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 First Course in Differential Equations Modeling and
Simulation 2nd Smith Solution Manual
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CHAPTER 2

Problem 2.1
𝑑𝑦
𝒂) 𝑒−2𝑡 = 𝑦−1(1 − 𝑒−2𝑡); 𝑦(0) = 0
𝑑𝑡
1 𝑡
𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒2𝑡(1 − 𝑒−2𝑡)𝑑𝑡 =>> 𝑦2|𝑦 = ∫ (𝑒2𝑡 − 1)𝑑𝑡
2 0 0
1 𝑦2 = (1 𝑒2𝑡 − 𝑡) |𝑡
2 2 0

𝑦 = √𝑒2𝑡 − 2𝑡 − 1
𝑑𝑦
𝒃) = 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡) + 𝑦; 𝑦(0) = 2
𝑑𝑡
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑡
∫ = ∫ (cos(𝑡) + 1)𝑑𝑡 =>> ln(𝑦)|𝑦 = (sin(𝑡) + 𝑡)|𝑡
2 𝑦 0 2 0
𝑦
ln ( ) = sin(𝑡) + 𝑡
2

𝑦 = 2 exp[sin(𝑡) + 𝑡]
𝒄) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑡+2 ; 𝑦(0) = 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑦
𝑦 𝑡 1 1
∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (𝑡 + 2)𝑑𝑡 =>> 𝑦2|𝑦 = 𝑡2 + 2𝑡|𝑡
2 0 2 2 2 0

𝑦2 − 4 = 𝑡2 + 4𝑡

𝑦 = √𝑡2 + 4𝑡 + 4
𝑑 𝑑𝑦
𝒅) [𝑡 ] = 2𝑡; 𝑦(1) = 1 ; 𝑦′(1) = 3
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Let 𝑢 = 𝑡 𝑑𝑦 with 𝑢(1) = 3
𝑑𝑡
 𝑑𝑢
𝑢
= 2𝑡 =>> ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 =>> 𝑢 = 𝑡2 + 2

𝑑𝑡 3 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑡
𝑢 = 𝑡2 + 2 = 𝑡 =>> ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (𝑡 + 2𝑡−1) 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 1 1
2
𝑦 − 1 = 𝑡 + 2 ln(𝑡) − 1
2 2

𝑡2 1
𝑦= ( )
+ 2 ln 𝑡 +
2 2
2𝑦
𝒆) 𝑑 = 32𝑒−4𝑡 𝑦(0) = 1 ; 𝑦′(0) = 0
𝑑𝑡 2

𝑑 𝑑𝑦
= 32𝑒−4𝑡
𝑑𝑡 [𝑑𝑡 ]
Let 𝑢 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑡

Then, 𝑑𝑢 = 32𝑒−4𝑡; 𝑢(0) = 0

𝑑𝑡
𝑢 𝑡 32 −4𝑡 𝑡 32 −4𝑡 32
∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 32𝑒−4𝑡𝑑𝑡 =>> 𝑢 = − 𝑒 | =− 𝑒 +
0 0 4 0 4 4
𝑑𝑦
𝑢= = 8 − 8𝑒−4𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑦 𝑡
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (8 − 8𝑒−4𝑡)𝑑𝑡 =>> 𝑦 − 1 = 8𝑡 + 2𝑒−4𝑡|𝑡 = 8𝑡 + 2𝑒−4𝑡 − 2
1 0 0

𝑦 = 8𝑡 + 2𝑒−4𝑡 − 1
1 𝑑𝑦
𝒇) = 𝑦; 𝑦(0) = 1
𝑡2 𝑑𝑡
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑡 1 1
∫ = ∫ 𝑡2𝑑𝑡 =>> ln(𝑦) |𝑦 = 𝑡3|𝑡 =>> ln(𝑦) = 𝑡3
1 𝑦 0 1 3 0 3

