1. What is Microprocessor? Give the power supply & clock frequency of 8085?

Ans: A microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable logic device that reads binary

instructions from a storage device called memory accepts binary data as input and
processes data according to those instructions and provides result as output. The power
supply of 8085 is +5V and clock frequency in 3MHz.

2. List few applications of microprocessor-based system.

Ans: It is used:

i. For measurements, display and control of current, voltage, temperature, pressure, etc.
ii. For traffic control and industrial tool control.
iii. For speed control of machines.

3. What are the functions of an accumulator?

Ans: The accumulator is the register associated with the ALU operations and sometimes
I/O operations. It is an integral part of ALU. It holds one of data to be processed by ALU.
It also temporarily stores the result of the operation performed by the ALU.

4. List the 16 – bit registers of 8085 microprocessor.

Ans: Stack pointer (SP) and Program counter (PC).

5. List the allowed register pairs of 8085.

Ans:

* B-C register pair

* D-E register pair
* H-L register pair

6. Mention the purpose of SID and SOD lines

Ans: SID (Serial input data line): It is an input line through which the microprocessor
accepts serial data.
SOD (Serial output data line): It is an output line through which the microprocessor
sends output serial data.

7. What is an Opcode?

Ans: The part of the instruction that specifies the operation to be performed is called the
operation code or opcode.

8. What is the function of IO/M signal in the 8085?

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Ans: It is a status signal. It is used to differentiate between memory locations and I/O
operations. When this signal is low (IO/M = 0) it denotes the memory related operations.
When this signal is high (IO/M = 1) it denotes an I/O operation.

9. What is an Operand?

Ans: The data on which the operation is to be performed is called as an Operand.

10. How many operations are there in the instruction set of 8085 microprocessor?

Ans: There are 74 operations in the 8085 microprocessor.

11. List out the five categories of the 8085 instructions. Give examples of the
instructions for each group.

Ans:

* Data transfer group – MOV, MVI, LXI.

* Arithmetic group – ADD, SUB, INR.
* Logical group –ANA, XRA, CMP.
* Branch group – JMP, JNZ, CALL.
* Stack I/O and Machine control group – PUSH, POP, IN, HLT.

12. Explain the difference between a JMP instruction and CALL instruction.

Ans: A JMP instruction permanently changes the program counter. A CALL instruction
leaves information on the stack so that the original program execution sequence can be
resumed.

13. Explain the purpose of the I/O instructions IN and OUT.

Ans: The IN instruction is used to move data from an I/O port into the accumulator. The
OUT instruction is used to move data from the accumulator to an I/O port. The IN &
OUT instructions are used only on microprocessor, which use a separate address space
for interfacing.

14. What is the difference between the shift and rotate instructions?

Ans: A rotate instruction is a closed loop instruction. That is, the data moved out at one
end is put back in at the other end. The shift instruction loses the data that is moved out of
the last bit locations.

15. How many address lines in a 4096 x 8 EPROM CHIP?

Ans: 12 address lines.

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16. What are the Control signals used for DMA operation?

Ans:-HOLD & HLDA.

17. What is meant by Wait State?

Ans:- This state is used by slow peripheral devices. The peripheral devices can transfer
the data to or from the microprocessor by using READY input line. The microprocessor
remains in wait state as long as READY line is low. During the wait state, the contents of
the address, address/data and control buses are held constant.

18. List the four instructions which control the interrupt structure of the 8085
microprocessor.

Ans:-

* DI ( Disable Interrupts )
* EI ( Enable Interrupts )
* RIM ( Read Interrupt Masks )
* SIM ( Set Interrupt Masks )

19. What is meant by polling?

Ans:- Polling or device polling is a process which identifies the device that has
interrupted the microprocessor.

20. What is meant by interrupt?

Ans:- Interrupt is an external signal that causes a microprocessor to jump to a specific

subroutine.

21. Explain priority interrupts of 8085.

Ans:- The 8085 microprocessor has five interrupt inputs. They are TRAP, RST 7.5, RST
6.5, RST 5.5, and INTR. These interrupts have a fixed priority of interrupt service. If two
or more interrupts go high at the same time, the 8085 will service them on priority basis.
The TRAP has the highest priority followed by RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5. The priority
of interrupts in 8085 is shown in the table.
TRAP 1
RST 7.5 2
RST 6.5 3
RST 5.5 4
INTR 5

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22. What is a microcomputer?

Ans:- A computer that is designed using a microprocessor as its CPU is called

microcomputer.

