Light Exam Style Questions 1

1. A young boy switches a torch on and shines it at a mirror. Add arrows to the diagram below to show
how the light travels from:

• the torch to the mirror

• how the light is reflected from the mirror.

Now,

• Label the incident ray.

• Label the reflected ray.

2. Draw light arrows on the periscope below to show how it works.

Light Exam Style Questions 1 Answers
1. A young boy switches a torch on and shines it at a mirror. Add arrows to the diagram below to show
how the light travels from:

• the torch to the mirror

• how the light is reflected from the mirror.

Now,
Reflected ray
• Label the incident ray.

• Label the reflected ray.

Incident ray

2. Draw light arrows on the periscope below to show how it works.

Light Exam Style Questions 1
1. A young boy switches a torch on and shines it at a mirror. Add arrows to the diagram below to show
how the light travels from:

• the torch to the mirror

• how the light is reflected from the mirror.

Now,

• Label the incident ray.

• Label the reflected ray.

2. Draw light arrows on the periscope below to show how it works.

Light Exam Style Questions 1 Answers
1. A young boy switches a torch on and shines it at a mirror. Add arrows to the diagram below to show
how the light travels from:

• the torch to the mirror

• how the light is reflected from the mirror.

Now,
Reflected ray
• Label the incident ray.

• Label the reflected ray.

Incident ray

2. Draw light arrows on the periscope below to show how it works.

Light Exam Style Questions 2
1. Pupils shone a torch at a mirror and they noticed the light was reflected as shown below. They
decided to measure the angle of incidence (incoming light) and the angle of reflection (reflected
light) when the torch was in a variety of positions. Their results are shown below.

Reflected light

Incoming light
Mirror

Angle of
incidence oC
25 35 45 55 65

Angle of
reflection oC
25 35 45 63 65

Which angle of reflection was not measured correctly?

How can you tell?

What would you suggest the pupils do to correct this result?

2. This football is blue and white.

Why does the ball look blue and white if a white light shines on it?

What would happen to the colour of the ball if a red filter was placed in front of the light?
Light Exam Style Questions 2 Answers
1. Pupils shone a torch at a mirror and they noticed the light was reflected as shown below. They
decided to measure the angle of incidence (incoming light) and the angle of reflection (reflected
light) when the torch was in a variety of positions. Their results are shown below.

Reflected light

Incoming light
Mirror

Angle of
incidence oC
25 35 45 55 65

Angle of
reflection oC
25 35 45 63 65

Which angle of reflection was not measured correctly?

The 63° answer is incorrect.

How can you tell?

The angle of incidence and the angle of reflection should be equal.

What would you suggest the pupils do to correct this result?

Repeat this angle to check their results.

2. This football is blue and white.

Why does the ball look blue and white if a white light shines on it?
The white areas of the ball have reflected all the colours of the light spectrum, and the blue parts of
the ball have absorbed all the colours except blue, which is reflected.

What would happen to the colour of the ball if a red filter was placed in front of the light?
The red filter will only allow red light waves through. The white sections will appear red because
the red light waves would be reflected. The blue sections would appear black because the red light
waves will be absorbed.
Light
Key Revision Facts
• Transparent: light can pass directly through the object.

• Translucent: only some light can pass through the object.

• Opaque: no light passes through the object and a shadow is formed.

• White light consists of 7 colours: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet.

• The primary colours are red, blue and green.

• The law of reflection states that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.

normal

incident reflected ray

ray

angle of angle of
incidence reflection

i=r

mirror

• Refraction is the bending of light. It occurs when the medium light is travelling through changes.

• Lenses help you to focus on an object. The lens in your eye is convex.

The Eye

Iris

Cornea
Optic Nerve

Pupil

Retina
Ciliary Muscle
How We See

Light

Light

• Light enters the eye through the pupil.

• The size of the pupil is altered by the iris.

• The cornea and lens focus light onto the retina.

• The retina contains two light sensitive cells called rods and cones. When light hits these cells,
chemical reactions produce electrical impulses that travel via the optic nerve to the brain.
Light Progress Record
Either colour each square Red, Amber or Green or put a tick in each row to indicate how confident you
feel with each statement.

Topic - Light

Name

I can R A G

Explain the terms transparent, translucent and opaque.

Label a diagram to illustrate how an object is seen.

Explain the law of reflection.

Label a diagram to show the law of reflection.

State the difference between reflection and refraction.

Explain how a lens works.

Label a diagram of the eye.

Explain how the eye enable us to see objects.

State the 7 colours that make up white light.

Name the primary colours.

Explain how we see different coloured objects.

Topic - Light
Place a tick to show you have completed the following:

I have
I have I have attempted
Topic
studied revised exam style
questions
The meaning of the terms transparent, translucent and
opaque.

How to label a diagram to illustrate how an object is seen.

The law of reflection.

How to label a diagram to show the law of reflection.

The difference between reflection and refraction.

How a lens works.

How to label a diagram of the eye.

How the eye enables us to see objects.

The 7 colours that make up white light.

Name the primary colours.

How we see different coloured objects.

