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SST Notes Class 9

The document outlines significant historical events and social changes in Russia and Germany, including the role of kulaks, the Duma, women's workforce participation, and the rise of socialism leading to the Russian Revolution. It details the establishment of the Weimar Republic in Germany post-World War I, the Treaty of Versailles, and the rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party, culminating in the Holocaust. Key figures such as Lenin, Nicholas II, and Marx are mentioned, highlighting their influence on these transformative periods.

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4 views

SST Notes Class 9

The document outlines significant historical events and social changes in Russia and Germany, including the role of kulaks, the Duma, women's workforce participation, and the rise of socialism leading to the Russian Revolution. It details the establishment of the Weimar Republic in Germany post-World War I, the Treaty of Versailles, and the rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party, culminating in the Holocaust. Key figures such as Lenin, Nicholas II, and Marx are mentioned, highlighting their influence on these transformative periods.

Uploaded by

MOBILE COM
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Kulaks

Wealthy peasants accused by Stalin of hoarding grain,


causing shortages. He believed eliminating them was
necessary for modernizing farms.

The Duma

The Tsar created an elected consultative parliament in 1905


but dismissed and restructured it to maintain his power,
packing it with conservatives.

Women Workers between 1900 and 1930

Women comprised 31% of the factory workforce but earned


lower wages than men.

The Liberals

They viewed all religions as equal, believed only property-


owning men should vote, and supported an elected
parliamentary government.

Stalin’s Collectivization Programme

Started in 1929 to improve grain supplies by forcing peasants


into collective farms called 'Kolkhoz,' but it worsened food
supply.

The Age of Social Change

 French Revolution: Started new ideas about how


society should be.

 Europe's Reaction: People split into conservatives


(who didn't want much change), liberals (who wanted
more freedoms), and radicals (who wanted big changes).
Who Were They?

 Conservatives: Didn't like change and wanted things to


stay the same, but sometimes agreed to slow changes.

 Liberals: Wanted everyone to be able to practice their


religion freely, liked having a government chosen by
voting, and wanted courts that weren't controlled by
rulers.

 Radicals: Wanted a government decided by what most


people wanted, didn't like rich people having all the
land, but were okay with some private property.

Industrial Society and Social Change

 Changes in how things were made meant more men,


women, and kids worked in factories for little pay.

 Most factory owners were liberals or radicals who


supported workers' rights.

The Coming of Socialism to Europe

 Socialists: Didn't like private property, had different


ideas about the future, some thought cooperatives
(where people share ownership) were best.

 Marx and Engels: Said society with factories was


capitalist (where businesses are owned privately).

Support for Socialism

 By the 1870s, socialism was popular in Europe. Workers


in England and Germany made groups to fight for better
conditions.

The Russian Revolution


 1914: Nicholas II was the ruler of Russia.

 Economy and Society: Most people farmed, not many


factories, workers sometimes joined together, and
peasants shared land.

Socialism in Russia

 Political parties were illegal before 1914.

 1900: Russian Socialist Democratic Labour Party started


to give peasants land.

 Lenin's View: Thought peasants were different from


workers, split the party, and led the Bolsheviks.

A Turbulent Time: The 1905 Revolution

 Liberals: Wanted to end the Tsar's control, demanded a


constitution.

 Bloody Sunday: Workers protested bad pay, over 100


were killed, and they wanted a new government.

 Duma: Made by the Tsar but controlled by him too.

The First World War and the Russian Empire

 At first, people liked the war, but then support went


down. People didn't like Germans.

 Russia lost wars, which hurt factories and made less


food.

The February Revolution in Petrograd

 Winter 1917: Not enough food, workers and women


protested.
 Government Response: Tried to stop protests, but
failed.

 Outcome: Tsar gave up his power, a new government


formed, and people got more freedom.

The Revolution of October 1917

 Lenin's Leadership: Got the Soviet (workers' group) to


take control, made a committee to lead.

 24th October Uprising: Took over government


buildings, arrested leaders.

 Effects: Took over factories and banks, gave land to


people, and made one party in charge.

The Civil War

 Giving land made the army weaker, and other groups


fought against the Bolsheviks.

Making a Socialist Society

 Bolsheviks kept control, made more factories, and


taught more kids.

Stalin and Collective Farming

 Collectivization: Made farmers share land, punished


those who didn't.

Global Influence

 More countries made groups like the Bolsheviks.

 By 1900s, Russia as a socialist place wasn't as strong.

Key Figures and Their Roles


 Nicholas II: Last Tsar of Russia (ruled 1894-1917).

 Karl Marx: Socialist theorist.

 Friedrich Engels: Co-author with Marx.

 Lenin: Leader of the Bolsheviks.

 Prime Minister Kerenskii: Head of Provisional


Government during October Revolution.

Birth of the Weimar Republic

 First World War: Germany lost the war, and its


monarchy ended.

 The Weimar Republic: A new democratic government


formed in Germany after the war.

Treaty of Versailles

 Effects: Germany lost territories, had to pay huge sums,


and its military was reduced.

 Criticism: Many Germans blamed the new government


for accepting this treaty.

Economic and Political Challenges

 Political Radicalism: Groups like the Spartacists and


Communists clashed with the government.

 Economic Crisis: Inflation soared due to war debts and


economic instability.

Rise of Hitler

 Hitler's Background: Born in Austria, served in World


War I.
 Nazism: Hitler joined and transformed the German
Workers' Party into the Nazi Party, gaining support
during the Great Depression.

Destruction of Democracy

 Hitler's Leadership: Became Chancellor in 1933,


dismantled democratic institutions.

 Control Measures: Suspended civil rights, banned


opposition parties, and set up concentration camps.

World War II and Nazi Ideology

 Expansion: Germany invaded countries and aimed for


racial dominance.

 Holocaust: Systematic persecution and mass murder of


Jews and others considered inferior.

Nazi Control and Propaganda

 Indoctrination: Controlled education, media, and public


life to spread Nazi beliefs.

 Crimes Against Humanity: Many supported or


tolerated Nazi actions, while some resisted.

The Holocaust

 Mass Killings: Jews and others were targeted in a


genocide aimed at racial purification.

 Legacy: Survivors documented these horrors to ensure


the world remembered.

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