Title Page

To Investigate the Dependence of the Angle of Deviation on the Angle of Incidence Using a Hollow

Prism Filled One by One with Different Transparent Fluids

Physics Project

Class XII

Submitted by: [Your Name Here]

School Name: [Your School Name Here]

Session: 2024-2025
 Certificate

This is to certify that [Student Name] of Class XII has successfully completed the project titled:

'To Investigate the Dependence of the Angle of Deviation on the Angle of Incidence Using a Hollow

Prism Filled One by One with Different Transparent Fluids'

under the guidance of [Teacher's Name] during the academic year 2024-2025.
 Acknowledgement

I would like to express my sincere thanks to my Physics teacher, [Teachers Name], for their

guidance and support throughout this project. I also thank my school and parents for their

encouragement.
 Index

1. Introduction

2. Aim

3. Apparatus Required

4. Theory

5. Ray Diagram

6. Procedure

7. Observations

8. Observation Table

9. Graph

10. Result

11. Precautions

12. Sources of Error

13. Conclusion

14. Applications

15. Bibliography
 Introduction

The deviation of light through a prism is an important phenomenon in optics. This project

investigates how the angle of deviation depends on the angle of incidence, using a hollow prism

filled with different transparent fluids such as water, glycerin, and oil.
 Aim

To investigate the dependence of the angle of deviation on the angle of incidence using a hollow

prism filled one by one with different transparent fluids.

 Apparatus Required

1. Hollow prism

2. Drawing board

3. Pins

4. Protractor

5. White paper

6. Transparent fluids (water, glycerin, oil)

7. Pencil

8. Ruler
 Theory

When a ray of light passes through a prism, it bends at the surfaces due to refraction. The angle

between the incident ray and the emergent ray is called the angle of deviation. This deviation

depends on the angle of incidence and the refractive index of the medium inside the prism.
 Ray Diagram

Include a hand-drawn or digitally created diagram showing light passing through a hollow prism filled

with a transparent fluid, indicating angles of incidence, refraction, and deviation.

 Procedure

1. Place the hollow prism on a sheet of white paper.

2. Trace its outline and mark the incident ray at various angles.

3. Fill the prism with a transparent fluid.

4. Using pins, trace the path of the refracted ray.

5. Measure the angle of deviation.

6. Repeat with different angles of incidence and fluids.

 Observations

Note down angles of incidence and corresponding angles of deviation for each fluid. Repeat for at

least five angles.

 Observation Table

Sample format:

Fluid: Water

Angle of Incidence (i) | Angle of Deviation (D)

----------------------|----------------------

30 | 40

35 | 38

...

Repeat for each fluid.

 Graph

Plot a graph between angle of incidence (i) on X-axis and angle of deviation (D) on Y-axis for each

fluid.
 Result

The angle of deviation varies with the angle of incidence. The minimum deviation occurs at a certain

angle. Different fluids show different curves due to their varying refractive indices.
 Precautions

1. Use sharp pins for accurate ray tracing.

2. Avoid parallax errors while marking pins.

3. Ensure prism is properly filled without bubbles.

4. Use accurate measuring instruments.

 Sources of Error

1. Human error in marking and measuring.

2. Air bubbles in the prism.

3. Improper alignment of pins.

 Conclusion

The experiment confirms that the angle of deviation depends on both the angle of incidence and the

refractive index of the fluid inside the prism.

 Applications

1. Designing optical instruments.

2. Understanding dispersion and spectrum formation.

3. Useful in spectroscopy and refractometry.

 Bibliography

1. NCERT Physics Textbook Class XII

2. Laboratory Manual Physics

3. www.physicsclassroom.com

4. www.toppr.com

5. NCERT Exemplar

6. Other reference books

 Appendix 1

This page contains additional notes, extended observations, calculations or diagrams to support the

investigation.
 Appendix 2

This page contains additional notes, extended observations, calculations or diagrams to support the

investigation.
 Appendix 3

This page contains additional notes, extended observations, calculations or diagrams to support the

investigation.
 Appendix 4

This page contains additional notes, extended observations, calculations or diagrams to support the

investigation.
 Appendix 5

This page contains additional notes, extended observations, calculations or diagrams to support the

investigation.
 Appendix 6

This page contains additional notes, extended observations, calculations or diagrams to support the

investigation.