23. What is the signal classification of 8085

Ans:- All the signals of 8085 can be classified into 6 groups

* Address bus
* Data bus
* Control and status signals
* Power supply and frequency signals
* Externally initiated signals
* Serial I/O ports

24. What are operations performed on data in 8085

Ans:- The various operations performed are

* Store 8-bit data

* Perform arithmetic and logical operations
* Test for conditions
* Sequence the execution of instructions
* Store data temporarily during execution in the defined R/W memory locations
called the stack

25. Steps involved to fetch a byte in 8085

Ans:-

i. The PC places the 16-bit memory address on the address bus

ii. The control unit sends the control signal RD to enable the memory chip
iii. The byte from the memory location is placed on the data bus
iv. The byte is placed in the instruction decoder of the microprocessor and the task is
carried out according to the instruction

26. How many interrupts does 8085 have, mention them

Ans:- The 8085 has 5 interrupt signals; they are INTR, RST7.5, RST6.5, RST5.5 and
TRAP

27. Basic concepts in memory interfacing

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Ans:- The primary function of memory interfacing is that the microprocessor should be
able to read from and write into a given register of a memory chip. To perform these
operations the microprocessor should

* Be able to select the chip

* Identify the register
* Enable the appropriate buffer

28. Define instruction cycle, machine cycle and T-state

Ans:-Instruction cycle is defined, as the time required completing the execution of an

instruction. Machine cycle is defined as the time required completing one operation of
accessing memory, I/O or acknowledging an external request. Tcycle is defined as one
subdivision of the operation performed in one clock period

29. What is an instruction?

Ans:-An instruction is a binary pattern entered through an input device to command the
microprocessor to perform that specific function

30. What is the use of ALE

Ans:-The ALE is used to latch the lower order address so that it can be available in T2
and T3 and used for identifying the memory address. During T1 the ALE goes high, the
latch is transparent ie, the output changes according to the input data, so the output of the
latch is the lower order address. When ALE goes low the lower order address is latched
until the next ALE.

31. How many machine cycles does 8085 have, mention them

Ans: The 8085 have seven machine cycles. They are

* Opcode fetch
* Memory read
* Memory write
* I/O read
* I/O write
* Interrupt acknowledge
* Bus idle

32. Explain the signals HOLD, READY and SID

Ans: HOLD indicates that a peripheral such as DMA controller is requesting the use of
address bus, data bus and control bus. READY is used to delay the microprocessor read
or write cycles until a slow responding peripheral is ready to send or accept data. SID is
used to accept serial data bit by bit

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33. Mention the categories of instruction and give two examples for each category.

Ans: The instructions of 8085 can be categorized into the following five categories

* Data transfer Instructions -MOV Rd,Rs, STA 16-bit

* Arithmetic Instructions -ADD R , DCR M
* Logical Instructions -XRI 8-bit , RAR
* Branching Instructions -JNZ CALL 16-bit
* Machine control Instructions -HLT , NOP

34. Explain LDA, STA and DAA instructions

Ans: LDA copies the data byte into accumulator from the memory location specified by
the 16-bit address. STA copies the data byte from the accumulator in the memory
location specified by 16-bit address. DAA changes the contents of the accumulator from
binary to 4-bit BCD digits.

35. Explain the different instruction formats with examples

Ans: The instruction set is grouped into the following formats

* One byte instruction -MOV C,A

* Two byte instruction -MVI A,39H
* Three byte instruction -JMP 2345H

36. What is the use of addressing modes, mention the different types

Ans: The various formats of specifying the operands are called addressing modes, it is
used to access the operands or data. The different types are as follows

* Immediate addressing
* Register addressing
* Direct addressing
* Indirect addressing
* Implicit addressing

37. What is the use of bi-directional buffers?

Ans: It is used to increase the driving capacity of the data bus. The data bus of a
microcomputer system is bi-directional, so it requires a buffer that allows the data to flow
in both directions.

38. Give the register organization of 8085

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Ans:

W(8) Temp. Reg

Z(8) Temp. Reg
B(8) Register
C(8) Register
D(8) Register
E(8) Register
H(8) Register
L(8) Register
Stack Pointer (16)
Program Counter (16)

39. Define stack and explain stack related instructions

Ans: The stack is a group of memory locations in the R/W memory that is used for the
temporary storage of binary information during the execution of the program. The stack
related instructions are PUSH & POP.

40. Why do we use XRA A instruction ?

Ans: The XRA A instruction is used to clear the contents of the Accumulator and store
the value 00H.

41. Compare CALL and PUSH instructions

Ans:
CALL PUSH
1.When CALL is executed the 1.PUSH The programmer uses the
microprocessor automatically stores the 16- instruction to save the contents of the
bit address of the instruction next to CALL register pair on the stack
on the stack.
2. When PUSH is executed the stack
2.When CALL is executed the stack pointer is decremented by two.
pointer is decremented by two.

42. What is Microcontroller and Microcomputer?

Ans: Microcontroller is a device that includes microprocessor; memory and I/O signal
lines on a single chip, fabricated using VLSI technology. Microcomputer is a computer
that is designed using microprocessor as its CPU. It includes microprocessor, memory
and I/O.

43. Define Flags

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Ans: The flags are used to reflect the data conditions in the accumulator. The 8085 flags
are S-Sign flag, Z-Zero flag, AC-Auxiliary carry flag, P-Parity flag, CY-Carry flag.

44. How does the microprocessor differentiate between data and instruction?

Ans: When the first m/c code of an instruction is fetched and decoded in the instruction
register, the microprocessor recognizes the number of bytes required to fetch the entire
instruction. For example MVI A, Data, the second byte is always considered as data. If
the data byte is omitted by mistake whatever is in that memory location will be
considered as data & the byte after the “data” will be
treated as the next instruction.