Light Assessment Package
Teacher’s Notes
This assessment package has been designed to be used in a variety of ways and to be very flexible.
Progress Charts
The progress chart can be given out at the start of the topic and pupils complete it as each section has been
covered
or
used towards the end of the topic so pupils can chart their understanding of the topic before a test.
There are a number of different progress charts available on the Twinkl website enabling the teacher to
choose their preferred style.
Key Revision Facts
This information sheet ensures pupils have a copy of the key facts and is particularly useful if pupils have
been absent from lessons.
Test Yourself Sheets
These can be used either as homework or in lesson just before a test to help pupils assess their understanding
of topics.
Exam Style Questions
These are available to show pupils typical exam style questions and can be used as a starter, plenary or
homework task.
Light Test Yourself 1
Light Word Search
W G L R Z V W A X A M S R O B
T S Q U S Z U U B G U J E S C
N L W N M G R S L O G U F V U
E Y S Q A I O L N A M J L Z Z
C G N P F R N I N X A I E D K
U U P V B C M O N A D R C L O
L T N S J U S T U N R E T M Y absorbs
S O A M L P W T Q S C P S B R
luminous
N S F N T R A N S P A R E N T
A I O T Z X W Q E C B R K M X non luminous
R N K M U W F O K R E O S V N opaque
T K E A T P C V Q G I V A F L
reflects
V B H Y J Q D A O C Y C Y G S
I Y M O K G H J R P W S L X F
translucent
A P K G E U Q A P O X J C F V transparent

Reflection
Label the parts A,B,C,D,E
B A
E

C D

A= Surface
B=
C=
D=
E=

If the angle of incidence is 400, what is the angle of reflection?

If the angle of reflection is 360, what is the angle of incidence?
Light Test Yourself 1 Answers
Light Word Search
W G L R Z V W A X A M S R O B
T S Q U S Z U U B G U J E S C
N L W N M G R S L O G U F V U
E Y S Q A I O L N A M J L Z Z
C G N P F R N I N X A I E D K
U U P V B C M O N A D R C L O
L T N S J U S T U N R E T M Y absorbs
S O A M L P W T Q S C P S B R
luminous
N S F N T R A N S P A R E N T
A I O T Z X W Q E C B R K M X non luminous
R N K M U W F O K R E O S V N opaque
T K E A T P C V Q G I V A F L
reflects
V B H Y J Q D A O C Y C Y G S
I Y M O K G H J R P W S L X F
translucent
A P K G E U Q A P O X J C F V transparent

Reflection
Label the parts A,B,C,D,E
B A
E

C D

A = reflected ray Surface

B= incident ray
C= angle of incident
D= angle of reflection
E= normal

If the angle of incidence is 400, what is the angle of reflection? 400

If the angle of reflection is 360, what is the angle of incidence? 360
Light Test Yourself 2
What is Happening?
Why does the spoon look bent? What is this illusion called?

Anagrams
Rearrange the letters to give the colours in the light spectrum.

telovi -

wolyel -

gindoi -

der -

nerge -

elub -

granoe -

How Do We See?
Draw arrows on the diagram to show how
the person is able to read the book using
only the light from the lamp behind them.
Light Test Yourself 2 Answers
What is Happening?
Why does the spoon look bent? What is this illusion called?
The spoon looks bent because light travels in a different direction when in water than it does when
in air. This illusion is called refraction.

Anagrams
Rearrange the letters to give the colours in the light spectrum.

telovi - violet

wolyel - yellow

gindoi - indigo

der - red

nerge - green

elub - blue

granoe - orange

How Do We See?
Draw arrows on the diagram to show how
the person is able to read the book using
only the light from the lamp behind them.
Light Test Yourself 3
Match and Draw
Draw a line to match the words and their definitions.

Opaque
Objects that allow light through them

Objects that do not let light pass

Translucent
through them

Objects that allow some light to pass

Transparent through them

How We See
Number the sentences to show the process of how the eye enables us to see objects.

The size of the pupil is altered by the iris

The retina contains two types of light sensitive cells called rods and cones. When light
hits these cells, chemical reactions produce electrical impulses that travel via the optic
nerve to the brain

Light enters the eye through the pupil

The cornea and lens focus light onto the retina

Colour
In terms of colour, why do we see…

this mouse as white and this cat as black?

Light Test Yourself 3 Answers
Match and Draw
Draw a line to match the words and their definitions.

Opaque
Objects that allow light through them

Objects that do not let light pass

Translucent
through them

Objects that allow some light to pass

Transparent through them

How We See
Number the sentences to show the process of how the eye enables us to see objects.

2 The size of the pupil is altered by the iris

The retina contains two types of light sensitive cells called rods and cones. When light
4 hits these cells, chemical reactions produce electrical impulses that travel via the optic
nerve to the brain

1 Light enters the eye through the pupil

3 The cornea and lens focus light onto the retina

Colour
In terms of colour, why do we see…

this mouse as white and this cat as black?

White objects reflect all the colours of the spectrum, whereas black objects absorb all the colours.
 Parts of the Eye

Task: Use the keywords to fill in the gaps.

Part Function

Pupil Where ______ passes into the eye.

Changes the size of the _______ to control the amount

Iris
light _______ the eye.
Changes the _______ of the lens to allow the _____ to
Muscles
focus on objects.

Retina Changes _____ transferred by _____ into nerve impulses.

Lens Helps to ________ the light.

Cornea Helps to ________ the light.

Optic Nerve Nerve impulses are sent to the ________.

Keywords: brain, energy, focus, focus, light, light, pupil, shape,
entering, eye.

Parts of the Eye

Task: Match the part to its function.

Part Function

Pupil Helps to focus the light.

Iris Nerve impulses are sent to the brain.

Changes energy transferred by light into nerve

Muscles
impulses.
Changes the shape of the lens to allow the eye to
Retina
focus on objects.

Lens Helps to focus the light.

Cornea Where light passes into the eye.

