MAGNETISM I

Magnetic Field; Magnetic Force; Magnetic Flux; Motion of Charged Particle;

Motion of Single Charge Particle in a Magnetic Field; Velocity Selector;
Magnetic Field on Current Carrying Conductor
Marlon Flores Sacedon
Visayas State University
Department of Physics
Visca, Baybay City, Leyte

Content, Figures, and application problems in this presentation are taken from:
Young & Freedman (2016), University Physics with Modern Physics 14th edition
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 Why ELECTRIC MOTOR work?

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This is ELECTROMAGNETISM.
 What is MAGNETISM?

o Magnetism is a physical phenomena that are

refereed by magnetic fields.

o Electric currents and the magnetic moments of

particles give rise to a magnetic field, which acts
on other currents and magnetic moments.
What is Magnetic field?

o A magnetic field is a vector field that describes the magnetic

influence on moving electric charges, electric currents, and
magnetic materials.

o A moving charge in a magnetic field experiences a force

perpendicular to its own velocity and to the magnetic field.

Magnetic field can be produced in two ways:

1. Permanent magnets produced magnetic field 𝐵
2. Electromagnet generates magnetic moment 𝜇Ԧ
Permanent Magnet

Attract N S N S

Repel N S S N

Repel S N N S
Permanent Magnet

N S
Permanent Magnet

N S
Law of Magnetic Effect
❑ Different magnetic poles attract each other
❑ The same magnetic poles repel each other
❑ Non-magnetic metals always attracted by a magnetic material
Permanent Magnet

Magnetic Field Lines

N S

North Magnetic South Magnetic

Pole Pole
Permanent Magnet

𝐵
Magnetic Field 𝐵
𝐵

N S
𝐵
𝐵
Permanent Magnet

N S
Permanent Magnet

Magnetic field from a permanent magnet

𝐵
Permanent Magnet
Electromagnet
Hans Christian Ørsted 1777 - 1851 was a
Danish physicist and chemist who discovered
that electric currents create magnetic fields,
which was the first connection found between
electricity and magnetism.

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e/hans-oersted
https://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/O/Oersted.html
Electromagnet

𝐼=0 𝐼>0 𝐼>0

Electromagnet

Improvised Galvanoscope Ampere’s Law Stand

Theory

𝜇Ԧ 𝝁

Single turn Multiple turn/ Coil

Electric motors worked because of magnetic field 𝐵
from permanent magnet and magnetic moment 𝜇Ԧ .

𝜇Ԧ
𝐵
 The Similarity of Electric field and Magnetic Field
Electric Field (𝐸) Magnetic Field (𝐵)
Electric field exerts electrostatic Magnetic field magnetic force on
force on charges. moving charges.

𝐹Ԧ
+ + + 𝐹Ԧ𝐸
+𝑄 ++ ++ 𝐸 𝑞 + 𝜃𝐵 𝐵
+
𝑣Ԧ

𝑣Ԧ
𝜃
𝐹Ԧ𝐸 - --
- -
𝑞 + 𝐵 𝐵
𝐸
- --
−𝑄 𝐹Ԧ
Magnetic Force 𝐹Ԧ

𝐹Ԧ
𝑞 + 𝜃𝐵 𝐵

𝑣Ԧ
Magnetic Force 𝐹Ԧ

𝐹Ԧ 𝑣Ԧ
𝜃
𝑞 + 𝐵
𝐵
𝑞 + 𝐵 𝐵
𝜃
𝑣Ԧ 𝐹Ԧ
Magnetic Force 𝐹Ԧ
+𝑦 +𝑦

𝐹Ԧ = +𝑞 𝑣𝑘෠ × 𝐵𝑖Ƹ
𝐹Ԧ +𝑥 𝐹Ԧ +𝑥 = +𝑞𝑣𝐵 𝑘෠ × 𝑖Ƹ
𝑞 + 𝜃𝐵 𝑞 + 𝐵 𝐹Ԧ = +𝑞𝑣𝐵𝑗Ƹ Force vector
𝑣Ԧ 90𝑜
+𝑧 𝑣Ԧ +𝑧 𝐹 = 𝑞𝑣𝐵 Force magnitude

Magnetic Force Vector Where:

