AN ANALYSIS OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACT

IN JANE EYRE MOVIE AND

ITS CONTRIBUTION TO ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING
(ELT)

A RESEARCH PROPOSAL

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Sarjana Pendidikan in English Education

By :

Hidayatusyifa Nuzula
2519061

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF EDUCATION AND TEACHER TRAINING
INSTITUT AGAMA ISLAM NEGERI PEKALONGAN
2023

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 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

This chapter displays the background of the study, formulation of the

problem, operational definition, aims of the study, and sigficance of the study.

1.1 Bacground of the Study

Everyone believes that communication makes us exist in life. The
mainstay of their lives is now communication. Humans communicate by
using language. One of the most crucial aspect of daily living fir humans
language. Language makes it simpler for people to interact with one
another since it allows them to speak freely with one another. The
utilization of action as well as language occurs when people communicate.
In order to effectively communicate with one another, people must
therefore be able to do speech acts, which are the acceptable uses of a
language.
The development of the times makes it easier for humans to
communicate with other humans. Currently, communication can be done
anywhere without being limited by distance and time. Communication can
be divided into two types, the first is direct or verbal communication and
the second is indirect or written communication. Oral communication, at
this time can not only be done by just looking directly at each other or
meeting face to face. But at this time verbal communication can use
electronic media as a means so that it really helps each individual to
communicate without having to meet in person. Communication has a
meaning as an expression or intention to be conveyed by the interlocutor
to the interlocutor. But sometimes the intent that the speaker wants to
convey cannot be understood by the listener. This happens because many
factors influence it. To be able to understand the meaning of conveyed by
the speaker, it can be studied or studied using linguistic studies in
pragmatic studies.

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 Koutchade (2017: 226), what is meant by the study of language
pragmatics is a study that investigates aspects of meaning that exist in
utterances that do not originate from the formal nature of words or
constructions in the sentence. But the investigation of meaning in speech is
by looking at how the utterance is used or used and how it relates to a
particular context in pragmatic studies. Understanding the meaning
conveyed by someone will be easier if we understand pragmatics.
The speaker primarily makes the utterances by intending the
meaning, while the hearer essentially infers the speaker's meaning when
constructing the communication. According to Searle (1969), when
someone speaks, they carry out five basic actions: they assure the listener
of the information they believe in (representative); they express someone
else's feelings (expressive); they ask the listener to do something
(directive); they promise to carry out a specific action in the future
(commissive); and they turn someone else's world into an external
situation (declarative). Based on the explanation above, the authore
propose to employ the research about the illocutionary act analysis to
analyze the speech act which includes five types of illocutionary speech
act by Jane Eyre Movie.
Various illocutionary acts may also be performed by the movie's
characters. In their interactions with the other characters, the characters
frequently express their intentions with their words (illocutionary forces).
It is challenging for the listener to comprehend or identify the right
illocutionary force due to the ambiguity of illocutionary acts, which might
vary depending on the context of an utterance. However, it may be simpler
if you can take in the context of the dialogue that the characters in the
movie have. As a result, a movie can be an effective medium for the
pragmatics-based teaching and learning of English. Additionally, it is
common knowledge that people use movies for a variety of purposes
today. In addition to being employed as a form of entertainment, movies
are also used as communication and educational tools. People can learn

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 about a variety of linguistic topics, including the branches of linguistics
such as syntax, semantics, pragmatics, etc., through movies. People of
different ages enjoy watching movies in a variety of genres.
Based on the background above, the writer is interested in conducting
a study entitled “AN ANALYSIS OF ILLUCOTIONARY ACTS FOUND
IN THE JANE EYRE MOVIE and its CONTRIBUTION IN ENGLISH
LANGUAGE TEACHING (ELT) “. The writer chose to select "Jane
Eyre" as the object of analysis in this investigation because the author,
upon first seeing this film, realized that the characters in this film often
utter their statements with illocutionary force during conversations with
other characters expressed. . In addition, the film "Jane Eyre" also has an
interesting plot with a full story that contains moral values that make this
film popular with teenagers. In this study, based on Searle's theory, the
author will find and analyze the types of illocutionary acts contained in the
film Jane Eyre. According to Searle (1979:12-30), there are five types of
illocutionary action, namely assertive, directive, compromising,
expressive, and declarative.

