English

Grammar

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Based on National Curriculum 2022
 Contents
Sr Topic Page
1 Nouns 1
2 Pronouns 18
3 Verbs 34
4 Adjectives 51
5 Adverbs 60
6 Prepositions 69
7 Conjunctions 74
8 Interjections 81
9 Articles 82
10 Sentence Structure 90
11 Types of Sentences 103
12 Tenses 109
13 Phrases and Clauses 136
14 Capitalization and Punctuation 145
15 Direct and Indirect 170
16 Composition 179
17 Vocabulary 201
18 Proverbs and Idioms 227
 Nouns
As noun is a word that represents a particular individual, group, object, or idea.
Noun is used to name a variety of things, concepts, people, and locations.

Types of nouns
1. Countable and Uncountable Nouns
2. Collective Nouns
3. Gender Nouns
4. Singular and Plural Nouns
5. Common and Proper Nouns
6. Compound Nouns
7. Material Nouns
8. Abstract Nouns
9. Gerund Nouns

Countable and Uncountable Nouns

Countable nouns are individual people, places, things, or ideas that can be
counted. They have both singular and plural forms.
Examples
In the happy town, children go to a big school they are many classrooms in the
school. They sit at their desks and read interesting books. In the playground, they
play on swings and slides during break time. After a fun-filled day at school, the
students head home with their backpacks filled with colorful drawings and new
knowledge.

Uncountable Nouns are things or concepts that cannot be counted as separate

units.
Examples
On the big mountain, the day is filled with calm and amazing things. The air feels
fresh and the sun makes the mountaintop warm and cozy. It seems like time goes
on forever and the mountain knows a lot from many years. It’s really quiet, except

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for birds sometimes. Peace is everywhere, like a little stream that joins everything
together—the rocks, trees, and the mountain itself.

Write ‘countable’ if a sentence has countable noun otherwise write

‘uncountable’ if a sentence has uncountable noun.
• The air in the mountains feels fresh.
• We need some advice on planning the event.
• Cats are playing in the backyard.
• Students are waiting for the bus.
• Can you pass me a glass of water?
• My friend owns bicycles.
• The chef added a pinch of salt to the soup.
• I bought some furniture for my new apartment.
• The teacher has colourful markers.
• I have two books on my shelf.

Collective Nouns
Collective nouns are nouns used to describe a group or collection of people,
animals, or things. They represent a single unit or entity, even though they refer
to multiple individuals.
Examples
On the field, the football team practised with their coach. Above, a flock of birds
painted the sky, while a herd of sheep grazed nearby. In the distance, a pack
of wolves explored the forest. Inside, Ms. Madiha’s class buzzed with energetic
discussions.

Circle the correct collective noun that fits the context in each sentence.

• A _______________ of bees swarmed around the hive.

(flock / swarm / bouquet / pride)

• The school’s cricket _______________ practised every afternoon.

(flock / herd / team / colony)
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• The _______________ of dolphins leaped out of the water.
(fleet / pod / school / pack)

• The _______________ of students rehearsed their speeches for the competion.

(crew / herd / group / pack)

• The _______________ of sheep grazed peacefully in the meadow.

(flock / pack / herd / army)

• The _______________ of students cheered for their favourite team.

(crowd / troop / litter / pride)

• The _______________ of ants worked tirelessly to gather food.

(squad / troop / colony / school)

• The _______________ of wolves howled under the full moon.

(pack / swarm / herd / flock)

• The _______________ of flowers brightened up the garden.

(bunch / swarm / bouquet / team)

Gender Nouns
Gender nouns are nouns that connect to a particular gender, like being male or
female. There are four main types of gender nouns.

Masculine Gender Nouns: These nouns are associated with males or masculine
qualities.
Examples
The boy played in the backyard. The man hammered nails into wooden planks.
The father designed the project. The brother measured and cut. The uncle shared
his wisdom. The familial bond strengthened through their shared project.

