Acacia catechu (Vern. Khair) 5. Acacia 50uxilia (Vern. Babul).
Q12. Enlist important species of pollinator & Importance of scavengers: - Important
Species Pollinators Pollinators are Bees, Butterflies, Hummingbirds, and other animals which
feed from flowers, transferring pollen in the process. Nearly 80% of all flowering plants need
pollinators to transfer pollen in order to produce fruits, seeds and vegetables. One out of
every three bites of food we eat depends on the work of pollinators. 1. Native Bees. 2. The
Bumble Bee. 3. Solitary native bees. 4. European Honeybees. 5. Other Important Pollinators.
Importance of Scavengers: • Scavengers play a fundamental role in the environment
through the removal of decaying organisms, serving as a natural sanitation service. •
Competition for carrion results in the inclusion or exclusion of certain scavengers from
access to carrion, shaping the scavenger community. • Scavenging unites animals which
normally would not come into contact, and results in the formation of highly structured and
complex communities which engage in non-random interactions. • Scavenging communities’
function in the redistribution of energy obtained from carcasses and reducing diseases
associated with decomposition.
Q13. Importance/role of Benificial Insects: • Beneficial insects (sometimes called beneficial
bugs) are any of a number of species of insects that perform valued services like pollination
and pest control. • The concept of beneficial is subjective and only arises in light of desired
outcomes from a human perspective. • In farming and agriculture, where the goal is to raise
selected crops, insects that hinder the production process are classified as pests, while
insects that assist production are considered beneficial. • In horticulture and gardening; pest
control, habitat integration, and ‘natural vitality’ aesthetics are the desired outcome with
beneficial insects.
Define:- Apiculture: - The science of rearing honey bees or beekeeping is known as
apiculture.
Q14. Procedure of honey extraction: • To remove sealed honey combs, give few puffs of smoke to the colony
and brush off bees from the honey combs using soft bee brush (Fig. 10.1) or bunch of soft green grass • Place
the honey combs in bee tight hive bodies and shift to honey extraction room • Never rob the colonies of their
entire honey stores. Depending on strength, keep with each colony at least 5-10 kg of honey in case of
Apismellifera and 2-3kg with A. cerana for summer and monsoon dearth periods.
Q14. Describe mass production technique of cryptolaemus montruzieri: - • In the
laboratory, the life cycle is completed in approximately 30 days. The premating and
preoviposition periods are about 5 and 10 days respectively. The oviposition is about 10
days. Eggs are laid from late evening to early morning. • They are pale yellowish white, the
surface being smooth and shiny. • It is oval to cylindrical, both the ends’ beings smoothly
rounded. Incubation period ranges from 5 to 6 days but extended in winter months.
Viability of eggs is 90 to 100 per cent. • The newly hatched grub is sluggish but becomes
active after 3 to 4 hours. • The tiny grub is pale greyish with white lines across the body
along intra segmental regions. These white lines become prominent after few hours and
white wax strands develop after a day.

Q15. Describe mass production of crysoperla carnia:- • In mass production, the adults are
fed on various types of diets. The larvae are either reared in plastic tubes or empty injection
vials or in groups in large containers or in individual cells. • The adults are collected daily
and transferred to pneumatic glass troughs or G.I. round troughs (30 cm x 12 cm). • Before
allowing the adults, the rearing troughs are wrapped inside with brown sheet which act as
egg receiving card. • About 250 adults (60% females) are allowed into each trough and
covered with white nylon or georgette cloth secured by rubber band. On the cloth outside
three bits of foam sponge (2 sq.in) dripped in water is kept.

Q16. Mass multiplication technique chelonis blackburni: •a set of 100, 0-24 hr old eggs of
Corcyra (not exposed to UV) are pasted to 5 x 5 cm card. This card containing eggs is
exposed to 30 C. blackburnii adults in a 1.5 l container. •The plastic container has windows
with plastic mesh for aeration. Two cotton swabs, one soaked in 10% honey solution and
the other in drinking water are also placed inside from the side opening which is closed
tightly with a cloth covered cotton plug.•The egg card after exposing to C. blackburnii for 24
hrs is removed and placed on 500 g sterilized cumbu medium. In 30 days’ time, adults start
emerging from the cocoons formed in the cumbu medium after completing development on
Corcyra larvae. The adults live for 25 days and their fecundity is about 400 eggs.