Optic Changes the size of the pupil to control the
Nerve amount light entering the eye.
 The movement of particles Pure Occurs at a set temperature. As you go down the ocean
spreading out and mixing with Substances The temperature stays there is more water above
Diffusion
each other without anything Changing constant when changing state Pressure you so pressure increases. As
8I Fluids moving them. State as bonds are broken or made. From Above you go up a mountain there
An erratic movement of small Occurs over a range of is less air above you so
Mixtures
specks of matter caused by temperatures as it contains pressure decreases.
Brownian Changing
being hit by the moving substances with different
1. The Particle Model Motion State 4. Floating and Sinking
particles that make up liquids or melting/boiling points.
The three forms that a gases. Contracts as it is cooled up Upthrus The force of water pushing
States of t upwards.
substance can be in; solid, liquid Materials expand when heated until 4oc and then it expands
Matter Expandin
or gas. because the particles vibrate Water slightly. Ice takes up more The amount of force with which
g Weight
Solid Do not flow, fixed shape, fixed more, taking up more space. space than water and is less gravity pulls on a mass.
Propertie volume, cannot be compressed Materials contract when cooled dense Water The density of water is 1 g/cm3
s Contract because the particles vibrate If something has a density less
3. Pressure in Fluids Floating
Liquid Can flow, no fixed shape, fixed less and take up less space. than water it will float in water.
Propertie volume, cannot be compressed The mass of a certain volume of Fluids Liquids and Gases If something has a density greater
Sinking
s a material. The force of particles hitting than water it will sink in water.
Gas Can flow, no fixed shape, no Density things- comes from all The density of air at sea level is
Pressure Air
Propertie fixed volume, can be directions in gases and around 0.001 g/cm3
s compressed liquids. Fly because the overall density of
2. Changing State Pascals (Pa) Hot Air
Used to explain the different the balloon is less than the air
Particle Changing from one state of Pressure One pascal is the a force of Balloons
properties and observations of around it.
Theory Changes of matter to another. Physical Units one newton on every square
solids, liquids and gases.
Fixed arrangement of particles State changes because no new metre. 5. Drag
held closely together that chemicals are made. Atmospheric The pressure of the air- A resistance force acting on an
Solid Drag
cannot move over each other Turning from a solid to a Pressure 100,000 Pa object to slow it down.
Particle Melting Water Type of drag that occurs in
but vibrate. liquid- occurs at melting point Contain air under high
Propertie Resistance water.
Turning from a liquid to a pressure because they are
s Freezing Air Type of drag that occurs in air.
solid- occurs at freezing point Tyres pumped with extra air
Turning from a gas into a causing more particles to hit Resistance
Condensing Partly causes the drag on a
Held closely together but not in liquid. the inside walls.
Friction
Liquid a fixed arrangement and can Sublimation Turning from a solid to a gas. Pressure in fluids increases as moving object.
Particle move over each​ Turning from a liquid into a you increase temperature Streamline Smooth shape to reduce air /
Propertie other. Evaporation gas. Can occur at the surface Temperature because particles move faster d water resistance.
s of a liquid at any temperature. and hit the walls of the The faster an object is moving,
Speed
When evaporation occurs container harder. the greater the drag.
Far apart from each other and Boiling within a liquid- occurs at the If you compress a gas into a Balanced Equal forces acting in opposite
Gas free to move about in all boiling point smaller volume the pressure Forces directions.
Volume
Particle directions. A substance made up of a increases because the Forward force of an engine
particles hit the walls more. Engine
Propertie Pure single type of atom or needs to balance the drag.
s compound.
Lesson Memorised?
1. The Particle Model
2. Changing State
3. Pressure in Fluids
4. Floating & Sinking
5. Drag
 Material that lets light Ray A diagram that represents the The boundary between two
Interface
through but scatters it. You diagram path of light using arrows. materials.
Translucent
cannot see things clearly An imaginary line at right angles A curved piece of glass or
8J Light through translucent materials.
Normal
to the surface of a mirror or
Lens
other transparent material
Material that does not let other object where a ray of light that can change the direction
light through. It is not possible hits it. of rays of light.
Opaque
to see through an opaque Incident A ray of light going towards the Converging A lens that makes rays of light
1. Light on the move substance. ray mirror or other object. lens come together.
A completely empty space, Scattering occurs when light Reflected A ray of light bouncing off a The angle between the
Vacuum Angle of
containing no particles. or other energy waves pass ray mirror. normal and a ray of light that
All things are made of matter. refraction
through an imperfect medium Angle of The angle between an incoming has been refracted.
Matter There are three states of Scattered (such as air filled with incidence light ray and the normal. The place where parallel rays
matter: solid, liquid, gas. particles of some sort) and Angle of The angle between the normal Focal point of light are brought together
A wave where the particles are deflected from a straight reflectio and the ray of light leaving a by a converging lens.
vibrate in the same direction path. n mirror. The distance between the
Longitudinal as the wave is travelling. Reflected A ray of light bouncing off a When light is reflected evenly, so Focal length centre of the lens and the
wave ray mirror. that all reflected light goes off in focal point.
Where a sound wave or other the same direction. Mirrors
Source 4. Cameras and eyes
wave begins. Specular produce specular reflection.
A wave where the vibrations A picture that forms in a Digital A camera that uses electronics
reflectio
are at right angles to the mirror or on a screen, or is camera to record an image.
n
direction the wave is Image made by a lens. You see an An instrument that detects
Transverse travelling. image when looking down something. In a digital camera,
wave Sensor
a microscope. the sensors detect light and
A piece of apparatus that change it to electrical signals.
Reflection from a rough surface, Memory Part of a digital camera that
forms an image of an object
Pinhole where the reflected light is card stores the images.
A narrow beam of light, or an on a screen when light rays
camera scattered in all directions. A hole in a camera that controls
arrow on a diagram travel through a tiny hole in Diffuse
the front reflectio Aperture how much light goes to the
Ray representing the path of light
A place where light cannot get n sensor.
and the direction in which it is
travelling. Shadow to, because an opaque object A device that shields and
is blocking the light. protects the sensor in a digital
A material that light can travel Shutter
camera. It opens when the
through without scattering. 2. Reflection Law of
The angle of incidence is equal to picture is taken.
Transparent (Note: transparent substances reflectio
Plane A smooth, flat mirror. the angle of reflection.
may be coloured or n
mirror
colourless.)
A piece of equipment that 3. Refraction
Transmit To pass through a substance. Ray box
produces a narrow beam of light.
To bounce off a surface The change in direction when
A method of investigating what light goes from one
Reflect instead of passing through it Ray Refraction
happens to light by marking the transparent material to
or being absorbed. tracing
path of a light ray. another.
Absorb ‘To soak up’ or ‘to take in’.
 The number of vibrations (or
the number of waves)
Frequency per second. Different
frequencies of light have
different colours.
Human
The seven colours that make up
eye Spectrum
white light.
The separating of the colours in
light, for example when white
light passes through a prism.
Dispersio
The part at the back of the eye n
Retina that changes energy transferred
by light into nerve impulses.
The hole in the front of the eye
Pupil
that light can pass through.
A cell in the retina that detects A block of clear, colourless glass
Prism
Rod cell low levels of light. It cannot or plastic. Usually triangular.
detect different colours. Something that only lets certain
Filter
A cell in the retina that detects colours through and absorbs the
Cone cell (physics)
different colours of light. rest.
The transparent front part of Lesson Memorised?
Cornea the eye, which covers the iris
and pupil. 1. Light on the move
Iris The coloured part of the eye. 2. Reflection
Optic The nerve that takes impulses
nerve from the retina to the brain. 3. Refraction
One of three colours that are
Primary detected by the cone cells in our
4. Cameras and eyes
colour eyes. The primary colours are 5. Colour
red, green and blue.
A colour made when two
Secondar primary colours mix.
y colour The secondary colours are
magenta, cyan and yellow.

