Scribd
Upload
4 views4 pages

Endocrine_System_Reviewer_Sheet

The document provides an overview of the endocrine system, detailing the roles and types of hormones, their actions, and the control of hormone release. It describes various glands, including the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreatic islets, pineal, thymus, and gonads, along with the hormones they produce and their functions. Additionally, it touches on the impact of aging on the endocrine system.

Uploaded by

Nherines Montemayor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
4 views4 pages

Endocrine_System_Reviewer_Sheet

The document provides an overview of the endocrine system, detailing the roles and types of hormones, their actions, and the control of hormone release. It describes various glands, including the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreatic islets, pineal, thymus, and gonads, along with the hormones they produce and their functions. Additionally, it touches on the impact of aging on the endocrine system.

Uploaded by

Nherines Montemayor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

Endocrine System Reviewer Sheet

Endocrine System Overview

- Second messenger system of the body.

- Uses chemical messages (hormones) released into the blood.

- Hormones control: reproduction, growth, development, defense, homeostasis, metabolism.

Hormone Basics

- Hormones are produced by specialized cells.

- Secreted into extracellular fluids and transported by blood.

- Regulate activity of other cells.

Hormone Types

- Amino acid-based: proteins, peptides, amines.

- Steroids: made from cholesterol.

- Prostaglandins: made from highly active lipids.

Hormone Action

- Affect only specific target cells/organs with protein receptors.

- Hormone binding influences cell functions.

Control of Hormone Release

- Regulated by negative feedback.

- Low hormone levels/stimuli trigger release.

- Release stops once appropriate levels are reached.


Endocrine System Reviewer Sheet

Stimuli Types

- Hormonal: glands activated by other hormones.

- Humoral: blood ion/nutrient levels trigger release (e.g., Ca2+).

- Neural: nerve fibers stimulate release (e.g., adrenal medulla).

Pituitary Gland

- Size of a grape, hangs from hypothalamus, protected by sphenoid bone.

- Two lobes: anterior (glandular), posterior (nervous).

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

- Six hormones: GH, PRL, ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH.

- GH: growth of muscles/bones, protein synthesis, fat breakdown.

- PRL: milk production after childbirth.

- ACTH: regulates adrenal cortex.

- TSH: regulates thyroid.

- FSH: stimulates ovarian follicles and sperm production.

- LH: triggers ovulation, stimulates testosterone.

Posterior Pituitary Hormones

- Oxytocin: uterine contractions and milk ejection.

- ADH: inhibits urine, causes vasoconstriction (vasopressin).

Thyroid Gland

- Located at base of throat; two lobes and isthmus.


Endocrine System Reviewer Sheet

- Hormones: Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3), and Calcitonin.

- T3 from T4 conversion in tissues.

- Calcitonin: lowers blood calcium, promotes deposition in bones.

Parathyroid Glands

- Small glands on thyroid posterior.

- Parathyroid Hormone (PTH): raises blood calcium, stimulates osteoclasts, kidneys, intestines.

Adrenal Glands

- On top of kidneys, cortex (outer) and medulla (inner).

- Cortex hormones:

- Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone): regulate salt/water.

- Glucocorticoids (cortisol): stress response, metabolism.

- Sex hormones: androgens and estrogens.

- Medulla hormones:

- Epinephrine and norepinephrine (fight or flight).

Pancreatic Islets

- Mixed gland; islets secrete:

- Insulin (beta cells): allows glucose into cells.

- Glucagon (alpha cells): raises blood glucose.

- Maintain blood sugar homeostasis.

Pineal Gland

- Found near third ventricle.


Endocrine System Reviewer Sheet

- Secretes melatonin: regulates sleep-wake cycle.

Thymus

- Located behind sternum, largest in children.

- Produces thymosin: matures white blood cells, immune role.

Gonads

- Ovaries:

- Estrogen: female traits, reproductive organ development, pregnancy maintenance.

- Progesterone: menstrual cycle, embryo implantation.

- Testes:

- Testosterone: male traits, reproductive system growth, sperm production.

Other Hormone-Producing Organs

- Include stomach, intestines, kidneys, heart, and placenta.

- Placenta: produces HCG, estrogen, progesterone, supports pregnancy and delivery.

Aging and the Endocrine System

- Most glands work well until old age.

- Menopause due to declining ovarian function.

- GH and other hormones decrease with age.

You might also like