Q17. Mangement of honey bee for summer season:Under summer management,
information on indication of honey flow, method of supering, honey extraction and
management for dearth period has been provided.What is honey flow? It is the period when
honey bees gather and store surplus honey in the hive after attaining peak population in the
colony. Honey flow is indicated by: Whitening of honey cells of the comb due to deposition
of fresh wax Appearance of large quantities of burr and brace combs (freshly prepared
pieces of combs) Increase in weight of the colonies due to incoming nectar (a colony kept on
a stage balance in an apiary indicates the sudden increase in weight; Supering•With the first
indication of honey flow, provide supers to the colonies. But before putting supers, examine
the colonies for disease; check whether queen is present or not and whether laying
satisfactorily because after the honey flow starts, the bee keeper becomes too busy in
putting and taking off the supers •Place queen excluder between brood chamber and super
so as to prevent laying in the super by the queen • Keep swarming under check by avoiding
congestion in the brood chamber. Provide empty combs at all the times until end of honey
flow.
Q18. Types of silkworms in detail: - 1. Mulberry: • The bulk of the commercial silk produced
in the world comes from this variety and often silk generally refers to mulberry silk. •
Mulberry silk comes from the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. which solely feeds on the leaves of
mulberry plant. 2. Tasar: • Tasar (Tussah) is copperish colour, coarse silk mainly used for
furnishings and interiors. It is less lustrous than mulberry silk, but has its own feel and
appeal. • Tasar silk is generated by the silkworm, Antheraea mylitta which mainly thrive on
the food plants Asan and Arjun. 3. Oak Tasar: - • It is a finer variety of tasar generated by
the silkworm, Antheraea proyeli J. • In India which feed on natural food plants of oak, found
in abundance in the sub-Himalayan belt of India covering the states of Manipur, Himachal
Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya and Jammu & Kashmir. 4. Eri: • Also known as
Endi or Errandi, Eri is a multivoltine silk spun from open-ended cocoons, unlike other
varieties of silk. • Eri silk is the product of the domesticated silkworm, Philosamia ricini that
feeds mainly on castor leaves. 5. Muga: • This golden yellow colour silk is prerogative of
India and the pride of Assam state. • It is obtained from semi-domesticated multivoltine
silkworm, Antheraea assamensis. • These silkworms feed on the aromatic leaves of Som and
Soalu plants and are reared on trees similar to that of tasar.
Q19. Historical development of Beekeeping in India:- • In India first attempt to keep bees
in movable frame hives was made in 1882 in Bengal and then in 1883-84 in Punjab In
south India, Rev. Newton during 1911-1917 trained several beekeepers and devised a hive
for indigenous bee Apis cerana based on principle of bee space (which was named after his
name as “Newton hive”).• Beekeeping was also started in the Travancore state (now
Cochin) in 1917 and in Mysore in 1925.• In Himachal Pradesh modern beekeeping with
indigenous honey bee A. cerana started in 1934 at Kullu and in 1936 at Kangra. • The exotic
bee A. mellifera was successfully introduced for the first time in India in 1962 at Nagrota
Bagwan (then in Punjab state and now in Himachal Pradesh), because this bee has
potentials to produce more honey.• At present both the hive bee species are being used in
modern beekeeping and lot of honey is also being collected from the wild bees viz. A.
dorsata and A. 7uxili.• India is producing approximately 70000 metric tons of honey
annually from all the four species of honey bees.
Q20. Types of communication in Honey Bees: Communicate Through Movement (Dance
Language): - • Honey bee workers perform a series of movements, often referred to as the
“waggle dance,” to teach other workers the location of food sources more than 150 meters
from the hive. Scout bees fly from the colony in search of pollen and nectar. • If successful
in finding good supplies of food, the scouts return to the hive and “dances”on the
honeycomb.• The honey bee first walks straight ahead, vigorously shaking its abdomen and
producing a buzzing sound with the beat of its wings. • The distance and speed of this
movement communicates the distance of the foraging site to the others. B. Honey Bees
Communicate Through Odor Cues (Pheromones)• Odor cues also transmit important
information to members of the honey bee colony. Pheromones produced by the queen
control reproduction in the hive. • She emits pheromones that keep female workers
disinterested in mating and also uses pheromones to encourage male drones to mate with
her. • The queen bee produces a unique odor that tells the community she is alive and well.