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1 State and explain the two features of a liquid-in-glass thermometer that are necessary for linearity.

statement 1 ..............................................................................................................................

explanation ...............................................................................................................................

statement 2 ..............................................................................................................................

explanation ............................................................................................................................... [4]

[Total: 4]

2 The diagram shows a plastic cup. The cup contains sand, an electric heater and a thermometer.

The power of the heater is 50 W. The mass of the sand in the cup is 550 g. The initial temperature
of the sand is 20 °C. The heater is switched on for 2.0 minutes. The temperature is recorded until
the temperature stops increasing. The highest temperature recorded by the thermometer is 33 °C.

(a) Calculate the energy supplied by the heater.

energy = .............................................. [2]

(b) Calculate a value for the specific heat capacity of the sand, using your answer to (a) and the
data in the question.

specific heat capacity = .............................................. [3]

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(c) Explain why the specific heat capacity of sand may be different from the value calculated in
(b).

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 7]

3 The diagram shows apparatus used to observe the motion of smoke particles (Brownian motion).

microscope

glass cover

smoke glass cell

The glass cell has light shining on it from the side.

The smoke particles are seen as bright specks of light when looking through the microscope.

Explain, in terms of forces and the motion of air molecules, the cause of the motion of the smoke
particles.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 4]

4 The diagram shows a cylinder and piston.

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3
The volume of gas in the cylinder is 3400 cm .
5
The pressure of the gas in the cylinder is 0.90 × 10 Pa.

(a) The piston is moved to the left and fixed in a new position. The pressure of the gas in the
5
cylinder increases to 2.5 × 10 Pa. Assume that the temperature of the gas does not change.

Calculate the new volume of the gas.

volume = .............................................. [3]

(b) The gas in the cylinder is now heated. The piston remains fixed in the same position as in (a).

State and explain, in terms of molecules, any change in the pressure of the gas.

statement ..........................................................................................................................

explanation .......................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 6]

5 The diagram shows a balloon filled with helium that is used to lift measuring instruments to a great
height above the Earth’s surface.

(a) Explain, in terms of momentum, how the atoms of helium produce a force on the wall of the
balloon.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [3]
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(b) At ground level, the pressure of the helium in the balloon is 1.0 × 10 Pa. The volume occupied
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by the helium is 9.6 m .

The balloon is released and it rises quickly through the atmosphere. The volume occupied by
the helium increases, but the temperature of the helium may be assumed to stay constant.

(i) Explain, in terms of the helium atoms in the balloon, why the pressure in the balloon is
smaller than at ground level.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]
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(ii) Calculate the pressure of the helium when it occupies a volume of 12 m .

pressure = .............................................. [2]

[Total: 7]

6 A beaker contains water at room temperature. The diagram shows the beaker placed on a tripod
above a Bunsen burner.

The Bunsen burner is lit and the temperature of the water begins to increase.

(a) The water is evaporating.

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(i) Describe one difference between evaporation and boiling.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

(ii) State and explain what happens to the rate at which the water evaporates as its
temperature increases.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) After a few minutes, the water reaches its boiling point temperature. The water continues to
gain energy from the Bunsen burner.

(i) State what happens to the temperature of the water in the beaker.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [1]
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(ii) The specific latent heat of vaporisation of water is 2.3 x 10 J / kg. After the water reaches
its boiling point, it takes 12 minutes for 0.095 kg of water to boil away.

Calculate the average rate at which energy is being supplied to the water by heating.

rate of energy supplied = ................................................. [3]

[Total: 7]

7 An electrical heater is placed on the floor of a room in a house. The heater is switched on.

The heater has a power of 1.5 kW. The air in the room has a mass of 65 kg. The specific heat
capacity of air is 720 J / (kg °C).
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(a) Calculate the time it takes for this heater to raise the temperature of the air in the room from
8.0 °C to 15.0 °C.

time = .............................................. [4]

(b) State two reasons why the time calculated in (a) is smaller than the actual time taken to raise
the temperature of the air in the room from 8.0 °C to 15.0 °C.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 6]

8 Water is held behind a dam in a hydroelectric power scheme.

The water is released from the dam and falls a vertical height of 410 m at a rate of 480 kg / s.

(a) Calculate the rate at which energy is transferred by the falling water.

rate of energy transfer = .............................................. [3]

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(b) The power scheme supplies a current of 270 A at a voltage of 6000 V.

Calculate the efficiency of the power scheme.

efficiency = .............................................. % [3]

[Total: 6]

9 A vertical tube contains a liquid. A metal ball is held at rest by a thread just below the surface of
the liquid, as shown in the diagram.

(not to scale)

The diameter of the tube is much greater than the diameter of the ball.

The metal ball is released.

The metal ball has a mass of 2.1 g. It falls a distance of 0.80 m between being released and reaching
the bottom of the tube.

(a) Calculate the gravitational potential energy transferred from the ball as it falls.

gravitational potential energy transferred = .............................................. [2]

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(b) When the ball reaches the bottom of the tube, it has a speed of 1.2 m / s. Calculate the kinetic
energy of the ball at the bottom of the tube.

kinetic energy = .............................................. [3]

(c) Explain why the value calculated in (a) is different from that calculated in (b).

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 6]
3
10 A U-shaped tube of constant cross-sectional area contains water of density 1000 kg / m . Both
sides of the U-tube are open to the atmosphere.

Diagram A shows that the water levels in the two sides of the tube are equal.

Diagram A Diagram B
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The atmospheric pressure is 1.00 × 10 Pa.

The left-hand side of the tube is now connected to a gas supply using a length of rubber tubing.
This causes the level of the water in the left-hand side of the tube to drop by 0.200 m, as shown in
diagram B.

(a) Calculate the pressure of the gas supply. Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

pressure = .............................................. [3]

(b) Diagram C shows that the gas supply is now connected to a cylinder that contains a piston.

Diagram C
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The pressure of the gas moves the piston to the right.

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(i) The area of the piston in contact with the gas is 0.025 m .

Calculate the resultant force on the piston.

resultant force = .............................................. [2]

(ii) The pressure of the gas causes the piston to move a distance of 0.50 m to the right.

Calculate the work done by the gas from the supply on the piston.

work done = .............................................. [2]

[Total: 7]