Feminine Gender Nouns: These nouns are associated with females or feminine
qualities.
Examples
The woman walked gracefully into the room. The mother smiled warmly at her
daughter. The daughter eagerly shared her day. The sister offered a comforting
hug. The aunt brought delicious treats for everyone.

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Write the masculine/feminine form for each noun.

lioness __________ waiter __________ duchees __________

son __________ nephew __________ uncle __________

tiger __________ landlady __________ hero __________

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate masculine/feminine gender nouns

from the word bank.

• The ____________ fixed the broken toy for his niece. (uncle/aunt)

• My ______________shared her favorite book with me. (brother/aunt)

• The little ___________ hugged her grandmother tightly. (girl/boy)

• The ___________ and his friends played video games together. (father/mother)

• His _____________ gave her dearest pen to him. (brother/sister)

• The ___________ shared wise advice with her grandchildren. (grandfather/

grandmother)

• Their ________ helped them build a treehouse by using her architect

techniques. (sister-in-law/ brother-in-law).

• The ______________ served her guests in the restaurant. (waiter/ waitress)

• The ____________ posted his cards at the given addresses. (postman/

postwoman)

Common Gender Nouns

These nouns are not specific to any gender and can refer to both males and
females. They are often used to describe professions or roles.
Examples
In our small town, everyone tries to make it a warm and friendly place. The
teacher at the local school helps children learn and grow. A kind neighbour
often brings homemade treats to share with everyone. People gather at the park

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for picnics, enjoying the sunny afternoons together. The hardworking postal
worker ensures that mail reaches every household on time. Families wander
around, chatting with one another, creating a sense of community. The doctor
in our clinic takes care of everyone’s health, ensuring a happy and prosperous
neighbourhood.

Fill in the blanks using the common gender nouns in the word bank to
complete the sentences.

neighbour driver child citizen manager

rescuer participant volunteer worker scholar

• A dedicated ________ organised the charity event.

• The ________ led the team with efficiency.

• An enthusiastic ________ won first place in the competition.

• The experienced ________ safely navigated through traffic.

• A friendly ________ greeted everyone by meowing.

• The curious _______ explored the park with excitement.

• The helpful _______ saved a cat stuck in a tree.

• An ambitious ______ completed the project ahead of schedule.

• The _______ actively participated in community clean-up efforts.

Read the paragraph and identify the common gender nouns.

The manager efficiently directed the team, ensuring a smooth workflow. An

employee diligently completed tasks to contribute to the project’s success. A
customer, satisfied with the service, expressed gratitude to the team. The driver, a
colleague, safely transported everyone to the meeting venue. In this collaborative
environment, the manager, employee, customer, driver, and colleague each
played a crucial role in the day’s operations.

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Neuter Gender Nouns: Neuter gender nouns are used for non-living things.
Examples
An object sat on the shelf, catching my attention. A thing of beauty, it had
intricate details. The tool, carefully crafted, served a specific purpose. The device
beeped, signaling its activation. Equipment lay neatly organised on the table.
Each object and thing had its place in the workshop.

Complete each sentence by filling in the blanks with the appropriate neuter
gender noun from the word bank.

object thing place idea device

element animal creature concept article

• The new _______ brought advanced technology to the market.
• The ancient ________ of fire has fascinated humans for centuries.
• The _________ on the shelf caught my attention with its intricate design.
• The _________ of time has intrigued philosophers throughout history.
• The city park is a peaceful ________ to relax and unwind.
• The artist’s latest creation is an impressive _______ of beauty.
• The ocean’s depths hold many mysterious ________ waiting to be discovered.
• The news ________ highlighted the importance of environmental conservation.
• The _______ kingdom is full of diverse and fascinating species.
• The _______ of unity resonated with people from different backgrounds.

Read the paragraph and underline the neuter gender nouns.

The gadget on the table displayed an unusual light, attracting attention. A

document containing essential information lay next to it. The machine hummed
quietly, efficiently performing its assigned tasks. Meanwhile, a program on the
computer ran smoothly, executing complex operations. The apparatus in the
corner of the room quietly monitored environmental conditions, ensuring optimal
comfort.