𝐹Ԧ --- magnetic force or Lorentz Force (𝑁)
𝐹Ԧ = 𝑞 𝑣Ԧ × 𝐵 𝑞 --- single charged particle (C)
𝑣Ԧ --- velocity of particle (m/s)
Magnitude of Magnetic Force 𝐵 --- magnetic field (Tesla or T) (
𝜃 --- direction of velocity from magnetic field (degrees)
𝐹 = 𝑞 𝑣𝐵 sin 𝜃 Another unit of Magnetic field is Gauss or G
𝟏 𝑮 = 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝑻𝒆𝒔𝒍𝒂 = 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝑻
Magnetic Force 𝐹Ԧ
+𝑦
+𝐹 𝑗Ƹ +𝐹 𝑗Ƹ
∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ෡
+𝒗𝒌 × × × × +𝑩𝒊Ƹ
𝐹Ԧ +𝑥 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ × × × ×
𝑞 + 𝐵 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ × × × ×
𝑣Ԧ 90𝑜
𝑞 +∙ ∙ +𝐵 𝑖Ƹ 𝑞 +× +𝑣𝑘෠
∙ ∙ × × ×
+𝑧

EXAMPLE: Calculate the magnetic force.

+𝐹 𝑗Ƹ +𝐵 𝑖Ƹ +𝐹 𝑗Ƹ

∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ +𝑩𝒊Ƹ
× × × ×
+𝑭𝒋Ƹ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ +(𝟒𝑻)𝒊Ƹ
∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
× × × × ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
∙ ∙ ∙ + ∙𝑞
× × ×
+
×
𝑞 −
∙ ∙ ∙ +(20𝑚/𝑠)
∙ 𝑘෠
+𝑣𝑘෠
∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
+𝑣𝑘෠
× × × ×
−8𝜇𝐶
∙ ∙ ∙ ෠∙
𝐹Ԧ = −8 × 10−6 20𝑘 × 4𝑖Ƹ
𝐹Ԧ = −6.4 × 10−4 𝑗Ƹ ANSWER
PROBLEMS
Problem: A particle with a charge of −1.24 ×10-8 C is moving with instantaneous
velocity 𝑣Ԧ = 14.19 × 104 𝑚Τ𝑠 𝑖Ƹ − (3.85 × 104 𝑚Τ𝑠)𝑗.Ƹ What is the force exerted
෠
on this particle by a magnetic field (a) 𝐵 = (11.40𝑇)𝑖Ƹ and (b) 𝐵 = (11.40𝑇)𝑘?

Given: Figure: Formula:

𝑞 = −1.24 ×10-8 C
4 4
𝑣Ԧ = 14.19 × 10 𝑚Τ𝑠 𝑖Ƹ − (3.85 × 10 𝑚Τ𝑠)𝑗Ƹ
− 𝐹Ԧ = 𝑞 𝑣Ԧ × 𝐵
Solution:
(a) For: 𝐵 = (11.40𝑇)𝑖Ƹ
𝐹Ԧ = (−1.24 × 10−8 C) 14.19 × 104 𝑚Τ𝑠 𝑖Ƹ − (3.85 × 104 𝑚Τ𝑠)𝑗Ƹ × (11.40𝑇)𝑖Ƹ
= (−1.24 × 10−8 C) 161.77 𝑖Ƹ × 𝑖Ƹ − 43.89(𝑗Ƹ × 𝑖)Ƹ
= − 5.44 × 10−3 𝑘෠ N Answer
(b) For: 𝐵 = (11.40𝑇)𝑘෠
𝐹Ԧ = (−1.24 × 10−8 C) 14.19 × 104 𝑚Τ𝑠 𝑖Ƹ − (3.85 × 104 𝑚Τ𝑠)𝑗Ƹ × (11.40𝑇)𝑘෠
= (−1.24 × 10−8 C) 161.77 × 104 𝑖Ƹ × 𝑘෠ − 43.89 × 104 (𝑗Ƹ × 𝑘)
෠
= 5.44 × 10−3 𝑖Ƹ + 2.01 × 10−2 𝑗Ƹ N Answer
QUIZ:
 PROBLEMS
Problem 1: In Figure (Right-side),
calculate the magnitude and
direction of the force. Note: the
𝑣 = 10,00 m/s
magnetic field 𝐵 is directed out of
the plane and the velocity of
charge 𝑞 is along +𝑥-axis.