5. Colour
White Normal daylight, or the light
light from light bulbs, is white light.
 8 J
Summary Sheets

Light
Light travels in straight lines from a source. Light travels as transverse waves. It travels much
faster than sound, and does not need a substance to travel through.
Light travels through transparent objects but not through opaque objects. Shadows are made
when light is blocked by an object. Opaque objects block all light. Translucent objects allow some
light to pass through, but it is scattered so you do not see a clear image.

Transmission and absorption

Transparent materials let light pass straight through. We say they transmit light. Opaque surfaces
can absorb or reflect light. White surfaces reflect most of the light that hits them. Black surfaces
absorb light very well and reflect very little. This is why they look so dark.

Reflection
Light rays are scattered by
rough surfaces (diffuse
reflection), which means that
you cannot see an image in an
object with a rough surface.
Mirrors and shiny materials
such as polished metals reflect
light evenly. This is called
specular reflection. The
angle of incidence (i) is equal
to the angle of reflection (r) –
this is known as the law of
reflection. Angles are
measured between the light
rays and the normal (a line
drawn at right angles to the
reflecting surface).
You can see an image in a
mirror because the reflected
rays of light appear to come
from a point behind the mirror.
The image in a plane mirror is the same size as the object, and the same distance away from the
mirror. In the image, left becomes right and right becomes left.

Refraction
When light hits something transparent it changes speed and direction. This is called refraction.
Refraction takes place at the interface between two substances. When light is transmitted through
glass it slows down and changes direction towards the normal. When it travels back out it speeds
up again and changes direction away from the normal.

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 8 J
Summary Sheets

Lenses are curved pieces of glass or transparent plastic that are designed to refract light in
particular ways. Converging lenses make rays of light come together. The focal point of a lens is
the point where parallel rays of light are brought together by the lens, and the focal length is the
distance of this point from the centre of the lens.
Lenses are used in cameras, microscopes and telescopes.

Cameras and eyes

Rod cells in our retinas detect faint light but not colours and cone cells detect the primary colours
of red, blue and green. We see combinations of primary colours as secondary colours (magenta,
cyan and yellow).

Colour
White light is a mixture of colours. White light can be split up using a prism to give a spectrum of
seven colours (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet). The splitting of colour into a
spectrum is called dispersion.
We are able to see colours because objects do not reflect all the colours in light. White objects
reflect all the colours, but a red object only reflects red and all other colours are absorbed. This
idea applies to all colours except black – black objects absorb all colours.
Filters are used to make coloured light. They transmit one of the colours in white light and let the
other colours through. If you look at a coloured object in coloured light, its colour may appear to be
different.

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 I’ve put my balloon in the fridge, and now it has
deflated! Can you tell me why?

Draw the particles inside the balloon. How are the particles different now it has been
Why is the balloon inflated? in the fridge?
If I heated up the balloon – what would Why has this caused the balloon to deflate?
happen to it?
Buoyancy
1. Water has a density of 1000 kg/m3.

a. Complete the table to identify which of the solid objects will float and which will
sink in water.

Solid Object Density (kg/m3) Sink/Float?

copper 8900

PVC plastic 1400

pumice rock 600

chalk 2300

ice 917

b. The dimensions for a 432 kg block of European oak are shown below.