1.2 Formulation of Problems

According the writer reason of analyzing the problem, to gives statement
of the problem as follows:
1. What are the type of illocutionary acts found in the movie jane
eyre?
2. What is the most dominant type of illocutionary act found the the
movie jane eyre?
3. What is the contribution of the movie jane eyre in English
Language Teaching (ELT)?

1.3 Operational Definition

The key term that is used in this study, the writer wants to define. The key
terms is as follows:

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 1. Illocutionary Act
Acording to Keylli (2012) in his scientific work that Illocutionary
acts are words and actions uttered by the speaker that have a
specific purpose. For example, We are very happy for your
presence at this party. This sentence shows how grateful the
listener is.
2. Pragmatics
Leech (1989:13) pragmatics is the study of meaning in
relation to speech situations. Therefore, the prerequisites are What
is needed to carry out a pragmatic analysis of speech, including
speech that contains conversational implicatures, is an utterance
situation that supports the existence of an utterance in a
conversation. The speech situation includes the following
elements: (1) speakers and speaker; (2) context; (3) purpose; (4)
speech acts or verbal acts; (5) speech as a product of verbal acts;
(6) time; and (7) place.
Wijana (1992: 2) citated in Yuniarti: 2014: 227) in his
book Basics of Pragmatics suggests that pragmatics is a branch of
linguistics that studies the structure of language externally, namely
how linguistic units are used in communication. So the meaning
studied in pragmatics is context-bound meaning or in other words
examines the speaker's intention.
3. Movie
Collection of several scenes. Movies contain scenes, objects,
effects, and actions because all of these elements actually make up
the animation in a movie.

1.4 Aims of the Study

According to the formulation of the study above, the writer states the aims
of the study as follows:

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 1. To find out the types of illocutionary act found in the movie “Jane
Eyre”
2. To find out the most dominant of illocutionary act found in the
movie “Jane Eyre”
3. To find out the contribution of the illocutionary act found in the
movie “Jane Eyre” in teaching English.

1.5 Significance of the Study

The following significances is expected from the result of this study:
1. Theoretically
This study is anticipated to give readers—teachers or students—
more information about pragmatics, particularly speech acts that
can be studied and then used in daily activities.
2. Practically
When people watch "Jane Eyre" and other movies in their daily
lives, including the researcher or the author herself, they should be
able to comprehend the characters' illocutionary acts. This will
make the activity of watching movies more enjoyable because the
message will be communicated more clearly. It will also encourage
people to learn English and serve as a reference for future research.

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 CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

In this chapter, the writer elaborates literature related to this research. This
chapter divide three sub capter the first is literature review, the second previous
studies, and the third is conceptual framework.

2. 1 Literatre Review
1. Pragmatic
Context understanding is very necessary in pragmatic
analysis. Why? Starting from this understanding of the context, the
internal language units a story can be explained. Context is all
related aspects with the physical and social environment of a
speech. Leech (1989:13) interpret context as background
knowledge of speech equally owned both by speaker and by the
speaker and who helps the speaker interpret the meaning of speech.
Thus, context can refer to utterances before and after the intended
speech, referring to the surrounding circumstances relating to
participant habits, customs, and culture Public. Context can also
refer to physical, mental, and mental conditions knowledge that is
in the minds of speaker and internal speaker. The elements of time
and place are related closely related to these things. Therefore,
context plays a big role in the interpretation of speech power. In
every conversation, utterances always contain the goals to be
achieved by speaker. Goals can be in the form of personal goals
that are reflected by propositions in speech or in the form of social
goals such as adhering to pragmatic principles in the form of the
principle of cooperation and the principle of courtesy. Typical
personal goals achieved through social goals. In this case Leech
felt more appropriate use the term purpose or function rather than
using the intended meaning the speaker or the intention of the