𝑡3
𝑦= 𝑒3
𝑑𝑦
𝒈) = −𝑦2𝑒2𝑡; 𝑦(0) = 1
𝑑𝑡
 4 𝑑𝑦 𝑡 1 1 1 1 1
∫ = − ∫ 𝑒2𝑡𝑑𝑡 =>> − |𝑦 = − 𝑒2𝑡|𝑡 =>> − + 1 = − 𝑒2𝑡 +
1 𝑦2 0 𝑦 1 2 0 𝑦 2 2

1 = 1 (𝑒2𝑡 + 1) =>> 𝑦 = 2
𝑦 2 𝑒2𝑡+1

𝑑𝑦
𝒉) − (2𝑡 + 1)𝑦 = 0; 𝑦(0) = 2
𝑑𝑡
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑡
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦(2𝑡 + 1) =>> ∫ = ∫ (2𝑡 + 1)𝑑𝑡 =>> ln(𝑦) |𝑦 = (𝑡2 + 𝑡)|𝑡

𝑑𝑡 2 𝑦 0 2 0

ln (𝑦2) = 𝑡2 + 𝑡 =>> 𝑦 = 2𝑒(𝑡2+𝑡)

𝑑𝑦
𝒊) + 4𝑡𝑦2 = 0; 𝑦(0) = 1
𝑑𝑡
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑡 1
∫ = − ∫ 4𝑡𝑑𝑡 =>> − |𝑦 = −2𝑡2|𝑡
1 𝑦2 0 𝑦 1 0

1
𝑦=
1 + 2𝑡2
𝑡
𝑑2 𝑦 ( ) ′( )

𝒋) = cos ( ) ; 𝑦 0 = 0; 𝑦 0 = 1
𝑑𝑡2 2
Let 𝑢 = 𝑑𝑦, then
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑢
= cos 𝑡 ; 𝑢(0) = 1
𝑑𝑡 ( )
2
𝑢 𝑡 𝑡

∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ cos ( ) 𝑑𝑡
1 0 2
𝑡
𝑢 = 1 + 2 sin ( )
2
and
𝑑𝑦
= 1 + 2 sin 𝑡 ; 𝑦(0) = 0
𝑑𝑡 ( )
2
𝑦 𝑡
𝑡
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (1 + 2 sin ( )) 𝑑𝑡
0 0 2
 𝑡 |𝑡 = 𝑡 − 4 cos 𝑡
𝑦 = (𝑡 − 4 cos 2))
( ( )+4
2
0

𝑡
𝑦 = 4 + 𝑡 − 4 cos ( )
2
Problem 2.2

a) 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑦2 − 1 ≪=
𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑢 = (𝑦2 − 1)𝑑𝑦
1
𝑢 = 𝑦3 − 𝑦 + 𝐶
3
𝒃) 𝑑𝑇 = −0.0002(𝑇 − 5) <<= linear
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑇
= −0.0002𝑑𝑡 =>> ln(𝑇 − 5) = −0.0002t + C1
𝑇−5

𝑇 = 5 + 𝐶 𝑒−0.0002𝑡 where 𝐶 = 𝑒𝐶1

𝒄) 𝑑𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑒2𝑦 <<= nonlinear

𝑑𝑥

𝑒−2𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 =>> − 1 𝑒−2𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝐶

2
1
( )
𝑦 = − ln 𝐶 − 2𝑥
2

𝒅) 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢2 cos(𝜋𝑡) 𝑢(0) = − 1 <<= nonlinear

𝑑𝑡 2
𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑡 1 𝑢 1
= ( ) ( )𝑡
2
∫−1 𝑢2 ∫0 cos 𝜋𝑡 𝑑𝑡 =>> | 1 = sin 𝜋𝑡 |0
𝑢 −2 𝜋
1
𝑢= 1
( )
− 𝜋 sin 𝜋𝑡 − 2
dy  y2 + 4 y − 5 

=
e)  t
dt y <<== nonlinear
 
 dy =  t dt
y
 y + 4y −5
2

Use Partial Fraction to simplify the first integrand.

y A A
= 1 + 2
y + 4 y − 5 y −1 y + 5
2

1 5
and from here A = and A = . Therefore,
1 2
6 6
16 56
 dy +  dy =  t dt
y −1 y+5

1 5 1
ln( y −1) + ln( y + 5) = t 2 + C
6 6 2

du
f) = u3 + 6u 2 +11u + 6 <<== nonlinear
dt

1
u 3
+ 6u +11u + 6
2
du =  dt

Use Partial Fractions to simplify the first integrand.

