TABLE OF CONTENTS (REFERENCE FROM THE BOOK)

CHAPTER 6 – GROUND WATER 122 – 148

CHAPTER 7 – CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HYDROGRAPH 149

CHAPTER 8 – RUNOFF RELATIONS 162

CHAPTER 9 - HYDROGRAPHS OF RUNOFF 193

CHAPTER 6 – GROUND WATER

Zone of aeration – water here is known as suspended or vadose water or soil moisture

- Pore spaces contain both air and water

BELOW THE ZONE OF AERATION IS THE...

Zone of saturation or the groundwater

Water table – surface separating zone of aeration and zone of saturation

Perched groundwater – local zones of saturation above a locally impervious stratum (a

Confined or artesian water – usually under pressure because of the weight of the overlying
soil and the hydrostatic head.

Piezometric Level – water will rise to this imaginary surface if the confining layer is penetrated by a well.

Flowing well – if the piezometric surface is above the ground level

MOISTURE IN THE ZONE OF AERATION

SOIL- WATER RELATIONSHIP

Gravity water – moisture in the zone of aeration in transit.

- Water is a transient state

Capillary water – water held in large pores.

- The important variable element of soil moisture

Hygroscopic moisture – adhering in a thin film to the soil grains, and as water vapor

Hygroscopic water – held by molecular attraction and is not normally removed from soil.

Capillary potential – work required to move a unit mass of water from the reference plane to any point in the soil column.

- Is the potential energy per unit mass of water

Field capacity – moisture content of soil after gravity drainage is complete. It is the water retained in soil subjected to a tension.

Moisture equivalent – the water retained in a soil sample 3/8 in.

Wilting point – represents the soil moisture at the time that plants cannot extract water

From the soil.

Available moisture – The difference between moisture content at field capacity

And at wilting point.

MEASUREMENT OF SOIL MOISTURE

Tensiometer – consists of a porous ceramic cup buried in the soil. Device used for measuring soil water tension.

MOVEMENT OF SOIL MOISTURE

Infiltration – movement of water through the soil surface into the soil. (from ground surface)

Percolation – Flow of water through soil and porous rocks. (entered the ground surface and moves into the deeper layers of soil until it reaches
ground water)

AQUIFERS

Aquifer – geologic formation which contains water and transmits it from one point to

Another.

Aquiclude – is a formation which contains water but cannot transmit it rapidly enough to

furnish a significant supply to a well or spring.

Aquifuge – has no interconnected openings and cannot hold or transmit water.

Porosity – ratio of the pore volume to the total volume of the formation.

Original porosity – material which existed at the time the material was formed.

Secondary Porosity – results from fractures and solution channels.

Specific yield – the ratio of the water which will drain freely from the material

To the total volume of the formation. (always less than the porosity.)

DETERMINATION OF PERMEABILITY

Coefficient of permeability – usually expressed in Meinzer units.

Transmissibility – represent the flow in gallons per day through a section

Permeameters – Instrument used in Laboratory measurements of permeability

Meteoric water – derived from precipitation such as snow and rain.

Connate water – present in the rock at its formation, highly saline.

Juvenile water – formed chemically within the earth and brought to the surface in intrusive rocks, occurs in small quantities.

DISCHARGE OF GROUNDWATER

Effluent streams – streams intersecting the water table and receiving flow from the groundwater

Phreatophytes – plants deriving their water from groundwater

EQUILIBRIUM HYDRAULICS OF WELLS

Cone of depression - A depression in the groundwater table or potentiometric surface that has the shape of an inverted cone and develops
around a well from which water is being withdrawn.

THE POTENTIAL OF A GROUNDWATER RESERVOIR

Safe yield – the rate at which water can be withdrawn for human use without depleting the supply to such an extent that withdrawal at this rate
is no longer economically feasible.

Mining - permanent withdrawal of groundwater from storage.

SEA-WATER INTRUSION

Ghyben-Herzberg lens - lens of fresh water floating on salt water

ARTESIAN AQUIFERS

Induced percolation -allows the development of pure water from a polluted stream.