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 speaker to say something. Closely related to the goal is speech acts,
especially illocutionary acts or what are usually just called
illocutionary. The act plays the role of negotiating a speaker
between the speaker and the internal speaker communication.
Speech acts were originally coined by a British
philosopher, Austin (1962), in his book How to Do Things with
words. Austin basically views that humans, by using language can
perform actions called speech acts. Austin (1962: 101)
distinguishes there are three kinds of speech acts, namely
locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary. All three occurred
simultaneously. Locutionary links a topic with a statement in an
expression (subject-predicate). Illocution is the act of thinking
about a statement, offer, question, and so on. Perlocutionary is the
result or effect caused by the utterance on the hearer in accordance
with the situation and conditions of the utterance. According to
Nababan (1987:18), in linguistics locutionary can be equated with
predication, illocutionary with sentence form (based on its
meaning), and perlocutionary with the intention of expression.
Based on Austin's idea, Searle (1987:24), a student of
Austin, suggests that a speech act supports three kinds of acts that
occur simultaneously, namely (1) the act of uttering a word; (2)
reference and predication which are called propositional acts
(propositional acts); and (3) statements, questions, orders,
promises, and so on which are called illocutionary acts. Of the
three types of action, illocutionary acts or in short illocutionary
acts then play an important role in pragmatic studies. Gunarwan
(1994:43) stated the same thing that speech acts have an important
position in pragmatics because speech acts are one of the units of
analysis.

2. The Theory of Speech Act

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 When engaging in social interactions, people don't just
produce meaningful utterances. However, people often perform
several types of actions such as expressing opinions, thanking,
apologizing, making promises, warning, ordering, explaining, and
other actions, through the speech they produce. Such actions are
known as speech acts. Speech act theory was originally put
forward by a language philosopher named John L Austen. In his
work entitled "How To Do Things With Word", he refutes the
assumptions of logical positivism groups which assume that
sentences are considered to have only one function, namely to
explain or describe a particular situation or fact where the truth and
falsity of sentences can always be proven. Otherwise, the sentence
will be considered meaningless. Through the theory of speech acts
which was later defended and developed by John R Searle, Austen
(1962) argues that when people say something, people are actually
doing certain actions other than stating facts or situations. This
kind of utterance is defined by Austen as performative utterance.
According to Yule (1996:47), a speech act is a physical act
carried out through the use of a grammatically well-organized
series of linguistic expressions produced by human speech organs.
Koeger (2018: 179) states that "speech acts are actions that
speakers perform by speaking." In other words, speech acts can be
explained as the actions of the speaker conveyed in the form of
utterances, and are deliberately addressed to the listener during the
communication process. By conveying actions using speech, it is
not impossible for speakers to demand their listeners to properly
interpret what action the speaker wants to take through his speech
and provide appropriate responses to his actions. In this case, both
listeners and speakers are assisted by the context surrounding the
communication process so that misinterpretation of utterances can
be avoided.

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 Another definition of speech acts is put forward by Dela &
Sembiring (2018:23). They explained that speech act is a linguistic
study that discusses the meaning and function of utterances. It can
be said that the study of speech acts focuses on the meaning of
utterances and how these meaningful utterances can be used to
perform actions. However, what kind of speech act the speaker
wants to perform cannot always be determined based on the literal
meaning of the resulting utterance (Searle, 1969:18). This is
because people often say utterances that have a true hidden
meaning or purpose. Therefore, it is necessary for the listener to
observe and infer the contextual situation to get the right
interpretation of the utterance, so that the listener can know what
type of speech act is being performed by the speaker. Although in
some cases, people say utterances that have the same literal
meaning as the intentional meaning.
The phenomenon of the speech act undoubtfully occurs in
every aspect of the life of human being. Speech acts can be found
very often either in written or oral forms such as in movies, novels,
songs, advertisements, or even in the social interaction which takes
place in daily life. It's due to the business of communication is
basically not only mouthing or producing utterances with meaning
and reference, but also expressing particular actions, intentions or
purposes.
Austen (1962) distinguished action which is committed
through the use of linguistics expression into three major levels,
they are as follow:
1. Locutionary Act
Locutionary acts are basic speech acts performed by
people. According to Austen as quoted in Horn & Ward,
(2004:54) "A locutionary act is an act of speaking". In other
words, locutionary acts can be defined as actions in which

