Ultrasonography
Ultrasonography
Ultrasonography (USG)
Ultrasonography, also known as ultrasound, is a medical imaging technique that uses high-
frequency sound waves (1-20 MHz) to create images of the inside of the body. It's a non-invasive
and radiation-free method, making it a safe option for various diagnostic and therapeutic
purposes.
1. Diagnostic Imaging:
o Visualizing internal organs like the liver, kidneys, and heart.
o Monitoring fetal development during pregnancy.
o Detecting abnormalities such as tumors, cysts, or stones.
2. Guided Procedures: Assisting in biopsies, fluid drainage, or injections by providing
real-time imaging.
3. Cardiology: Evaluating heart function and detecting conditions like valve disorders or
blood clots.
4. Vascular Studies: Assessing blood flow and detecting blockages or clots using Doppler
ultrasound.
5. Musculoskeletal Imaging: Diagnosing injuries or conditions affecting muscles, tendons,
and joints.
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How it works?
Ultrasonography works by using high-frequency sound waves to create images of the inside of
the body. Here's a simplified explanation:
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1. Sound Waves Emission: A device called a transducer emits sound waves into the body.
These sound waves are at a frequency higher than what humans can hear.
2. Reflection and Detection: The sound waves bounce off tissues, organs, and other
structures inside the body. The transducer detects these reflected waves.
3. Image Formation: The reflected sound waves are converted into electrical signals,
which are processed by a computer to create real-time images or videos of the internal
structures.
The construction of an ultrasound transducer involves several key components, each playing a
vital role in generating and receiving sound waves. Here's a breakdown:
1. Piezoelectric Crystal:
o The core of the transducer, responsible for converting electrical energy into sound
waves and vice versa.
o Commonly made of materials like lead zirconate titanate (PZT).
2. Electrodes:
o Conductive layers on either side of the piezoelectric crystal.
o Facilitate the application of electrical voltage to the crystal.
3. Backing Material/ Damping block:
o Positioned behind the crystal to absorb unwanted sound waves.
o Enhances image quality by reducing noise and improving resolution.
4. Matching Layer:
Prepared by: Mr. Rahul Pal, Assistant Professor, Department of Radiology, TIPS, Agartala email: [email protected] YT: Inside Viewing
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o
Placed in front of the crystal to match the acoustic impedance between the crystal
and the body tissue.
o Ensures efficient transmission of sound waves into the body.
5. Acoustic Lens:
o Focuses the ultrasound beam for better image clarity.
o Often made of silicone or other soft materials.
6. Housing:
o Encases all components, providing protection and insulation.
o Designed ergonomically for ease of use.
This intricate design allows the transducer to produce high-quality images for diagnostic
purposes.
Types
Ultrasound probes, also known as transducers, come in various types, each designed for
specific medical applications. Here are some common types and their uses:
1. Linear Probe:
o Shape: Flat and rectangular.
o Uses: Ideal for imaging superficial structures like blood vessels, tendons, and
thyroid glands. Commonly used in vascular and musculoskeletal examinations.
2. Convex Probe (Curved Linear Probe):
o Shape: Curved array for a wider field of view.
o Uses: Suitable for abdominal, pelvic, and obstetric scans due to its ability to
penetrate deeper tissues.
3. Phased Array Probe:
o Shape: Small footprint with a triangular beam.
o Uses: Primarily used for cardiac imaging and transcranial examinations.
4. Endocavitary Probe:
o Shape: Long and narrow for internal use.
o Uses: Designed for internal examinations, such as transvaginal or transrectal
scans.
5. Pencil Probe (Continuous Wave Doppler):
o Shape: Pen-like design.
o Uses: Measures blood flow and velocity, often used in vascular studies.
6. 3D/4D Probes:
o Shape: Similar to convex or linear probes but with advanced capabilities.
o Uses: Provides three-dimensional still images or real-time (4D) imaging,
commonly used in obstetrics for fetal imaging.
Prepared by: Mr. Rahul Pal, Assistant Professor, Department of Radiology, TIPS, Agartala email: [email protected] YT: Inside Viewing
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Each probe type is tailored to specific diagnostic needs, ensuring accurate and detailed imaging.
Ultrasound gel
1. Eliminates Air Gaps: Air can interfere with the transmission of sound waves, leading to
poor image quality. The gel acts as a coupling agent, removing air gaps and allowing
sound waves to pass smoothly.
2. Enhances Image Clarity: By facilitating better contact between the transducer and the
skin, the gel improves the accuracy and clarity of the ultrasound images.
3. Reduces Friction: It provides a smooth surface for the transducer to glide over the skin,
making the procedure more comfortable for the patient.
4. Safe and Non-Irritating: Ultrasound gel is typically water-based and hypoallergenic,
ensuring it is safe for use on all skin types.
Prepared by: Mr. Rahul Pal, Assistant Professor, Department of Radiology, TIPS, Agartala email: [email protected] YT: Inside Viewing
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Advantages:
1. Non-invasive and Safe: It doesn't use ionizing radiation, making it safer for pregnant
women and fetuses.
2. Real-time Imaging: Provides dynamic images, which are useful for monitoring fetal
development, blood flow, and organ function.
3. Cost-effective: Generally less expensive compared to other imaging methods like MRI or
CT scans.
4. Portable and Accessible: Ultrasound machines are compact and can be used in various
settings.
5. Versatile: Effective for imaging soft tissues, detecting abnormalities, and guiding
procedures.
Disadvantages:
1. Limited Penetration: It struggles to image deep structures, bones, or areas with air (like
the lungs).
2. Operator-dependent: The quality of the results heavily relies on the skill of the operator.
3. Lower Resolution: Compared to CT or MRI, the image resolution is lower.
4. Obesity Challenges: Limited effectiveness in patients with obesity due to reduced
penetration.
Prepared by: Mr. Rahul Pal, Assistant Professor, Department of Radiology, TIPS, Agartala email: [email protected] YT: Inside Viewing