Problem 2: A particle with charge 7.26 ×10-8 C is moving in a region where there
is a uniform 0.650-T magnetic field in the +𝑥-direction. At a particular instant,
the velocity of the particle has components 𝑣 x = −1.68 × 104 m/s, 𝑣 y =
− 3.11 ×104 m/s, and 𝑣z = +5.85 ×104 m/s. What are the components of the
force on the particle at this time?
Magnetic Flux Φ𝐵
▪ Scalar Quantity
▪ Unit: [Weber or Wb]
Note: 1 𝑊𝑏 = 1𝑇 ∙ 𝑚2

For constant 𝐵
Φ𝐵 = න 𝐵 ∙ 𝑑𝐴Ԧ
Φ𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜙

Φ𝐵 = න 𝐵 cos 𝜙 𝑑𝐴 Φ𝐵 = ර 𝐵 ∙ 𝑑𝐴Ԧ = 0

Gauss Law for Magnetism

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Problem: A flat, square surface with side length 3.40 cm is in the 𝑥𝑦-
plane at 𝑧 = 0. Calculate the magnitude of the flux through this
surface produced by a constant magnetic field 𝐵 = 0.200𝑇 𝑖Ƹ +
0.300𝑇 𝑗Ƹ − 0.500𝑇 𝑘. ෠
Given: Formula:
𝐵 = 0.200𝑇 𝑖Ƹ + 0.300𝑇 𝑗Ƹ − 0.500𝑇 𝑘෠
Φ = න 𝐵 ∙ 𝑑 Ԧ
𝐴
Solution: 𝐴Ԧ +𝑧
𝐵

𝑥 = +3.40 𝑐𝑚 𝐴Ԧ

𝑦 = +3.40 𝑐𝑚
Φ𝐵 = න 𝐵 ∙ 𝑑𝐴Ԧ = 𝐵 ∙ 𝐴Ԧ
𝐴 0
= 0.200𝑇 𝑖Ƹ + 0.300𝑇 𝑗Ƹ − 0.500𝑇 𝑘෠ ∙ 1.16 × 10−3 𝑘෠
0 0
= 0.200𝑇 1.16 × 10 𝑘 𝑖Ƹ ∙ 𝑘 + 0.300𝑇 1.16 × 10 𝑘 𝑗Ƹ ∙ 𝑘෠
−3 ෠ ෠ −3 ෠
𝐵 − 0.500𝑇 1.16 × 10−3 𝑘෠ 𝑘෠ ∙ 𝑘෠
𝐴Ԧ = 𝐴𝑘෠
= 3.4 × 10−2 2 𝑘෠ = −5.8 × 10−4 𝑊𝑏 Answer
= 1.16 × 10−3 𝑘෠ m2
 PROBLEMS
Problem 1: A circular area with a radius of 6.50 cm lies in the 𝑥𝑦-plane. What is the magnitude of the magnetic flux
through this circle due to a uniform magnetic field 𝐵 = 0.230 𝑇 (a) in the +𝑧-direction; (b) at an angle of 53.1o from the
+ 𝑧-direction; (c) in the +𝑦-direction?

Problem 2: A horizontal rectangular surface has dimensions 2.80 𝑐𝑚 by 3.20 𝑐𝑚 and is in a uniform magnetic field that is
directed at an angle of 30o above the horizontal. What must the magnitude of the magnetic field be to produce a flux of
3.10×10-4 𝑊𝑏 through the surface?

Problem 3: A particle with charge 7.80𝜇𝐶 is moving with velocity 𝑣Ԧ = − 3.80 × 103 𝑚Τ𝑠 𝑗.Ƹ The magnetic force on the
particle is measured to be 𝐹Ԧ = + 7.60 × 10−3 𝑁 𝑖Ƹ − 5.20 × 10−3 𝑁 𝑘. ෠ (a) Calculate all the components of the
magnetic field you can from this information. (b) Are there components of the magnetic field that are not determined
Ԧ What is the angle between 𝐵 and 𝐹?
by the measurement of the force? Explain. (c) Calculate the scalar product 𝐵 ∙ 𝐹. Ԧ

Problem 4: A particle with charge −5.60 𝑛𝐶 is moving in a uniform magnetic field 𝐵 = − 1.25𝑇 𝑘. ෠ The magnetic force
on the particle is measured to be 𝐹Ԧ = − 3.40 × 10−7 𝑁 𝑖Ƹ − 7.40 × 10−7 𝑁 𝑗.Ƹ (a) Calculate all the components of the
velocity of the particle that you can from this information. (b) Are there components of the velocity that are not
determined by the measurement of the force? Explain. (c) Calculate the scalar product 𝑣Ԧ ∙ 𝐹Ԧ What is the angle between
Ԧ
𝑣Ԧ and 𝐹.
Motion of Charged Particle in a Magnetic field
“The motion of a charged particle under the action of a
magnetic field alone is always motion with constant speed.”

