Traditionally, words in English are often categorized into eight classes: nouns, pronouns, adjectives,

verbs, adverbs, prepositions,conjunctions and interjections. Some classifications include articles and
demonstratives among the word classes.

Words are grouped into two broad classes namely content words which constitute the open class
elements and structural words which make the closed class elements. Open class items are nouns,
verbs, adverbs and adjectives, they admit new members into the group; they are defined as lexical items
in a dictionary and can occur in succession.

1.Nouns

Nouns are words that represent people, places, things, or ideas.

Types:

Common Nouns: General names for things (e.g., city, book, table).

Proper Nouns: Specific names for people, places, or things, always capitalized (e.g., London,
Shakespeare, Amazon).

Concrete Nouns: Tangible things that can be perceived with the senses (e.g., apple, car, music).

Abstract Nouns: Intangible concepts or ideas (e.g., love, freedom, justice).

Countable Nouns: Nouns that can be counted and have a plural form (e.g., cat, chair, friend).

Uncountable Nouns:Nouns that cannot be counted and typically do not have a plural form (e.g.,
water, air, information).

Collective Nouns: Nouns that refer to a group of things or people (e.g., team, family, committee).

Examples:

Common:The dogbarked loudly.

Proper: Paris is the capital of France.

Concrete: I ate an apple

Abstract: Happiness is important.

Countable: I have three books

Uncountable:I need some water

-Collective:The team played well.

Definition: Pronouns are words that replace nouns or noun phrases. To

Types:

Personal Pronouns: refer to specific people or things (e.g., I, you, he, she, it, we, they).

Possessive Pronouns:show ownership (e.g., mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs).

Reflexive Pronouns:refer back to the subject of the sentence (e.g., myself, yourself, himself, herself,
itself, ourselves, themselves).

Demonstrative Pronouns: point out specific nouns (e.g., this, that, these, those).

Interrogative Pronouns: Used to ask questions (e.g., who, whom, what, which, whose).

Relative Pronouns: Introduce relative clauses (e.g., who, whom, which, that, whose).

Indefinite Pronouns:refer to nonspecific people or things (e.g., someone, anyone, everyone, no one,
something, anything, everything, nothing).

Examples:

Personal:She is my sister.

Possessive:The book is mine.

Reflexive:He hurt himself.

Demonstrative:This is my car.

Iterrogative: Who is at the door?

Relative:The man who helped me was kind.

Indefinite:Everyone is welcome.

Verbs

Verbs are words that express actions, occurrences, or states of being.

Types:

Action Verbs: Describe actions (e.g., run, jump, eat).

Linking Verbs: Connect the subject to a noun or adjective that describes or identifies the subject (e.g.,
be, seem, become).
 Auxiliary Verbs:Help the main verb express tense, mood, or voice (e.g., be, have, do).

Transitive Verbs: Take a direct object (e.g., She kicked the ball).

Itransitive Verbs: Do not take a direct object (e.g., He slept)

Examples:

Action: She runs every day.

Linking: He is a doctor.

Auxiliary: I have finished my work.

Transitive: She reads books.

Intransitive: The baby cries.

Adjectives

Definition :Adjectives are words that describe or modify nouns or pronouns.

Types:

Descriptive Adjectives:Describe qualities or characteristics (e.g., beautiful, tall, red).

Quantitative Adjectives: Indicate quantity (e.g., few, many, some).

Demonstrative Adjectives: Point out specific nouns (e.g., this, that, these, those).

Possessive Adjectives: Show ownership (e.g., my, your, his, her, its, our, their).

Interrogative Adjectives: Used to ask questions about nouns (e.g., which, what, whose).

Examples:

Descriptive: She has a red car.

Quantitative: I have few friends.

Demonstrative:This book is interesting.

Possessive: My house is big.

Interrogative:Which car is yours?

Adverbs
 Definition:Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They provide information
about how, when, where, or to what extent.

Types:

Adverbs of Manner: Describe how an action is performed (e.g., quickly, slowly, carefully).

Adverbs of Time: Indicate when an action occurs (e.g., now, then, yesterday).

Adverbs of Place: Indicate where an action occurs (e.g., here, there, everywhere).

Adverbs of Degree: Indicate the intensity or degree of an action or quality (e.g., very, quite, extremely).

Adverbs of Frequency: Indicate how often an action occurs (e.g., always, often, never).

Examples:

Manner: She sings beautifully.

Time: I will go tomorrow.

Place:The cat is here.

Degree: It is very cold.

Frequency: I always brush my teeth.

Prepositions

Definition: Prepositions are words that show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other
words in the sentence.

Common Prepositions:on, in, at, to, from, with, by, for, about, under, over, between, among.

Examples:

The book is on the table.

She lives in London.

He arrived at 5 pm.

I am going to the store.

The gift is from my friend.

Definition: Conjunctions are words that connect words, phrases, or clauses.

Types:

Coordinating Conjunctions:Connect equal elements (e.g., and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet).

Subordinating Conjunctions: Connect a subordinate clause to a main clause (e.g., because, although,
if, when, while, since).

Correlative Conjunctions: Used in pairs to connect equal elements (e.g., both...and, either...or,
neither...nor, not only...but also).

Examples:

Coordinating: I like tea and coffee.

Subordinating: I went to bed because I was tired.

Correlative: Both John and Mary are coming.

Interjections

Definition:Interjections are words or phrases that express strong emotions or sudden feelings.

Examples:

Wow! That's amazing.

Ouch! That hurts.

Hey! Look over there.

Oops! I dropped it.

Determiners

Definition: Determiners are words that introduce and modify nouns, specifying quantity or identity.

Types:

Articles: (a, an, the)

Possessive Determiners: (my, your, his, her, its, our, their)

Demonstrative Determiners: (this, that, these, those)

Numbers: (one, two, three, etc.)

Examples:

Articles: The cat is sleeping. A dog is barking.

Possessive: My car is red.

Demonstrative: This book is mine.

Quantifiers: I have some apples.

Numbers: I have two brothers.