45. Compare RET and POP

Ans:
RET POP
1.RET transfers the contents of the top two 1.POP transfers the contents of the top two
locations of the stack to the PC locations of the stack to the specified
register pair

2.When RET is executed the SP is 2. When POP is executed the SP is

incremented by two incremented by two

3.Has 8 conditional RETURN instructions 3.No conditional POP instructions

46. What is assembler?

Ans: The assembler translates the assembly language program text which is given as
input to the assembler to their binary equivalents known as object code. The time
required to translate the assembly code to object code is called access time. The
assembler checks for syntax errors & displays them before giving the object code.

47. What is loader?

Ans: The loader copies the program into the computer’s main memory at load time and
begins the program execution at execution time.

48. What is linker?

Ans: A linker is a program used to join together several object files into one large object
file. For large programs it is more efficient to divide the large program modules into
smaller modules. Each module is individually written, tested & debugged. When all the
modules work they are linked together to form a large functioning program.

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49. What is interrupt service routine?

Ans: Interrupt means to break the sequence of operation. While the CPU is executing a
program an interrupt breaks the normal sequence of execution of instructions & diverts
its execution to some other program. This program to which the control is transferred is
called the interrupt service routine.

50.What are the various programmed data transfer methods?

Ans: i) Synchronous data transfer

ii) Asynchronous data transfer
iii) Interrupt driven data transfer

51. What is synchronous data transfer?

Ans: It is a data method which is used when the I/O device and the microprocessor match
in speed. To transfer a data to or from the device, the user program issues a suitable
instruction addressing the device. The data transfer is completed at the end of the
execution of this instruction.

52. What is asynchronous data transfer?

Ans: It is a data transfer method which is used when the speed of an I/O device does not
match with the speed of the microprocessor. Asynchronous data transfer is also called as
Handshaking.

53. What are the basic modes of operation of 8255?

Ans: There are two basic modes of operation of 8255, They are:

1. I/O mode.
2. BSR mode.

In I/O mode, the 8255 ports work as programmable I/O ports, while In BSR mode only
port C (PC0-PC7) can be used to set or reset its individual port bits. Under the IO mode
of operation, further there are three modes of operation of 8255, So as to support different
types of applications, viz. mode 0, mode 1 and mode 2.

* Mode 0 - Basic I/O mode

* Mode 1 - Strobed I/O mode
* Mode 2 - Strobed bi-directional I/O.

54. Write the features of mode 0 in 8255?

Ans:

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 1. Two 8-bit ports (port A and port B) and two 4-bit ports (port C upper and lower)
are available. The two 4-bit ports can be combined used as a third 8-bit port.
2. Any port can be used as an input or output port.
3. Output ports are latched. Input ports are not latched.
4. A maximum of four ports are available so that overall 16 I/O configurations are
possible.

55. What are the features used mode 1 in 8255?

Ans: Two groups – group A and group B are available for strobe data transfer.

1. Each group contains one 8-bit data I/O port and one 4-bit control/data port.
2. The 8-bit data port can be either used as input or output port. The inputs and
outputs both are latched.
3. Out of 8-bit port C, PC0-PC2 is used to generate control signals for port B and
PC3=PC5 are used to generate control signals for port A. The lines PC6, PC7 may
be used as independent data lines.

56. What are the signals used in input control signal & output control signal?

Ans:

Input control signal

* STB (Strobe input)

* IBF (Input buffer full)
* INTR(Interrupt request)

Output control signal

* OBF (Output buffer full)

* ACK (Acknowledge input)
* INTR(Interrupt request)

57. What are the features used mode 2 in 8255?

Ans: The single 8-bit port in-group A is available.

1. The 8-bit port is bi-directional and additionally a 5-bit control port is available.
2. Three I/O lines are available at port C, viz PC2-PC0.
3. Inputs and outputs are both latched.
4. The 5-bit control port C (PC3=PC7) is used for generating/accepting handshake
signals for the 8-bit data transfer on port A.

58. What are the modes of operations used in 8253?

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Ans: Each of the three counters of 8253 can be operated in one of the following six
modes of operation.

1. Mode 0 (Interrupt on terminal count)

2. Mode 1 (Programmable monoshot)
3. Mode 2 (Rate generator)
4. Mode 3 (Square wave generator)
5. Mode 4 (Software triggered strobe)
6. Mode 5 (Hardware triggered strobe)

59. What are the different types of write operations used in 8253?

Ans: There are two types of write operations in 8253

(1) Writing a control word register

(2) Writing a count value into a count register

The control word register accepts data from the data buffer and initializes the counters, as
required. The control word register contents are used for

(a) Initializing the operating modes (mode 0-mode4)

(b) Selection of counters (counter 0- counter 2)
(c) Choosing binary /BCD counters
(d) Loading of the counter registers.

The mode control register is a write only register and the CPU cannot read its contents.

60. Give the different types of command words used in 8259a?

Ans: The command words of 8259A are classified in two groups

1. Initialization command words (ICWs)

2. Operation command words (OCWs)

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