Artesian well - well that brings groundwater to the surface without pumping because it is under pressure within a body of rock and/or sediment
known as an aquifer.
 CHAPTER 7: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HYDROGRAPH

THE COMPONENTS OF RUNOFF

Three main routes of travel: overland flow, interflow, and groundwater flow

Overland flow or surface runoff – is the water which travels over the ground surface to a “channel” (refers to any of the depressions which may
carry small rivulets of water on turbulent flow)

Interflow or subsurface flow – water which infiltrates the soil surface and moves through the upper soil layers until it reaches a stream channel.

It moves slowly than the surface runoff.

Groundwater flow - also called base flow and dry-weather flow. Precipitation that percolates downward until it reaches the water table. In this
event, the streams are said to be effluent (liquid waste or sewage discharged into a river or the sea).

STREAMFLOW RECESSIONS

HYDROGRAPH consists of: rising limb, crest segment, and falling limb

Recession curve – sometimes called a depletion curve because it represents the depletion

From storage.

CHAPTER 8: RUNOFF RELATIONS

Interception – vegetal cover where the rain falling during the first part of a storm is stored.

- In surface puddles it is called depression storage

Depression storage – rainwater retained in puddles, ditches, and other depressions in the soil surface.

Surface detention – the soil surface becomes covered with a film of water (came from storm water). The flow of water begins to downslope
toward an established surface channel.

Overland flow – when water en routes to a channel

Surface runoff – when water entered the channel.

Surface retention – part of storm precipitation but does not appear as inflitration or surface runoff. It ONLY includes : interception, depression
storage, and evaporation during the storm. It DOES NOT include the water which is temporarily stored en route to streams.

Interceptometers – used to measure average interception for an area.

Blind drainage – individual depressions of appreciable area relative to the drainage basin under consideration. (exludeded from hydrologic
analysis.)

Initial loss – the remaining depression storage lumped with interception with respect to storm runoff.

Infiltration capacity – maximum rate at which water can enter the soil at particualr point and conditions.

Infiltrometer – is a tube designed to isolate a section of soil.

Runoff cycle – is a descriptive term applied to that portion of the hydrologic cycle between incident precipitation over land areas and
subsequent discharge of this water through stream channels or evaportranspiration.

ESTIMATING SNOWMELT RUNOFF

Albedo – the percentage of solar and diffuse radiation reflected by the surface.

CHAPTER 9: HYDROGRAPHS OF RUNOFF

Hydrograph outflow – is the sum of the elemental hydrographs from all the subareas of the basin.

Unit hydrograph – is a typical hydrograph for the basin. Runoff volume = 1 in.

- The hydrograph of one inch of direct runoff from a storm of specified duration.

Duration of rain – Since the unit hydrograph always contains 1 in. of runoff, increasing the duration of the rainfall legnthens the time base and
lowers the unit-hydrograph peak. A separate unit hydrograph as theoretically necessary for each possible duration of rain. 25% from the
established duration is ordinarily acceptable.

Time intensity pattern – If one attempted to derive separate unit hydrograph for each possible time-intesity pattern, an infinite number of unit
hydrographs would be required. Large variations in rain intensity during a storm are reflected in the shape of resulting hydrograph. The time
scale of intensity variations that are critical depends mainly on basin size.

Areal distribution of runoff - the areal pattern of runoff can cause variations in hydrograph shape. If the area of high runoff is near the basin
outlet, a rapid rise, sharp peak, and rapid recession usually result.

Amount of runoff - a basic part of the unit- hydrograph idea is that the ordinates of flow are proportional to the volume of runoff for all storms
of a given duration.

Distribution graph – the percentages of the total runoff occuring in successive short increments of time. Useful where estimates of flow volume
are more important than detailed rates of flow, as, for example, in analyzing the inflow to a reservoir.

Basin lag – the time from the centroid of rainfall to the hydrograph peak.