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 speakers produce a series of linguistic forms with specific
references and meanings by using speech tools. If someone
is unable to make linguistic expressions that are
grammatically arranged which causes his speech to be
meaningless, that person will be considered a failure or
unable to perform locutionary acts (Yule, 1996:48). it is an
utterance literally produced by the speaker with no hidden
meaning. For example: if the speaker says "it's cold here", it
means that the speaker really feels very cold, the speaker
refers to the temperature where the speaker utters the
utterance.

2. Illocutionary Act
The intention of the speaker in uttering a linguistic
expression with meaning and reference can be defined as an
illocutionary act. Horn & Ward (2004:54) states that
illocutionary acts can be defined as "actions performed in
speaking", which means that illocutionary acts are what the
speaker does with the words he utters at that time.
According to Paltidge, (2018:40) illocutionary acts are
defined as the speaker's intent (or purpose) in uttering or
producing utterances.
During the process of social interaction between
speakers and listeners, speakers do not only produce
utterances (speech with meaning and reference). However,
at the same time, the speaker also has a certain purpose or
intention (power) hidden in his mind. This hidden intention
(power) is the intended action addressed by the speaker to
his listeners. This action can be an act of asking, an act of
apologizing, an act of giving an opinion, an act of
convincing, an act of informing, etc. Thus, in order for the

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listener to correctly determine the power hidden behind the
speaker's speech, the listener is required to investigate the
context surrounding the communication process.
Illocutionary acts are an important part of studying speech
acts (Amelia & Firdaus, 2018: 129).
After carrying out certain illocutionary acts, it is not
impossible for the speaker to expect the listener to realize
the speaker's intention and then provide an appropriate
response to it. However, it is often not easy for the listener
to determine what kind of illocutionary act the speaker is
performing because of the ambiguity of the illocutionary
act. Sometimes utterances with the same grammatical
structure may have different illocutionary strengths.
Therefore, listeners are required to see the context around
the interaction process. In some cases, apart from being
assisted by context, listeners are also assisted by the
presence of IFIDs to clarify illocutionary intent.
According Yuniar (2021), IFIDs (illocutionary style
indicating devices) are devices used to determine
illocutionary style (the speaker's intention in conveying the
utterance or the type of illocutionary act performed by the
speaker). It can be a performative verb; performative verbs
are action verbs located in speech slots. The presence of a
performative verb in an utterance or utterance makes it very
easy and explicit to determine what type of illocutionary act
is being performed by the speaker. However, most of the
time, no performative verb is mentioned in the utterance. In
this case, other IFIDs that can be identified are word order,
stress, mood, and speech intonation.
An example of an illocutionary act is when the
speaker says "it's frozen here". The speaker may intend for

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 the listener to do something for him so that he will not feel
cold anymore such as asking the listener to turn off the air
conditioner for him. It depends on the context.

3. Perlocutionary Act
As stated by the author in the previous section that after
carrying out certain illocutionary acts, it is not impossible
for speakers to expect their listeners to realize the speaker's
intentions and then provide an appropriate response (which
can be in the form of actions, feelings, or thoughts). The
response was defined as an act of perlocution. Horn &
Ward (2004:54) states that "perlocutionary actions are a
consequence or by-product of speaking". Consequence, or
what the speaker wants to achieve by saying certain
meaningful linguistic expressions with hidden intention
(force) to his listeners. In line with that, Paltidge (2018: 40)
defines perlocutionary acts as a result of the speech that the
speaker has to his listeners, which means that
perlocutionary acts are actions taken, thoughts, or feelings
expressed by listeners. in response to the speech of the
speaker addressed to him. An example of a perlocutionary
speech act is when a speaker says "it's freezing here" with
the intention (forcing) is to ask the listener to turn off the
air conditioner for him, then the listener should respond by
performing a perlocutionary speech act: the listener turns
off the air conditioner for the speaker.
2.2 Previous Studies
There are some previous studies related to the present
studies entitled “An Analysis of Illocutionary Act in Jane Eyre Movie and
its contribution in English Language Teaching (ELT)” which are used as
the guidelines in conducting the present study.