2𝜋 2𝜋𝑅
𝜔= = 2𝜋𝑓 𝑣=
𝑇 𝑇

1
𝑇=
𝑓
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Problem: A beam of protons traveling at 1.20 km/s enters a uniform magnetic field,
traveling perpendicular to the field. The beam exits the magnetic field, leaving the
field in a direction perpendicular to its original direction (Figure). The beam travels a
distance of 1.18 cm while in the field. What is the magnitude of the magnetic field?
𝑚𝑣
Given: Formula: 𝑅 =
𝑣 = 1.20 𝑘𝑚/𝑠 𝑞𝐵
𝑠 = 1.18 𝑐𝑚 𝑚 = 1.67 × 10−27 kg 𝑅
𝑞 = +1.602 × 10−19 C 𝜋ൗ
Solution: 𝑅 2
𝑠 = 𝑅𝜃
𝒔
𝑚𝑣
𝑠 1.18 𝑐𝑚 𝐵=
𝑅= = 𝑞𝑅
𝜃 𝜋 Τ2
(1.67 × 10−27 kg)(1.20 𝑘𝑚/𝑠 ∙ 1000𝑚
1𝑘𝑚 )
𝑅 = 0.75 𝑐𝑚 = 1𝑚 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝑻 Answer
+1.602 × 10−19 C (0.75𝑐𝑚 ∙ 100𝑐𝑚)
 PROBLEMS
Problem 1: An electron at point A in Figure (right) has a speed 𝑣𝑜 of 1.41×106
m/s. Find (a) the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field that w 2ill cause
the electron to follow the Semi-circular path from 𝐴 to 𝐵, and (b) the time
required for the electron to move from 𝐴 to 𝐵.

Problem 2: An electron in the beam of a cathode-ray tube is accelerated by a potential difference of 2.00 kV. Then it
passes through a region of transverse magnetic field, where it moves in a circular arc with radius 0.180 m. What is
the magnitude of the field?
Problem 3: A 150-g ball containing 4.00×108 excess electrons is dropped into a 125-m vertical shaft. At the bottom of
the shaft, the ball suddenly enters a uniform horizontal magnetic field that has magnitude 0.250T and direction from
east to west. If air resistance is negligibly small, find the (a) magnitude and direction of the force that this magnetic
field exerts on the ball just as it enters the field; (b) the orbital radius of the ball in the presence of this field.
Problem 10: In an experiment with cosmic rays, a vertical beam of particles
that have charge of magnitude 3𝑒 and mass 12 times the proton mass enters
a uniform horizontal magnetic field of 0.250T and is bent in a semicircle of
diameter 95.0 cm, as shown in Figure (below). (a) Find the speed of the
particles and the sign of their charge. (b) Is it reasonable to ignore the gravity
force on the particles? (c) How does the speed of the particles as they enter
the field compare to their speed as they exit the field?
 ASSIGNMENT
Problem 11: A particle with initial velocity 𝑣Ԧ𝑜 = 5.85 × 103 𝑚Τ𝑠 𝑗 enters a region of
uniform electric and magnetic fields. The magnetic field in the region is 𝐵 =
− 1.35𝑇 𝑘. ෠ Calculate the magnitude and direction of the electric field in the region if
the particle is to pass through undeflected, for a particle of charge (a) +0.640 𝑛𝐶 and
(b) −0.320 𝑛𝐶. You can ignore the weight of the particle.
 QUIZ
Problem: A 150-g ball containing 4.00×108 excess electrons is
dropped into a 125-m vertical shaft. At the bottom of the shaft,
the ball suddenly enters a uniform horizontal magnetic field that
has magnitude 0.250T and direction from east to west. If air
resistance is negligibly small, find the (a) magnitude and direction
of the force that this magnetic field exerts on the ball just as it
enters the field; (b) the orbital radius of the ball in the presence
of this field.
▪ LABORATORY INDIVIDUAL PROJECT: DARK ACTIVATED CIRCUIT

9V
LABORATORY PROJECT

Relay 6V/5A or 5V/5A

LABORATORY PROJECT

Relay 6V/5A or 5V/5A

 Potentiometer (3 pins)