1m

m
6
1m 0.
Determine whether European oak will float on water.

2. The diagram below shows a ship floating on water. The force arrow representing the
weight of the ship has already been drawn.
Draw the force arrow representing the upthrust acting on the ship.

1 of 2
 Buoyancy

3. The image shows an illustration of honey, milk, water

and oil in a glass.
Describe the relative densities of the substances in the
glass.


oil

water

milk

honey


4. Some students are investigating the best shape for modelling clay to float. The students
made the two designs from the same about of clay, shown below.

ball u-shape

Only one of the designs made by the students will float.

Explain which design will float.

2 of 2
Decide whether the statements are true or
false.
A
substances
EXTENDING: freezing
point and
Correct the As a
melting
point are
False ones. substance
melts its
the same. Ice sinks in
Energy is water.
temperature
will increase. needed to
Ice is less overcome
dense than forces
water. holding Freezing
Heating particles occurs
particles will together. because the
mean they
particles can
have less
Sublimation move around
Changing energy.
is turning more.
from a liquid
straight
to a solid is
from a solid
melting.
to a gas.
 8I
Name ​ ​ Class ​ ​ Date ​

1​ This boat has an engine.

a​ Draw an arrow to show the direction of the force from
the engine.
[1 mark]

b​ Describe how this force will affect the boat.

​
[1 mark]

2​ a​ The table describes some properties of solids, liquids and gases. Tick the correct
boxes to show the properties of the three different states.

Property Solid Liquid Gas

Fixed volume

Compressible

Fixed shape

[3 marks]

b​ Each circle in the diagrams below represents a particle of a substance.

Put a ring around the diagram showing the particles in a solid.

[1 mark]

c​ Use the particle model to explain which state of matter can be compressed.

​
[2 marks]

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 8I
3​ The graph shows the temperature of a block of ice changing as it is heated.

a​ What is the state of the water at point E? Tick one box.

A ​ solid

B ​ liquid

C ​ gas

D ​ steam

[1 mark]

b​ What is happening to the ice at X? Tick one box.

A ​ It is boiling.

B ​ It is freezing.

C ​ It is melting.

D ​ It is condensing.

[1 mark]

d​ Give the temperature at B.

​
[1 mark]

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purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free.​ ​ Page 2 of 6
 8I
e​ Explain why the change at X is a physical change, not a chemical change.

​
[1 mark]

f​ Give one example of a chemical change.

[1 mark]

4​ Icebergs float in water.

a​ Draw an arrow on the iceberg to show the direction of the
upthrust.
[1 mark]

b​ Use the idea of upthrust to explain why the iceberg floats.

​
[1 mark]

g​ Describe one way the density change when water freezes is different from the density
change when other liquids freeze.

​
[2 marks]

5​ This is the formula for calculating density.

density =
​ An object has a mass of 60 g and a volume of 150 cm3.
Calculate the density of the object in g/cm3.

​
[2 marks]

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 8I
6​ These two aircraft can be used to transport supplies to the Antarctic.
The total force from the engines of the Hercules aircraft is more than 16 times as much as the total
force from the Twin Otter aircraft’s engines.

a​ State what ‘drag’ means.

​
[1 mark]

b​ Why do the aircraft need a force from their engines to fly at a steady speed? Tick one box.

A ​ to balance air resistance

B ​ to increase the thrust

C ​ to balance the weight

D ​ to increase the friction

[1 mark]

h​ Explain why the Hercules needs a bigger force from its engines than the Twin Otter. Use
ideas about forces and drag in your answer. Explain in as much detail as you can. One
mark for this question will be for using correct English.

​
[4 marks]

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for ​

purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free.​ ​ Page 4 of 6
 8I
7​ A boy dives into water to a depth of 2 metres. The boy can feel pressure from the water.
a​ What causes the pressure from the water? Tick one box.

A ​ water particles moving

B ​ water particles hitting him

C ​ water particles vibrating

D ​ air particles moving fast

[1 mark]

i​ The boy dives down to 4 metres. What will the boy notice about the pressure? Tick one box.

A ​ the pressure will be less

B ​ the pressure will be zero

C ​ the pressure will stay the same

D ​ the pressure will be greater

[1 mark]

8​ Mrs Jones pumps up a tyre on her car.

a​ There is pressure from the air on the outside of the tyre. Give the unit for measuring
pressure.

​
[1 mark]

j​ What happens to the number of particles in the tyre as Mrs Jones pumps it up? Tick one
box.

A ​ It decreases.

B ​ It stays the same.

C ​ It increases.

D ​ It varies.

[1 mark]

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for ​

purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free.​ ​ Page 5 of 6
 8I
k​ Describe what will happen to the pressure of air inside the tyre.

​
[1 mark]

© Pearson Education Ltd 2017. Copying permitted for ​

purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free.​ ​ Page 6 of 6
 A]] sdnn9’ no8ImFluids
m – Revision Spread
The Particle Model Changing State Pressure in Fluids Floating and Sinking
Label the particle model below. What is pressure?
Complete the diagram below by The force of particles hitting a surface.
What is upthrust?
Solid Liquid Gas labelling the changes in state. What is pressure measured in? The force that pushes an object
Pascal, Pa (N/m2) that is in or on a liquid upwards.
How could altering the following affect What is the density of water?
pressure? 1 g/cm3
evaporation Mass of gas – An increase in the mass will What is the equation for
condensing
and boiling cause an increase in pressure (more particles
density?