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 Ribka Simbolon & Tiara Pasaribu (2009) conducted a study
entitled "An Analysis of Illocutionary Acts In New Moon Movie". The
findings indicated that New Moon movie applied five types of
illocutionary acts: declarations, representatives, expressives, directives,
and commissives. The total calculations and percentages of illocutionary
acts in each type are declarations 57 (15.04%), representatives 114
(30.08%), expressives 43 (11.35%), directives 127 (33.50%), commissives
38 (10.03%). The dominant type of illocutionary acts is directives 127
(33.50%).
Wulan Angelia & Ambalegin (2019), conducted a study entitled
"ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS ON ALADDIN MOVIE 2019". It was found
the 30 utterances of illocutionary acts. The data were classified into five;
directives, assertives, declaratives, commissives, and expressives). From
30 illocutionary acts, directives were the most frequent types of
illocutionary act because the main characters mostly expressed their
utterances in direct way such as by ordering, requesting, asking and
commanding. conversely, the declarative type of illocutionary act was not
appeared in this research because the characters that performed the
utterance contained illocutionary act were not selected as the data to
analyze. The functions of types of illocutionary acts were directive (ask,
command, order, request, beg, plead, pray, entreat, invite, permit, and
advise), assertives (description ,a claim ,a statement of fact , a report ,and a
conclusion), declaratives (forbidding, classifying, forgiving), commissives
(committing, promising, offering, threatening, refusing,), expressives
(apologizing, thanking, congratulating, condoling, deploring, and
welcoming).
Hidayani, Yuniar Azzizah (2021). An Analysis of Illocutionary
Acts Found in The Movie “Toy Story 4.” The result of the research, it is
shown that there are the entire five types of illocutionary acts. From the
total 417 utterances which contain illocutionary act, there were 164
utterances belong to assertive, 163 utterances belong to directive, 66

14
utterances belong to expressive , 23 utterances belong to commissive, and
1 utterance belong to declarative illocutionary act, the most dominant type
of illocutionary acts which are performed by the main characters of the
movie “Toy Story 4” – Woody & Bo Peep – are assertive (39,33 % out of
100%), and directives (39.09% out of 100%). In addition, the result of this
research can be contributed as a teaching media in teaching English.
Puspitasari, Zahra (2018), study entitled ANALYSIS OF SPEECH
ACT IN HANSEL AND GRETEL WITCH HUNTERS MOVIE AND
ITS CONTRIBUTION TO ELT, find that some results of this study were
as follows: 1) The writer found 77 utterances of representative, 162
utterances of directive, 62 utterances of commissive, 130 utterances of
expressive, and 169 utterances of declarative 2) It also reflected based on
some characters on its movie 3) This can be a reference to study about
speech acts. From the study findings and discussion, it is concluded that all
the utterances in the movie script has contribution to English Language
Teaching (ELT). Based on the conclusion, the writer would like to offer
some suggestions: 1) The students should explore more about speech act
theories based on some experts, like Austin and Searle's theory 2) The
researcher can be analyzed more deeply this movie which many types of
speech act there.
Based on the previous studies above, it can be seen that there are
some similarities and differences between this research and previous
research. The similarities between previous research and current research
can be seen in the focus and research methods. Similar to this study, the
focus of previous research was to find out the types of illocutionary acts
and the dominant types of illocutionary acts. In addition, the research
method used in this study is the same as the research method used in
previous studies where both the previous researchers and the authors of
this study used descriptive qualitative methods. On the other hand, there
are also differences between this study and previous studies. This
difference can be seen in the object of research. This study uses the film