A potentiometer is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding or rotating contact that

forms an adjustable voltage divider. If only two terminals are used, one end and the
wiper, it acts as a variable resistor or rheostat.
 Relay 5 pins - 5V

Relays are switches, the terminology applied to switches is also applied to relays; a
relay switches one or more poles, each of whose contacts can be thrown by energizing
the coil. Normally open (NO) contacts connect the circuit when the relay is activated;
the circuit is disconnected when the relay is inactive.
Motion of Charged Particle in a Magnetic field

Velocity Selector
Motion of Charged Particle in a Magnetic field

Thomson’s e/m experiment

Magnetic Force of a Current-Carrying Conductor
Why speakers produced sounds?
Magnetic Force of a Straight current-Carrying Conductor
𝐹Ԧ = 𝑞 𝑣Ԧ × 𝐵 = (𝑛𝐴𝐿) 𝑞 𝑣Ԧ × 𝐵
𝐹Ԧ = 𝑛𝑞𝐴𝑣 𝐿 × 𝐵
Vector
𝐹Ԧ = 𝐼𝐿 × 𝐵 For straight wire 𝐿

𝐹 = 𝐼𝐿𝐵 sin 𝜙 Magnitude

Vector
𝑑 𝐹Ԧ = 𝐼 𝑑𝐿 × 𝐵 For infinitesimal wire segment
Where:
𝐹Ԧ --- magnetic force (𝑁)
𝑑 𝐹Ԧ - infinitesimal force (𝑁)
𝐼 --- electric current(A)
𝐿 --- length of wire vector (m)
𝐵 --- magnetic field (Tesla or T)
𝜙 --- direction of current from magnetic field
Another unit of Magnetic field is Gauss or G
𝟏 𝑮 = 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝑻𝒆𝒔𝒍𝒂 = 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝑻
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Problem 1: A straight, 2.5-m wire carries a typical household current of 1.5 A (in one
direction) at a location where the earth’s magnetic field is 0.55 gauss from south to
north. Find the magnitude and direction of the force that our planet’s magnetic field
exerts on this wire if is oriented so that the current in it is running (a) from west to east,
(b) vertically upward, (c) from north to south. (d) Is the magnetic force ever large enough
to cause significant effects under normal household conditions?

Given: Required: Force 𝑭 𝑭

N
𝐼 = 1.5 𝐴 𝐼 = 1.5 𝐴 𝐵
Formula:
𝐵 = 0.55 𝐺 = 0.55 × 10−4 𝑇 W E
𝐿 = 2.5 𝑚
𝐿 = 2.5 𝑚
Solution: S
(a) Wire: west to east
𝐹Ԧ = 𝐼𝐿 × 𝐵
𝐹 = 𝐼𝐿𝐵 sin ∅ = (1.5𝐴)(2.5)(0.55 × 10−4 𝑇) sin(90𝑜 ) = 2.06 × 10−4 𝑁 Answer
Direction: Vertically upward
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Problem 1: A straight, 2.5-m wire carries a typical household current of 1.5 A (in one
direction) at a location where the earth’s magnetic field is 0.55 gauss from south to
north. Find the magnitude and direction of the force that our planet’s magnetic field
exerts on this wire if is oriented so that the current in it is running (a) from west to east,
(b) vertically upward, (c) from north to south. (d) Is the magnetic force ever large enough
to cause significant effects under normal household conditions?

Given: Required: Force 𝑭

𝐼 = 1.5 𝐴
𝐼 = 1.5 𝐴 N
−4 Formula: 𝐵
𝐵 = 0.55 𝐺 = 0.55 × 10 𝑇 W E
𝐿 = 2.5 𝑚
𝐿 = 2.5 𝑚 𝑭
Solution:
S
(b) Wire: Vertically upward
𝐹Ԧ = 𝐼𝐿 × 𝐵
𝐹 = 𝐼𝐿𝐵 sin ∅ = (1.5𝐴)(2.5)(0.55 × 10−4 𝑇) sin(90𝑜 ) = 2.06 × 10−4 𝑁 Answer
Direction: Towards West
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Problem 1: A straight, 2.5-m wire carries a typical household current of 1.5 A (in one
direction) at a location where the earth’s magnetic field is 0.55 gauss from south to
north. Find the magnitude and direction of the force that our planet’s magnetic field
exerts on this wire if is oriented so that the current in it is running (a) from west to east,
(b) vertically upward, (c) from north to south. (d) Is the magnetic force ever large enough
to cause significant effects under normal household conditions?