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Singular and Plural Nouns
Singular Nouns: A singular noun refers to one person, place, thing, or idea. It’s
used when talking about just one of something.
Examples
• In the cozy corner, a cat lounged lazily.
• A book was lying on the table.
• School conducted many activities.
• A student eagerly absorbed knowledge.
• The teacher guided the academic journey with passion.

Plural Nouns: A plural noun refers to more than one person, place, thing, or idea.
It’s used when there’s more than one of something.
Examples
• Cats roamed freely in the neighbourhood, each displaying a unique
personality.

• Library shelves were filled with a vast collection of books.

• Schools in the district varied in size and structure.

• Students, with their backpacks, hurried between classes.

• Dedicated teachers worked tirelessly to encourage each student’s potential.

Forming Plural Nouns

Here are the basic rules to follow when forming plural nouns.
Rule # 1: Add “-s” to the end of the singular noun.
Examples

Singular Plural
table tables
car cars
bat bats
book books
pot pots

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Rule # 2: Add “-es” to nouns ending in “-s,” “-x,” “-z,” “-sh,” “-ch”.
Examples

Singular Plural
bus buses
box boxes
dish dishes
bush bushes
lunch lunches

Rule # 3: Change the “y” to “i” and add “-es” to the noun if it ends in a
consonant + “y”.
Example:

Singular Plural
berry berries
city cities
candy candies
butterfly butterflies
fly flies

Rule # 4: Add only “-s” to the noun if it ends in a vowel + “y”.

Examples

Singular Plural
boy boys
toy toys
key keys
day days
monkey monkeys

Rule # 5: Change the “f” or “fe” to “ves” for nouns ending in “f” or “fe”.
Examples

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 Singular Plural
leaf leaves
knife knives
life lives
wolf wolves
calf calves

Rule # 6: Use irregular plural forms for some nouns.

Examples

Singular Plural
man men
woman women
child children
tooth teeth
foot feet

Rule # 7: Nouns that remain the same in singular and plural.

Examples
Singular Plural
fish fish
deer deer
luggage luggage
sheep sheep
moose moose

Rule # 8: Add “-es” to the end of nouns ending in “-o” if a consonant

precedes it.
Examples

Singular Plural
hero heroes
tomato tomatoes
radio radios

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 potato potatoes
photo photos

Rule # 9: Make the most important word plural in compound nouns.

Examples

Singular Plural
brother-in-law brothers-in-law
mother-in-law mothers-in-law
passerby passersby
sister-in-law sisters-in-law
commander-in-chief commanders-in-chief

Rule # 11: Some singular nouns that look plural

Examples
• She teaches statistics to her students.
• Geometry is a branch of Mathematics.
• He works at a news channel.
• Physics is not the easiest of all subjects.
• Measles can lead to serious complications.

Rule # 12: Some noun having only plural form

Examples
• My jeans are hanging in the closet.
• My nephew broke my sunglasses.
• My trousers are not stitched properly.
• She fell from the stairs.
• The new species of butterfly looks beautiful.

Write the singular/plural form of the following nouns.

mouse __________ knife __________ children __________ foot __________

sheep __________ bush __________ photo __________ man __________
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Fill in the blanks with the correct singular/plural form of the noun given in
brackets.
• I saw a _______________ (bird) in the park.
• She read many _______________ (book) during her vacation.
• The ______________ (shelf) were filled with many different books.
• I use ____________ (scissors) to design my clothes.
• The ______________ (baby) in red shirt was crying loudly.
• Hira need some __________ (candy) to change her taste.
• She left the _________ (keys) in the car.
• His __________ (tooth) are cleaned.
• You have pain in your both __________ (foot).
• They are my ____________ (brother-in-law).

Common Nouns
Common nouns refer to general, everyday people, places, things, or ideas. They
are not capitalised unless they start a sentence.
Examples
In the busy city, happy kids played at the colourful park. There were fun swings,
and the children took turns going up high on them. Friends had lots of fun
together.