deposition
sublimation
in the same volume).
Temperature of gas – An increase in the
Density = mass ÷ volume
State properties of solids, liquids and gases. temperature will cause an increase in Would an object with an overall
melting freezing
How strong are the forces between the pressure (particles will have more energy and density of 1.3 g/cm3 sink or
therefore more movement, causing more float? Sink – the object is
particles in each state of matter? How close are
collisions between themselves and the
the particles? Can the particles move? denser than water
surface of the container). upthrust
Volume of container – A decrease in the A boat is floating
Solid Liquid Gas As you heat a solid the
volume of the container will cause an on water. Label
Strong Some forces Next to no temperature rises until it increase in pressure (same number of the boat to show
forces of of attraction force of reaches its melting point. Why particles in a smaller space).
the forces acting
attraction between attraction Does pressure increase or decrease
does the temperature then stay on the boat and
between particles between the with depth in the ocean?
particles particles
the same until it becomes a Decrease
their relative sizes. weight

Particles are Particles are Particles are liquid, even though the solid is
regularly randomly randomly still being heated? Drag If the forces on an object are balanced,
arranged arranged arranged As the solid is melting, the heat what will happen to the object?
Particles Particles can Particles can What is drag?
energy is making the particles  If the object is stopped: it will
vibrate in move around move quickly Air or water resistance.
break away from their fixed How can air resistance be
remain stopped.
fixed each other in all
arrangement.  If the object is moving: it will
positions directions Boiling point reduced?
continue to move at the same speed
What happens to materials when they are By making the object
and in a straight line.
Temperature

heated up or cooled down? gas streamlined.

Materials expand when heated and contract What happens to the drag State the two things that can happen if the
liquid
when cooled. Particles in hotter materials move acting on a cyclist as the forces on an object are unbalanced.
solid
faster as they have more energy, taking up more cyclist increases speed?  The speed will change.
Time
space. The drag will increase.  The direction of motion will change.
Melting point
RECALL TASK: Use the keywords below to complete the sentences.

lubricant​ surfaces​ smooth​​ slipping​​ brakes​ ​ force​ ​ heat​ ​

friction​ ​ wear​ ​ rough

Friction is a ____________ caused by two ____________ moving over each other.

____________ surfaces produce more friction than ____________ surfaces.

Friction can be helpful, because it stops us ____________ when we walk, and ____________ that slow down cars or
bicycles could not work without friction.

Friction is not always useful. It can cause ____________ and ____________ away things that rub against each other.

Oil can reduce the amount of ____________. Oil stops the surfaces touching each other.

Liquids that reduce friction are called _____________.

RECALL TASK: Use the keywords below to complete the sentences.

lubricant​ surfaces​ smooth​​ slipping​​ brakes​ ​ force​ ​ heat​ ​

friction​ ​ wear​ ​ rough

Friction is a ____________ caused by two ____________ moving over each other.

____________ surfaces produce more friction than ____________ surfaces.

Friction can be helpful, because it stops us ____________ when we walk, and ____________ that slow down cars or
bicycles could not work without friction.

Friction is not always useful. It can cause ____________ and ____________ away things that rub against each other.

Oil can reduce the amount of ____________. Oil stops the surfaces touching each other.

Liquids that reduce friction are called _____________.

RECALL TASK: Use the keywords below to complete the sentences.

lubricant​ surfaces​ smooth​​ slipping​​ brakes​ ​ force​ ​ heat​ ​

friction​ ​ wear​ ​ rough

Friction is a ____________ caused by two ____________ moving over each other.

____________ surfaces produce more friction than ____________ surfaces.

Friction can be helpful, because it stops us ____________ when we walk, and ____________ that slow down cars or
bicycles could not work without friction.

Friction is not always useful. It can cause ____________ and ____________ away things that rub against each other.

Oil can reduce the amount of ____________. Oil stops the surfaces touching each other.

Liquids that reduce friction are called _____________.

DRAG FORCES AND FRICTION​ Name:
 INVESTIGATING FRICTION

Setting the scene

Friction is a force that slows down moving objects or stops objects moving. You will
plan an investigation to find out how friction depends on the types of surfaces involved
or the force of a block on the surface.

Aims
In this practical you will:

▪​state the effects of friction

▪​describe factors affecting friction

▪​explain why friction slows things down.

You will be working scientifically to:

▪​make a prediction you will test

▪​design an investigation
▪​record measurements
▪​describe what your results show.
Safety

▪​Do not overload springs on newtonmeters.

Equipment and materials

▪​newtonmeter (0–1 N, 0–5 N)

▪​6 × 100 g masses

▪​identical wood blocks about 15 cm2 with an eye on one side and different surfaces underneath

▪​different surfaces for the blocks to slide on

Prediction
Predict how to make friction for the wood block as large as possible using the equipment provided.
(If friction is large, a large force is needed to make the block move.)
Method
You will investigate one factor (surface type, surface area, or the weight of the block).

1​ Write down the independent variable (what you change).

2​ How will you change the independent variable?

3​ Write down the dependent variable (what you will measure).

4​ What equipment will you use to measure this?

5​ Write down the control variable (what you will keep the same).

6​ Prepare the results table on the next page for your investigation.

7​ Take readings by measuring the force needed to keep the block moving.

8​ Record your readings in your table.

9​ Plot your results. Decide if a bar chart or a line graph is best.

 Results

Force Needed to Pull Object (Newtons)

Surfac
Try Try Try Averag
e
1 2 3 e

Questions
1​ Describe what your results show. Use your results to explain your answer.

2​ Did your results match your prediction? Explain your answer.