A
1 = 1 + A2
u3 + 6u2 +11u + 6 u +1 u + 2
+3
u
+
3
1 1
and from here A = ; A = −1; and A = . Therefore,
1 2 3
2 2
12 1 12
 du −  du +  du =  dt
u +1 u+2 u+3

Problem 2.3
1
ln(u +1) ln(u + 3) = t + C
1 2 2
−ln(u + 2) +

10C S S
− 12 + C S = d C
dt
Using Separation of Variables,
CS 12 + C S S CS 1 CS
S
t
S

 13.33 10CS
dC = 1.2
13.33 CS
dC + 0.1 dC = −  dt
13.33 0

and after evaluating the integrals

t = 4.44 −1.2lnCS − 0.1CS

Problem 2.4
𝑑𝑦(𝑡)
𝑟 + 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐾𝑥(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
1 𝑡
𝑦(𝑡) 𝑑𝑦(𝑡) = ∫ 𝑑𝑡 =>> ln[𝐾𝑥(𝑡) − 𝑦(𝑡)] |𝑦(𝑡) = − 𝑡
∫
𝑦(0) 𝐾𝑥(𝑡)−𝑦(𝑡) 𝑐 0 𝑦(0) 𝑐

𝑡
ln[𝐾𝑥(𝑡) − 𝑦(𝑡)] − ln[𝐾𝑥(𝑡) − 𝑦(0)] = −
𝑟
𝐾𝑥(𝑡) − 𝑦(𝑡) 𝑡
= 𝑒 −𝑐
𝐾𝑥(𝑡) − 𝑦(0)
𝑡
−
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐾𝑥(𝑡) − [𝐾𝑥(𝑡) − 𝑦(0)]𝑒 𝑐

and using 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑥(0) + 𝐷 ,

𝑡
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐾(𝑥(0) + 𝐷) − [𝐾(𝑥(0) + 𝐷) − 𝑦(0)]𝑒 −𝑐

and with 𝑦(0) = 𝐾 𝑥(0),

𝑡
−𝑐
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑦(0) + 𝐾𝐷 − [𝑦(0) + 𝐾𝐷 − 𝑦(0)]𝑒
𝑡
−
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑦(0) + 𝐾𝐷 (1 − 𝑒 𝑐)

Problem 2.5

2 𝑑𝑣 + 4𝑣 = 16𝑢(𝑡) with 𝑣(0) = 0

𝑑𝑡
𝑡1
𝑣 𝑑𝑣 =∫ 𝑑𝑡 =>> − 1 ln(16 − 4𝑣) |𝑣 = 1 𝑡
∫
0 16−4𝑣 0 2 4 0 2
 ln(16 − 4𝑣) − ln(16) = −2𝑡 =>> ln (16−4𝑣) = −2𝑡
16

𝑣 = 4(1 − 𝑒−2𝑡)

Problem 2.6

𝑖1 = 1.43 × 10−4𝑣𝑠 + 0.286𝑖2 (1)

2 × 10−3 𝑑𝑖2 + 21428𝑖 2 = 0.286𝑣𝑠 (2)

𝑑𝑡

From (2): 9.3 × 10−8 𝑑𝑖2 + 𝑖2 = 1.33 × 10−5𝑣𝑠

𝑑𝑡

where 𝑟 = 9.3 × 10−8𝑠𝑒𝑐, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐾 = 1.33 × 10−5 𝑉