Use the word bank to complete the sentences with the appropriate common
nouns.

restaurant city book park cat

match friend teacher computer hobby

• The _______________ was crowded with people.
• She read _______________ full of suspense.
• The dedicated _______________ inspired her students to explore new ideas.
• Families gathered at the local _______________ to enjoy outdoor activities.

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• The playful _______________ chased after the mouse in the yard.
• We watched a captivating _______________ in the stadium.
• Her loyal _______________ has supported her through thick and thin.
• The cozy _______________ served delicious food in a charming atmosphere.
• He spends hours on his _______________ learning and coding programs.
• Photography has become her favourite _______________ to express creativity.

Read the paragraph and underline the common nouns.

In a busy city, people rushed for buses, stood in line at coffee shops, and chatted
in parks. Cars zoomed on the streets, and colorful buildings filled the sky. The
market buzzed with activity as shoppers explored stalls with fresh fruits, veggies,
and goods. Students with backpacks walked to school, and families had picnics in
the sunny park.

Proper Nouns
Proper nouns are specific names of particular people, places, or things. They are
always capitalised.
Examples

In Lahore, Ali and Sadaf decided to visit the iconic Badshahi Mosque, marvelling
at its grand architecture. Later, they explored the historic Hiran Minar,
surrounded by lush greenery. Ali captured the beauty of Lahore through his
camera lens, creating lasting memories of their day.

Circle the proper nouns in the sentences.

• On the weekend, we visited Margalla National Park for a hike.
• My friend and I went to the Pakistan Museum to learn about history.
• Last weekend, we explored the historic streets of Lahore.
• Indus River is known for its scenic views and boat rides.
• Our family vacation took us to Clifton Beach for some sun and sand.
• Mount Everest offers a challenging yet rewarding climb.

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• In the summer, we like to visit Karachi Zoo to see the animals.
• I have a Black Tiger.
• The old bookstore on The Mall Road has a vast collection of novels.
• During the holidays, we often gather at Ali’s House for family dinners.

Read the paragraph and circle the proper nouns.

During the geography lesson, students explored continents like Asia and Africa.
The Amazon River in South America, the Great Wall of China, and the Sahara
Desert were topics of fascination. Ms. Hira, their geography teacher, shared
photos from her recent trip to Tokyo, Japan, adding a global perspective to the
lesson.

Compound Nouns
Compound nouns are created by joining two or more words to describe a
completely new idea or thing. They can be expressed as a single word, a
hyphenated word, or two distinct words.
Examples: notebook, mailbox, self-esteem, well-being, ice cream, etc.
• Ali bought a new notebook from the store.
• He checked the mailbox to see if the letter had arrived.
• Working in a job gave him a sense of self-esteem.
• She did everything they needed for their well-being.
• Amir loves to eat ice cream during the summer holidays.

Types of Compound Nouns

Open compound nouns = separate words
Examples
• Children enjoy playing in the swimming pool on hot days.
• Learn first aid to assist with minor injuries like cuts and bruises.
• The bus stop is just around the corner.

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Closed compound nouns = a single word
Examples
• I sleep in my cozy bedroom every night.
• Trains travel on the railway tracks, taking people to different places.
• The sunflower in the garden looks wonderful.

Hyphenated compound nouns = words connected with hyphens

Examples
• Please remember to check-in at the front desk when you arrive.
• My mother-in-law is coming over for dinner tonight.
• She works a full-time job and enjoys her weekends off.

Compound Noun Formation

Compound nouns can be made with two nouns.

Examples
• I bought a comfortable office chair for my new desk.
• Lets meet at a coffee shop.
• The delicate tea cup sat on the saucer.

Compound nouns can be made with an adjective and a noun.

Examples
• He built a greenhouse to grown vegetables.
• The teacher asked the students to write on the blackboard.
• The boxer is a heavyweight champion.

Compound nouns can be made with a verb and a noun.

Examples
• The kids were excited to use their new swimming pool.
• Ali packed his fishing rod for the trip to the lake.
• The sailboat glided gracefully across the calm waters.