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 "Jane Eyre" as a research object. However, most previous research used
novels, speeches and YouTube videos as research objects, although there
were also previous studies using films as research objects. Apart from that,
what differentiates this research from previous research is that, in this
study, the writer tries to find out the contribution of this research in
teaching English. The writer assumes that it will be more interesting to
study English, especially materials that discuss everyday expressions
through the use of films. This is because this film is loved by all ages
because of the diversity of genres, and the solid storyline that will prevent
students from getting bored. Therefore, it is expected to increase people's
motivation to learn English. In addition, because the film "Jane Eyre" is a
story from a novel which was later filmed, making the film Jane Eyre so
popular that there are two versions, namely the 2010 version and the 2011
version, so the writer is curious to know what kind of illocutionary acts are
performed in this film.
2.3 Conceptual Framework

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 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH PROCEDURE

3.1 Research Methodology

The qualitative descriptive research method is the method used by
the writer in conducting this research with the title "An Analysis of
Illocutionary Acts in Jane Eyre Movie and its Contribution to English
Language Teaching (ELT)". In this research, the writer analyzes the types
of illocutionary acts contained in the dialogues of the main characters of
the film "Jane Eyre" based on Searle's theory of speech acts.
Fundamentally, Qualitative Descriptive Research can be defined as a
procedure for finding scientific information in the form of textual
descriptions in certain data or content. According to Bodgan and Tylor in
Moleong (1990: 3) as quoted in Margono (2010: 36), qualitative research
is a research procedure that produces descriptive data in the form of
spoken or written speech belonging to people and certain behaviors that
can be observed.
This method was chosen by the writer to be used because in this
research the writer intends not only to find out the types of illocutionary
acts in jane eyre movie, but also to find out the meaning or interpretation
of the illocutionary acts found in the jane eyre movie and the contribution
of this research in teaching English.
3.2 Research Contex
In this research, the research instrument is the role of the writer.
This is because this research is a qualitative research where the researcher
is considered a "Human Instrument". Therefore, the author is the person
who collects data, the person who analyzes this research data, and the
person who draws conclusions from the data that has been analyzed, and
makes it the findings of this study (Sugiyono, 2019). :294). The author
made observations on a film entitled "Jane Eyre", collected data in the
form of the main characters' utterances that contained illocutionary acts,

17
 then the author analyzed the collected data to find out what illocutionary
acts existed in the film, the purpose of the illocutionary acts found in the
film, and what types of illocutionary acts are most dominantly performed
by the main character in the film.
3.3 Data Collection
Collecting data can be considered as an important step in
conducting research as well as analyzing data because it is impossible for
researchers to conduct research if there is no data to examine. There are
several methods or data collection techniques that are likely to be used by
researchers in conducting qualitative research methods. They are
participant observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation
(Sugiyono, 2019: 297). Documents are records of events that took place or
occurred in the past. It can be in the form of pictures, scriptures, and
someone's monumental work (Sugiyono, 2019: 314). In collecting research
data, documentary analysis was chosen to be used by the authors by
following several procedures:
1. Downloading the film "Jane Eyre" and its transcript on the Internet.
2. Watching movies and reading scripts repeatedly.
3. Find out which illocutionary acts (regardless of type) are contained in the
dialogues of the main characters of the film.
4. Performing illocutionary acts which are collected into notes for later
analysis using Searle's speech act theory.
3.4 Data Analysis
According to Sugiyono (2019: 348), descriptive analysis is a data
analysis technique applied by researchers when conducting qualitative
research on purpose to understand the message, or the uniqueness of the
particular object being studied; to understand social processes and or
interactions. In analyzing the data of this study, the author applied
Descriptive Analysis Techniques because the purpose of this study was to
find out the message, or the meaning of the illocutionary acts contained in
the film "Jane Eyre". The techniques are as follows:

18
1. Identifying the illocutionary acts in the film “Jane Eyre”.
2. Classifying illocutionary acts based on Searle's classification of
illocutionary acts which are assertive, commissive, expressive,
declarative, and directive.
3. Describe the meaning of illocutionary acts in the film ”Jane Eyre”
4. Make conclusions.

19
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