𝐴
𝑡
−
From Problem 2-5, 𝑖2 = 𝑖2(0) + 𝐾𝐷 (1 − 𝑒 𝑟)

𝑡
−4 − −8
𝑖2 = 2.66 × 10 + 0.000267 (1 − 𝑒 9.3×10 )

From (1):
𝑡
−4 −4 −5 − −8

𝑖1 = 57.2 × 10 + 0.76 × 10 + 7.64 × 10 (1 − 𝑒 9.3×10 )

−
𝑡
𝑖1 = 57.96 × 10−4 + 0.76 × 10−4 (1 − 𝑒 9.3×10−8 )

Problem 2.7
 X
0.3768X 1−  = dX
 18.91 dt
 

Using Separation of Variables,

 dX X = 0.3768 dt
X 1− 
 18.91 
  X (18.91− X )

dX
= 0.02 dt
Using Partial Fractions Expansion,
1 A1 A2
= +
X (18.91− X ) X 18.91− X

1 ( A − A1 ) X +18.91A1
= 2
X (18.91− X ) X (18.91− X )

Equating equal terms yields,

A1 = A2 = 0.053

Then,
 dX 
 = 0.02 dt
X t
0.053 dX
+
X

9.52 X 9.52 18.91− X  0

 
ln 0.986X = 0.377 t

18.91− X 

18.91e0.377t
X =
0.986 + e0.377t

Problem 2.8
d P(t)
6.915CV 1000 − P(t) = 1.08
dt

Using Separation of Variables

d P(t) 6.915CV
= dt
1.08

And using the information given in the statement

d P(t) 6.915CV
 
500 4
= dt
100 1.08 0

4
500
6.915CV
−2 1000 − P(t) = t
100 1.08 0

And solving for CV , CV = 0.596

Problem 2.9
dC A
=−
( )(A 2
+ A
)
85.28 C 0.132 0.5C
dt

Using Separation of Variables,

dC A =−
85.28 dt
(C ) (0.132 + 0.5C )
A 2 A

Using partial fractions expansion we factor the term on the left side
1
, = A1 A2 A3
+ +
( C A ) ( 0.132 + 0.5C A ) ( C A ) 0.132 + 0.5CA
2 2
CA

From here

( )
2
1 ( A + 0.5A ) C A + (0.5A + 0.132A )C A + 0.132 A
=
3 2 1 2 1

(C A ) ( 0.132 + 0.5C A ) (C A ) ( 0.132 + 0.5C A )

2 2

and equating equal numerator coefficients A1 = 7.58 ; A2 = −28.71; A3 = 14.36

Then,
CA dC A CA dCA CA dC A t

7.58 2 − 28.71 +14.36 = −85.28 dt

(C )
1.842
A 1.842 CA 1.842 0.132 + 0.5C A 0

And after evaluating the integrals,

t = 0.18 h

Problem 2.10

12.5 𝑑 𝑥3𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 + 𝑥𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 0.73 𝑥𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 with 𝑥𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(0) = 0.55 and 𝑥𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 0.75 − 0.08 𝑢(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 3 1 3 1

𝑑𝑥𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
12.5 3 = 0.73 𝑥𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 − 𝑥𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 0.73(0.67) − 𝑥𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
1 3 3
𝑑𝑡
or
𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
12.5 𝑑 𝑥3 = [0.4891 − 𝑥𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻](1)

𝑑𝑡 3

Using Separation of Variables

3
= 𝑡
𝑥3𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑑𝑥𝑁𝑎𝑂 1 ∫ 𝑑𝑡 =>> ln(0.4891 − 𝑥𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻)| 𝑥𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = − 𝑡
∫ 3
0.55 0.4891−𝑥𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 12.5 0 3 0.55 12.5
3

𝑡 𝑡
0 .4891−𝑥3𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 − −
−0.0609
=𝑒 12.5 =>> 𝑥3 = 0.4891 + 0.0609𝑒 12.5
𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻

and

𝑡 𝑡
− −
𝑥3𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 0.4891 + 0.0609𝑒 12.5 = 0.55 − 0.0609(1 − 𝑒 12.5)