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Compound nouns can be made with a preposition and a noun.
Examples
• She heard a noise coming from upstairs.
• The heavy rain caused the river to overflow nearby roads.
• I walked through the underpass.

Tick the correct compound noun in each sentence.

• The children enjoyed playing in the (playroom / play room).
• The (blue sky / blue-sky) was clear and beautiful.
• She bought a new (laptop computer / laptop-computer) for her studies.
• The (city park / city-park) is a popular spot for picnics.
• His (old-fashioned / old fashioned) hat caught everyone’s attention.
• The (high school / high-school) students prepared for their exams.
• The (fire station / fire-station) is equipped with modern firefighting tools.
• She went to (up-stairs / upstairs) with her friends.
• The (raincoat / rain coat) kept her dry during the sudden rain shower.
• The (farm animals / farm-animals) include cows, chickens, and goats.

Write a sentence for each compound noun given.

raincoat playground classroom user-friendly toothbrush

ice cream runner-up coffee shop rainforest on-the-job

Material Nouns
Material nouns refer to substances or raw materials from which things are made.
Examples

I visited an old store full of things from long ago. When I walked in, I could smell
the old wood and shiny metal. On the shelves, there were beautiful tables and
chairs made from dark wood and fancy oak. Shiny silver spoons and delicate

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tea sets looked interesting—they seemed to have stories. In one cozy spot, there
were old books with covers that looked really used. I saw fragile statues made of
smooth porcelain, sharing stories from a long time ago. The floor creaked when
people walked, and there were soft rugs made of fluffy wool.

Write five sentences by using material nouns.

Abstract Nouns
Abstract nouns are words that represent things you can’t touch or see, like
feelings, ideas, or qualities.
Examples: happiness, courage, freedom, justice, knowledge, etc.

Seeking happiness requires the courage to overcome challenges. Embracing

freedom allows for diverse experiences. Justice ensures fairness in society.
Pursuing knowledge empowers personal growth.

Read the sentences below and circle the abstract nouns.

• The unexpected gift brought immense joy to her face.
• The sound of waves crashing on the shore filled him with a sense of peace.
• Their friendship is built on trust and shared laughter.
• A simple act of kindness can brighten someone’s day.
• She gathered the courage to speak up.
• Reading books expands your knowledge about the world.
• The sight of blooming flowers brought happiness to her heart.
• Teaching a child requires a lot of patience.
• The feeling of freedom comes from the open sky above.
• Showing respect towards others creates a positive atmosphere.

Read the paragraph and circle the abstract nouns.

Hope and determination guided Maria as she faced challenges to achieve her
dreams. Ambition powered her effort, helping her overcome difficulties with

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resilience. Success wasn’t just a goal but a journey of hard work and dedication.
Along the way, she involved patience and faith as her companions. Maria’s story
shows the power of passion and optimism. Courage and self-belief were key
ingredients in her recipe for success.

Gerund Nouns

Gerund nouns, also known simply as gerunds. Gerund are nouns formed from
verbs by adding the “-ing” suffix to the base form of the verb. Gerunds look
verbs but function as nouns in sentences and can take on various roles, such
as subjects, objects, or complements, for example reading, swimming, writing,
running, learning, etc.
Examples
• Swimming is a great way to stay active and healthy.
• I love reading novels in my free time.
• Her favorite hobby is painting landscapes.
• We spent the afternoon baking cookies for the guests.
• Running a marathon requires dedication and training.

Write ‘T’ true if a sentence has a gerund otherwise ‘F’ false.

• Walking is a good exercise for maintaining overall health.
• She admitted to eating the last piece of cake.
• Swimming in the ocean can be a refreshing experience.
• I was completing my assignment.
• He avoids texting while driving for safety reasons.
• We will be helping the needy.
• The teacher noticed them studying in the library after school.
• My friend is enjoying summer holidays.
• Miss Salma enjoys teaching her good students.
• Students were wasting their precious time.

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