Given: Required: Force 𝑭

𝐼 = 1.5 𝐴 N
−4 Formula: 𝐵
𝐵 = 0.55 𝐺 = 0.55 × 10 𝑇 W E
𝐿 = 2.5 𝑚
𝐿 = 2.5 𝑚
Solution: S
(c) Wire: from North to South
𝐹Ԧ = 𝐼𝐿 × 𝐵
𝐹 = 𝐼𝐿𝐵 sin ∅= (1.5𝐴)(2.5)(0.55 × 10−4 𝑇) sin(180𝑜 ) = 0 Answer
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Problem 1: A straight, 2.5-m wire carries a typical household current of 1.5 A (in one
direction) at a location where the earth’s magnetic field is 0.55 gauss from south to
north. Find the magnitude and direction of the force that our planet’s magnetic field
exerts on this wire if is oriented so that the current in it is running (a) from west to east,
(b) vertically upward, (c) from north to south. (d) Is the magnetic force ever large enough
to cause significant effects under normal household conditions?

Given: Required: Force 𝑭

𝐼 = 1.5 𝐴 N
−4 Formula: 𝐵
𝐵 = 0.55 𝐺 = 0.55 × 10 𝑇 W E
𝐿 = 2.5 𝑚
𝐿 = 2.5 𝑚
Solution: S
(d) Is the magnetic force large enough?
Answer: 𝑁𝑂, the amount of force is not significant.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Problem 2: In Figure the magnetic field 𝐵 is uniform and perpendicular to the plane of
the figure, pointing out of the page. The conductor, carrying current I to the left, has
three segments: (1) a straight segment with length L perpendicular to the plane of the
figure, (2) a semicircle with radius R, and (3) another straight segment with length L
parallel to the 𝑥-axis . Find the total magnetic force on this conductor.

Given: Formulas:
𝐵, 𝐼, 𝐿, & 𝑅
Required:
Total Force: 𝐹Ԧ = 𝐹Ԧ1 + 𝐹Ԧ2 + 𝐹Ԧ3
Solution:
❑ In segment 1:
𝐹1 = 𝐼𝐿𝐵 sin(0𝑜 ) = 0
𝐹Ԧ1 = 0
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Problem 2: In Figure the magnetic field 𝐵 is uniform and perpendicular to the plane of
the figure, pointing out of the page. The conductor, carrying current I to the left, has
three segments: (1) a straight segment with length L perpendicular to the plane of the
figure, (2) a semicircle with radius R, and (3) another straight segment with length L
parallel to the 𝑥-axis . Find the total magnetic force on this conductor.

Given: Formulas:
𝐵, 𝐼, 𝐿, & 𝑅
Required:
Total Force: 𝐹Ԧ = 𝐹Ԧ1 + 𝐹Ԧ2 + 𝐹Ԧ3
𝜋
Solution:
𝐹𝑥 = 𝐼𝑅𝐵 න cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝐹Ԧ1 = 0 0
❑ In segment 2: = 𝐼𝑅𝐵 sin 𝜃 𝜋
0 =0
𝑑𝐹 = 𝐼𝑑𝐿𝐵 𝜋
𝑑𝐹 = 𝐼 𝑅 𝑑𝜃 𝐵 = 𝐼𝑅𝐵𝑑𝜃 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐼𝑅𝐵 න sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝐹Ԧ = 𝑑 𝐹Ԧ𝑥 + 𝑑 𝐹Ԧ𝑦 0
= −𝐼𝑅𝐵 cos 𝜃 𝜋0 = 2𝐼𝑅𝐵
𝑑𝐹𝑥 = 𝐼𝑅𝐵𝑑𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝑑𝐹𝑦 = 𝐼𝑅𝐵𝑑𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝐹Ԧ2 = 0 + 2𝐼𝑅𝐵𝑗Ƹ
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Problem 2: In Figure the magnetic field 𝐵 is uniform and perpendicular to the plane of
the figure, pointing out of the page. The conductor, carrying current I to the left, has
three segments: (1) a straight segment with length L perpendicular to the plane of the
figure, (2) a semicircle with radius R, and (3) another straight segment with length L
parallel to the 𝑥-axis . Find the total magnetic force on this conductor.