Challenge
Static friction is the force needed to make an object start moving. Sliding friction is the force
needed to keep the object moving. How could you investigate the difference between static friction
and sliding friction?
 Homework - Moving light

Task 1: Match up the key language to its meaning

Task 2: Complete the ray diagrams

Task 3: Write S (for sound) or L (for light) next to each of these statements.
a can travel through empty space …………..

b travels at 330 m/s in air………………..

c transverse wave ………….

d travels at 300 000 000 m/s in air ……………...

e can travel through all solid objects ……………

f longitudinal wave ………………

EXTN:

a The cinema screen is made from a material that………………………………………………….

light well.

b It is dark under the seats because they are ……………………………………………… (light

cannot go through them) so they form a ……………………………………………………….

 Lesson 3 Refraction Homework

LO: To understand what refraction is

State what refraction is

Investigate refraction
Explain the difference between reflection and refraction

Key word

When light is bent when travelling

between two different materials.

What ‘R’ is the name for light changing direction?

​

Task 2: Label the diagrams

Aim
To investigate what happens when a ray of light travels through a glass block.

air glass normal ray box

1.​ Draw around the glass block

2.​ Shine the light ray onto the glass block
3.​ Draw the ray of light going into the block and out of the block
4.​ Use a ruler to join the lines up
5.​ Change the angle and repeat

Complete the missing words

I noticed that the ray of light is refracted (away

from/towards) the normal when it goes into a glass block. The ray of light is refracted

(away from/towards) the normal when it comes out of a glass block. The ray coming out

of the glass block is (parallel/at right angles) to the ray going

into the block.

 Physics

Light
Reflection

Light reflects at the same angle as it hits a surface.

Refraction

As light enters another medium, it changes speed.

●​ As it enters a medium where it slows down (e.g. air to glass), the ray of light moves
towards the normal.
●​ As it enters a medium where it speeds up, it moves away from the normal.
Dispersion

White light is made up of all of the colours of the spectrum (rainbow). The order of these
colours is: Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet

Sound travels at 330m/s. It is much slower than light which travels at 300000000m/s.
This is why you see lightning before you hear the thunder.
Pressure in Fluids Multiple Choice Questions
Tick one box.
1. The images show force diagrams of four boats.
Which diagram correctly shows a floating boat?
A.
B. A) B)
C.
D.

C) D)

2. Which statement gives the best description for atmospheric pressure?

A. The layer of gas around the Earth.
B. The pressure created by the atmosphere.
C. The pressure created by the collisions of air particles.
D. The pressure exerted on an object when submerged within a liquid.

3. A plastic bottle is filled with water. Three holes are then pricked in the bottle in a
vertical line.
Which of the following is not an expression you would use to describe a stream of
water from a hole nearer the top of the bottle.
A. not continuous
B. reaches a far distance from the bottle
C. shallow angle between the stream and the bottle
D. weak

4. Which of the following statements is not true about liquid pressure?

A. Liquid pressure acts in all directions.
B. Liquid pressure increases as you get deeper.
C. Liquid pressure increases as you move towards the surface.
D. Liquid pressure is caused by the weight of the liquid above.

1 of 3
 Pressure in Fluids Multiple Choice Questions
5. Which statement gives the best description for liquid pressure?
A. The force exerted by particle collisions.
B. The pressure exerted on an object when submerged within a liquid.
C. The pressure exerted on an object when submerged within water.
D. The pressure on a liquid.

6. The diagram shows an image of the atmosphere.

Where is atmospheric pressure smallest?
A.
B.
C. A
D.

7. The density of water is 1000 kg/m3.

Which object from the table will float on water?

Object Density (kg/m3)

A iron bar 7800

B plastic (PVC) 1400

C MDF board 700

D sandstone 2600

2 of 3
 Pressure in Fluids Multiple Choice Questions
8. Which statement correctly explains why atmospheric pressure is greatest nearest
the ground?
A. The weight of the atmosphere above decreases the closer you get to the surface of
the Earth. This compresses air particles together, causing a larger rate of particle
collisions.
B. The weight of the atmosphere above decreases the closer you get to the surface
of the Earth. This compresses the air particles together, causing a smaller rate of
particle collisions.
C. The weight of the atmosphere above increases the closer you get to the surface of
the Earth. This compresses air particles together, causing a larger rate of particle
collisions.
D. The weight of the atmosphere above increases the closer you get to the surface
of the Earth. This reduces the rate of particle collisions since particles are more
spaced out.

9. Which of the following substances is a fluid?

A. air
B. diamond
C. plastic
D. rock

10. You can explain the buoyancy of an object by considering the relative densities of the
object and fluid or by…
A. comparing the size of the friction and air resistance acting on the object
B. comparing the size of the friction and upthrust acting on the object
C. comparing the size of the tension and weight acting on the object
D. comparing the size of the upthrust and weight acting on the object

3 of 3
Define and explain the term ‘Fluid pressure. The equation to calculate Write down a ‘worked example’ to show you
Sketch a diagram to help you explain fluid pressure is: how to use the fluid pressure equation:
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________

1: Forces Why are gases compressible but liquids are not?

1.4: Pressure
State two ways you Sketch and label a diagram to explain How do the brakes of a car use liquid pressure?
can increase gas ‘atmospheric pressure’
pressure:
1. .