Problem 2.11
a)
dv
m =  F = F + F + F = −mg − kv + 2u(t)
y g d T
dt
dv
0.05 = −0.05(9.8) − 0.01v + 2u(t)
dt
dv
0.05 + 0.01v = −0.49 + 2u(t) with v (0) = 0 m s
y
dt
Using Separation of Variables
t

vy 1
 0 1.51− 0.01vy
dvy =  20 dt
0

and

v y (t) = 151(1− e−0.2t ) → v (2) = 151(1− e−0.4) = 49.8 m s

y

b)
 dv
m =  F = F + F = −mg − kv
y g d
dt
dv
0.05 + 0.01v = −0.49
dt
Using Separation of Variables 1
0 dv = t
20 dt
 49.8 −0.49 − 0.01vy y 
2

1
− (
ln −0.49 − 0.01v )
0

y
= 20(t − 2)
0.01 49.8

and using algebra

 
t = 2 − 5ln −0.49 = 5.5 s

 
 −0.49 − 0.01(49.8) 

Thus, after the thrusts stop, the rocket continues upward for 3.5 seconds more.

Problem 2.12
a)
dv
m = −kv with v(0) = 50 m s
dt

dx
=v with x(0) = 0 m
dt

b)
dv 100 dv
 = −0.2 dt
v t
=− v = −0.2v   lnv v = −0.2t

dt 500 50 v 0 50

v = 50 e−0.2t and for v = 1m s , t = 19.5 s

c)
x 19.5 19.5 −0.2t
dx = vdt = 50

0 
0  0
e dt
50 19.5
x=− e−0.2t = 245 m
0.2 0
Problem 2.13

Going Up

+
y

y=0 ground

𝑑𝑣𝑦
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑦 = 𝑚 (1) 1 𝑒𝑞 2 𝑢𝑛𝑘[∑ 𝐹𝑦 , 𝑣𝑦]
𝑑𝑡

Assuming no air resistance: ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹𝑔 = −𝑚𝑔 (2) 2 𝑒𝑞 2 𝑢𝑛𝑘

Substituting (2) into (1) and rearranging,

𝑑𝑣𝑦
= −𝑔 (3) with 𝑣 (0) = 35 𝑚/𝑠
𝑑𝑡 𝑦

Maximum height is when 𝑣𝑦 = 0 𝑚

𝑠

From (3)
0 𝑡
∫ 𝑑𝑣𝑦 = −𝑔 ∫ 𝑑𝑡 =>> 𝑣𝑦|0 = −𝑔𝑡|𝑡 =>> 0 − 35 = −𝑔𝑡

35 0 35 0

𝑡 = 3.57 𝑠𝑒𝑐

We can also obtain an expression for 𝑣𝑦

𝑣𝑦 𝑡
∫ 𝑑𝑣𝑦 = −𝑔 ∫ 𝑑𝑡
35 0

𝑣𝑦 = 35 − 𝑔𝑡 = 35 − 9.8𝑡

For the maximum height,

𝑦 𝑡 𝑡
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑦 =>> ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑣𝑦𝑑𝑡 = ∫ (35 − 9.8𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 0 0 0

𝑦 = 35𝑡 − 4.9𝑡2

Then, at 𝑡 = 3.57 𝑠 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 35(3.57) − 4.9(3.57)2

 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 62.5 𝑚

Going Down

∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑦 =
𝑑𝑣𝑦
𝑚 (4) 1 eq. , 2 unk [∑ 𝐹𝑦 , 𝑣𝑦]
𝑑𝑡

Assuming no air resistance,

∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹𝑔 = −𝑚𝑔 (5) 2 eq., 2 unk.

𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑦 (6) 3 𝑒𝑞 3 𝑢𝑛𝑘 [y]

𝑑𝑡

Substituting (5) into (4) and rearranging,

𝑑 𝑣𝑦 𝑣 𝑡
= −𝑔 =>> ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑣 = −𝑔 ∫ 𝑑𝑡 =>> 𝑣 = −𝑔𝑡 (7)
𝑑𝑡 0 𝑦 0 𝑦

Using (7) in (6):

𝑦 𝑡
𝑑𝑦 = −𝑔𝑡 =>> ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑔 ∫ 𝑡𝑑𝑡 =>> 𝑦 = 62.5 − 4.9𝑡2 (8)
𝑑𝑡 62.5 0

For t, 𝑦 = 0

𝑡 = 3.57 𝑠𝑒𝑐

Problem 2.14

∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑦 =
𝑑𝑣𝑦
𝑚 (1) 1 𝑒𝑞. , 2 𝑢𝑛𝑘 [∑ 𝐹𝑦 , 𝑣𝑦]
𝑑𝑡

Considering air resistance (drag force due to air)

∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹𝑔 + 𝐹𝑑 = −𝑚𝑔 − 1.0|𝑣𝑦|𝑣𝑦 (2) 2 eq., 2 unk.

Eqs (1) and (2) constitute the model for the velocity. For the position,
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑦 (3) 3 𝑒𝑞 3 𝑢𝑛𝑘 [𝑦]
𝑑𝑡
 N
Units of 1 are .
m2
s2
Problem 2.15

∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑦 =
𝑑𝑣𝑦
𝑚 (1) 1 𝑒𝑞. , 3 𝑢𝑛𝑘 [∑ 𝐹𝑦 , 𝑚, 𝑣𝑦]
𝑑𝑡

Considering air resistance

∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹𝑔 + 𝐹𝑑 = −𝑚𝑔 − 1.0𝑣𝑦 (2)2 𝑒𝑞. , 3 𝑢𝑛𝑘

𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑦 (3) 3 𝑒𝑞. , 4 𝑢𝑛𝑘 [𝑦]

𝑑𝑡

We need one more equation; at this time there is still one degree of freedom. We
don’t really have any more equations but, there is a specification 𝑦(0) = 30 𝑚
and after 3 sec, 𝑦(3) = 0 𝑚, that we may use. So:

𝑦(3) = 0 𝑚 (4) 4 𝑒𝑞. , 4 𝑢𝑛𝑘

Substituting (2) into (1):

𝑑𝑣𝑦
𝑚 = −𝑚𝑔 − 1.0𝑣 = −1(𝑚𝑔 + 𝑣 )
𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑡
and using Separation of Variables,
𝑣𝑦 𝑑𝑣𝑦 1 𝑣𝑦 𝑡
∫ = − ∫ 𝑑𝑡 =>> 𝑙𝑛(𝑚𝑔 + 𝑣 )| =−
0 𝑚𝑔+𝑣𝑦 𝑚 𝑦 0 𝑚

𝑚𝑔+𝑣𝑦
ln(𝑚𝑔 + 𝑣 ) − ln(𝑚𝑔) = − 𝑡 =>> ln ( )=− 𝑡

𝑦 𝑚 𝑚𝑔 𝑚
𝑡
−

𝑣𝑦 = 𝑚𝑔 (𝑒 𝑚 − 1) (5)
𝑑𝑦 𝑡
−

Substituting (5) into (3): 𝑑𝑡

= 𝑚𝑔 (𝑒 𝑚 − 1)
𝑡 𝑡
0 3
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑚𝑔 ∫ (𝑒− − 1) 𝑑𝑡 =>> 0 − 30 = (−𝑚2𝑔𝑒− − 𝑚𝑔𝑡) |3
𝑚 𝑚
30 0 0