Given: Formulas:
𝐵, 𝐼, 𝐿, & 𝑅
Required:
Total Force: 𝐹Ԧ = 𝐹Ԧ1 + 𝐹Ԧ2 + 𝐹Ԧ3
Solution:
𝐹Ԧ1 = 0
𝐹Ԧ2 = 2𝐼𝑅𝐵𝑗Ƹ ❑ In segment 3:
𝐹3 = 𝐼𝐿𝐵 sin 90𝑜 = 𝐼𝐿𝐵
𝐹Ԧ3 = 𝐼𝐿𝐵𝑗Ƹ
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Problem 2: In Figure the magnetic field 𝐵 is uniform and perpendicular to the plane of
the figure, pointing out of the page. The conductor, carrying current I to the left, has
three segments: (1) a straight segment with length L perpendicular to the plane of the
figure, (2) a semicircle with radius R, and (3) another straight segment with length L
parallel to the 𝑥-axis . Find the total magnetic force on this conductor.

Given: Formulas:
𝐵, 𝐼, 𝐿, & 𝑅
Required:
Total Force: 𝐹Ԧ = 𝐹Ԧ1 + 𝐹Ԧ2 + 𝐹Ԧ3
Solution:
𝐹Ԧ1 = 0
𝐹Ԧ2 = 2𝐼𝑅𝐵𝑗Ƹ
𝐹Ԧ3 = 𝐼𝐿𝐵𝑗Ƹ
Total Force: 𝐹Ԧ = 0 + 2𝐼𝑅𝐵𝑗Ƹ + 𝐼𝐿𝐵𝑗Ƹ
𝑭 = 𝑰𝑩(𝟐𝑹 + 𝑳)𝒋Ƹ Answer
Magnetic Force of a Straight current-Carrying Conductor
 ASSIGNMENT
Problem 1: A long wire carrying 4.50 𝐴 of current makes
two 90o bends, as shown in Figure. The bent part of the wire
passes through a uniform 0.240𝑇 magnetic field directed as
shown in the figure and confined to a limited region of
space. Find the magnitude and direction of the force that
the magnetic field exerts on the wire.
 ASSIGNMENT

Problem 2: An electromagnet produces a magnetic field

of 0.550𝑇 in a cylindrical region of radius 2.50𝑐𝑚
between its poles. A straight wire carrying a current of
10.8𝐴 passes through the center of this region and is
perpendicular to both the axis of the cylindrical region
and the magnetic field. What magnitude of force does
this field exert on the wire?
 ASSIGNMENT
Problem 3: A thin, 50.0𝑐𝑚-long metal bar with mass 750𝑔 rests on, but
is not attached to, two metallic supports in a uniform 0.450-T magnetic
field, as shown in Figure. A battery and a 25.0Ω resistor in series are
connected to the supports. (a) What is the highest voltage the battery
can have without breaking the circuit at the supports? (b) The battery
voltage has the maximum value calculated in part (a). If the resistor
suddenly gets partially short-circuited, decreasing its resistance to 2.0Ω,
find the initial acceleration of the bar.
 ASSIGNMENT

Problem 4: A straight, vertical wire carries a current of

2.60𝐴 downward in a region between the poles of a large
superconducting electromagnet, where the magnetic field
has magnitude 𝐵 = 0.588𝑇 and is horizontal. What are the
magnitude and direction of the magnetic force on a
1.00𝑐𝑚 section of the wire that is in this uniform magnetic
field, if the magnetic field direction is (a) east; (b) south; (c)
30o south of west?
 ASSIGNMENT
Problem 5: The circuit shown in Figure is used to make a
magnetic balance to weigh objects. The mass to be
measured is hung from the center of the bar that is in a
uniform magnetic field of 1.50𝑇, directed into the plane of
the figure. The battery voltage can be adjusted to vary the
current in the circuit. The horizontal bar is 60.0𝑐𝑚 long
and is made of extremely light-weight material. It is
connected to the battery by thin vertical wires that can
support no appreciable tension; all the weight of the
suspended mass is supported by the magnetic force on the
bar. A resistor with 5Ω is in series with the bar; the
resistance of the rest of the circuit is much less than this.
(a) Which point, or should be the positive terminal of the
battery? (b) If the maximum terminal voltage of the
battery is 175𝑉, what is the greatest mass 𝑚 that this
instrument can measure?
 ASSIGNMENT