2. .
Write down two factors that affect the State what happens to liquid pressure
Key words and definitions:
upthrust on a floating object: as you go deeper in a lake:
1. ______________________________
______________________________
Ext: try to explain this:
2. ______________________________
______________________________
______________________________

Explain the term ‘stress’

___________________________________
___________________________________
1: Forces
___________________________________
_______________________________
1.4: Pressure
The equation used to calculate stress: Write down a ‘worked example’ to show
you how to use the stress equation:
 Progress check – 8J light
(Quick Quiz)
(Multiple choice)
1) Complete the sentence. An opaque object allows:
a. some light to pass through it
b. all light to pass through it.
c. no light to pass through it.
d. diagonal light to pass through it.

2) Which of these statements is not true?

a. Opaque objects reflect or absorb light.
b. Transparent objects let light pass through them.
c. Translucent objects scatter the light that passes through them.
d. Translucent objects do not reflect light.

3) Which of these statements is true?

a. Sound travels faster than light.
b. Sound can travel through a vacuum.
c. Light can pass through a vacuum.
d. Thunder comes before lightning.

4) Which parts of the eye are transparent?

a. lens only
b. lens and retins
c. lens and cornea
d. lens and iris

5) If a light ray bounces off a plane mirror at 21O, what angle did it hit the mirror at?
a. 16O
b. 24O
c. 45O
d. 21O

6) The light ray that strikes the mirror is called the:

a. Incident ray
b. Refracted ray
c. Reflected ray
d. emerging ray

7) When light hits an opaque surface it scatters in all directions. What do we call this type of reflection?
a. Complete reflection
b. Partial reflection
c. Mess reflections
d. Diffuse reflection

8) When viewing an image in a mirror the image is always the same size, but what else happens?
a. The left and right side swap over.
b. The object appears to be closer.
c. The left and right side remain on the same side.
d. The object appears to be further away.

9) Refractions is what happens when light:

a. hits an opaque object.
b. bounces off a mirror.
c. is scattered unevenly by a rough surface.
d. changes direction as it goes from one substance into another.

10) Refraction occurs because:

a. light speeds up when is goes from air to glass or water.
b. light slows down when is goes from air to glass or water.
c. light stops when it goes from air to glass or water.
d. light reflects inside transparent materials.
 Mark Scheme

1)​ C
2)​ D
3)​ C
4)​ C
5)​ D
6)​ A
7)​ D
8)​ A
9)​ D
10)​B

1a) L b) S c) L d) L e) S f) S

2)
 Reflections in Mirrors
Task: follow the directions in each box to fully complete the ray diagrams.
1) Draw the ray lines to show how we see an 2) Draw the ray lines showing the direction light
image through a periscope. travelled from the ray box to the sensor.

3) Label the incident ray, reflection ray, angle of incidence, angle of reflection, normal line.

Extension: Measure and record the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection on at least
three of the mirrors. What do you notice between the two angles?
B Sargeant JESS ARS
Year 8 Physics Revision Topics Checklist

8I Fluids
€​ The Particle Model
€​ Change of states
€​ Calculating Density
€​ Density of regular objects
€​ Density of irregular objects
€​ Pressure in Fluids
€​ Floating and Sinking
€​ Drag
8J Light
€​ Seeing things
€​ Light on the move
€​ Reflection
€​ Refraction
€​ Camera and eyes
€​ Structure and function of the eye
€​ Lenses
€​ Correcting vision
€​ Colour
€​ Dispersion
€​ Filters
Solids, Liquids and Gases
Answer in Full Sentences.

Q1) What is everything made up of?

Q2) Name the three states of matter.

Q3) Which of the three states of matter has a regular shape?

Q4) Which state of matter can be easily compressed?

Q5) Explain your answer to question 4 above.

Q6) Complete this sentence: the less dense (lighter) a gas, the ________ it moves.

Q7) As the temperature of a fixed mass of gas is increased, what happens to its

pressure?

Q8) If a fixed mass of gas is put into a larger container, what happens to its

pressure?

Q9) If the temperature of a fixed mass of gas is increased, what happens to the

volume of the gas?

Q10) Explain the meaning of 1) melting; 2) condensing; 3) solidifying.

Solids, Liquids and Gases

 Answers
Atomic Structure

A1) Particles.

A2) Solid, liquid, gas.

A3) Solid.

A4) Gas.

A5) Large spaces between the particles in gases so they can easily be pushed

together (compressed).

A6) Complete this sentence: the less dense (lighter) a gas is, the faster it moves.

A7) It increases.

A8) It decreases.

A9) It increases.

A10) 1) Melting – solid to liquid; 2) condensing – gas to liquid; 3) solidifying – liquid to

solid.

8K Light
Answer in Full Sentences.

> Yr 8, 8K Properties of Waves; Light and Sound

Q1) How does light energy move?

Q2) What Is reflection?

Q3) Give the three rules of reflection.

Q4) What happens to light rays when they pass from air into glass?

Q5) What happens to light rays when they pass from glass into air?

Q6) What do we call this effect which happens to light waves when they pass from

one medium to another?

Q7) What is dispersion?

Q8) Why does a red jersey appear red?

Q9) What are the primary colours for light?

Q10) Name the secondary colours for light and say how each is made.

8K Light
Answers
> Yr 8, 8K Properties of Waves; Light and Sound

A1) By transverse waves.

A2) When light bounces off a surface.

A3) 1) Angle of incidence = angle of reflection. 2) The image is always the same

distance behind the mirror as the object is in front. 3) The image is always the

same size as the object.

A4) They slow down.

A5) They speed up.

A6) Refraction.

A7) When white light is split up into a spectrum (colours of the rainbow).

A8) The red jersey absorbs all colours except red which it reflects.

A9) Red, green, blue.

A10) Yellow = red + green; cyan = blue + green; magenta = red + blue.