3
−30 = −𝑚2 𝑔𝑒 −𝑚 + 𝑚2 𝑔 − 3𝑚𝑔
By trial and error: 𝑚 ≈ 2.3 𝑘𝑔
Problem 2.16
𝑑ℎ
𝜌𝐴 + 𝐶 √ℎ = 𝑤 + 𝑤
𝑣 1 2
𝑑𝑡
When both inlet flows are shut-off, 𝑤1 = 𝑤2 = 0. 𝑆𝑜,
𝑑ℎ ℎ 𝐶 𝑡
𝜌𝐴 + 𝐶𝑣√ℎ = 0 =>> ∫ 𝑑ℎ = − 𝑣 ∫ 𝑑𝑡 =>> 2√ℎ|ℎ = − 𝐶𝑣 𝑡|𝑡

𝑑𝑡 3.24 √ℎ 𝜌𝐴 0 3.24 0
𝜌𝐴

ℎ = (1.8 − 0.571𝑡)2

Drain tank: ℎ = 0

𝑡 = 3.15 𝑚𝑖𝑛

Problem 2.17

a) For the first part, assume there is no chute that is, no frag force. In that case the
model is
dv dv
m = −F  = −F / m = −16200 / 900 = −18 m / s2
brake brake
dt dt

Integrating once:

v = v0 −18 t (1)

Integrating again:

x = x 0 + v 0t − 9 t 2 (2)

To find the stopping distance, set v0 = 120, v = 0, and x0 = 0. Equation 1 is

rearranged to:
t = (v0 − v) /18 = 120 /18 = 6.6666sec

This is the stopping time in the absence of a parachute. Substituting for t, v0 and x0
in Equation 2 yields the stopping distance:
 x = x0 + v0 t − 9 t 2 = 0 +120 *(6.6666) − 9 *(6.6666)2 = 400 m

This is twice the desired stopping distance so a parachute is needed.

b) Now the model is

dv 1
m = −F − C Av2 v(0) = 120
brake D
dt 2

dx x(0) = 0
=v
dt

The goal is to find the chute area A that will result in a velocity of zero when the
position is 200 m. Then the chute diameter d can be found from A = πd2/4. This
problem can be solved analytically but it is somewhat tedious. Better yet is to
solve it using simulation, Chapter 11.

Problem 2.18

a) No parachute
dv y
m = Fd = −mg with vy (0) = 0 m / s (1)
dt

1 equation, 1 unknown [ vy ]
dy
vy = with y(0) = yinitial m (2)
dt

2 equations, 2 unknowns [y]

b) After 10 seconds
From Equation 1, using Antidifferentiation,

 dv y = −9.8  dt
vy
 vy = − 9.8t m / s
t

0 0
and at t = 10 s , vy t =10 = −98m / s . From Equation 2,
 dy = v dt  y= y − =y −4.9t 2
y t t

initial
 0 y initial 9.8 t dt
0
initial

 y

and at t = 10 s , the distance covered is y t =10 = yinitial − 490 m .

c) Open parachute
dv y
m = F = −mg − Pvy with vy (0) = vy t =10 = −98m / s (3)
dt

1 equation, 1 unknown [ vy ]
dy
vy = with y(0) = y t =10 = yinitial − 490 m (4)
dt

2 equations, 2 unknowns [ y ]
From Equation 3, and using Separation of Variables,

vy dvy 1 t 1  mg + Pvy  1 1 −
P
(t −10) 
 =−  dt   = − (t −10)  vy = (mg − 98P)e − mg 
m

ln 

−98 mg + Pvy m 10
P  mg − 98P  m P 

1
vy = (980
 −19600)e−2(t−10) − 980 =−93.1 e−2(t−10) − 4.9 (5)
200

From Equations 4 and 5,

 (−93.1 e−2(t−10) − 4.9)dt

t
y dy = v dt =
 
y t
y
−490 10 10
initial

y = yinitial − 490 + 46.55e


−2(t −10)
− 4.9t  t
= yinitial − 487.55 + 46.55e

−2(t −10)
− 4.9t  (6)
 10

From Equation 5 we obtain the time it takes to reach a velocity of -5 m/s. This
time is from the moment the person jumps from the building and equals 13.42 s.
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