Problem 6: A 2.60𝑁 metal bar, 0.850𝑚 long and having a

resistance of 10Ω, rests horizontally on conducting wires
connecting it to the circuit shown in Figure. The bar is in a
uniform, horizontal, 1.60𝑇 magnetic field and is not
attached to the wires in the circuit. What is the
acceleration of the bar just after the switch 𝑆 is closed?
QUIZ (10 pts)
Problem 1: A long wire carrying 4.50 𝐴
of current makes two 90o bends, as
shown in Figure. The bent part of the
wire passes through a uniform 0.240𝑇
magnetic field directed as shown in the
figure and confined to a limited region of
space. Find the magnitude and direction Problem #2: A thin, 40𝑐𝑚-long metal bar with mass
of the force that the magnetic field 670𝑔 rests on, but is not attached to, two metallic
supports in a uniform 0.550-T magnetic field, as shown
exerts on the wire. in Figure (above). A battery and a 25 Ω resistor in
series are connected to the supports.
(a) What is the highest voltage the battery can have
without breaking the circuit at the supports?
(b) The battery voltage has the maximum value
calculated in part (a). If the resistor suddenly gets
partially short-circuited, decreasing its resistance
to 2.0Ω, find the initial acceleration of the bar.
QUIZ
Problem #1: A thin, 40𝑐𝑚-long metal bar with
mass 670𝑔 rests on, but is not attached to, two
metallic supports in a uniform 0.550-T magnetic
field, as shown in Figure. A battery and a 25 Ω
resistor in series are connected to the supports.
(a) What is the highest voltage the battery can
have without breaking the circuit at the
supports? Problem 2: A 3.90𝑁 metal bar,
(b) The battery voltage has the maximum value 0.950𝑚 long and having a resistance
calculated in part (a). If the resistor suddenly of 10 Ω , rests horizontally on
gets partially short-circuited, decreasing its conducting wires connecting it to the
resistance to 2.0 Ω , find the initial circuit shown in Figure (above). The
acceleration of the bar. bar is in a uniform, horizontal, 1.80𝑇
magnetic field and is not attached to
the wires in the circuit. What is the
acceleration of the bar just after the
switch 𝑆 is closed?
PROBLEMS
Figure: 1 Wire
+𝑦 × 𝟏× × × × × ×
𝑟 = 6 𝑐𝑚
Wire: 40 cm 𝐵 = 0.50𝑇
𝟐
× × × × × × ×

Wire: 45 cm
𝐼 = 2𝐴

𝟑 ×
× × × × 𝑜
60 𝟒
+𝑥
NOTE: Out of the plane is +𝑧
× × × × × × ×
PROBLEMS
Figure: 1 Wire
× × × × × × 𝟒 ×
Wire: 45 cm
+𝑦 𝑟 = 20 𝑐𝑚
𝟑
× × × × × ×

Wire: 40 cm
× 𝐼 = 3𝐴
𝟐
×
15 𝑐𝑚
×
𝟏 × × × 𝐵 = 0.50𝑇

+𝑥 25 𝑐𝑚
× × × × × × ×
NOTE: Out of the plane is +𝑧
 ORANGE

IGNORE
Figure: 2

WHITE
BLACK
V
-+
VOLTAGE SUPPLY RESISTOR

MAGNETIC FIELD 𝑩

ROD CONDUCTOR 𝑳 = 𝟓 𝒎

TERMINAL SUPPORTS
 ORANGE

IGNORE
Figure: 2

WHITE
BLACK
V
-+
VOLTAGE SUPPLY RESISTOR 1
RESISTOR 2

GREEN
RED
BLACK MAGNETIC FIELD 𝑩
IGNORE
ROD CONDUCTOR 𝑳 = 𝟗𝟎 𝒄𝒎

TERMINAL SUPPORTS
Figure: 3 Magnetic force 𝐹Ԧ𝑚 = 30𝑁
ROD CONDUCTOR
Copper material
Diameter 𝐷 = 9 𝑚𝑚 Copper
Length 𝐿 = 15 𝑚
Temperature 𝑇 = 100𝑜 𝐶 MAGNETIC FIELD 𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝑻
Figure: 4
+ + + + + + + + +

𝑣 Electron charge V
−𝒆 20 𝑚𝑚
+ −
MAGNETIC FIELD 𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝑻 VOLTAGE SUPPLY
− − − − − − − − −
Figure: 4
+ + + + + + + + +

Figure: 5
Surface charge density
2
− − − − − − − − − 𝜎 = −6𝜇𝐶/𝑚

𝑣 Electron charge
Copper
−𝒆 Parallel plates

MAGNETIC FIELD 𝑩 = 𝟏𝟐𝑻

+ + + + + + + + + 𝜎 = +6𝜇𝐶/𝑚2
end