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Power Systems

Lei Ding
Qing-Long Han
Boda Ning

Distributed
Control and
Optimization
of Networked
Microgrids
A Multi-Agent System Based Approach
Power Systems
Electrical power has been the technological foundation of industrial societies
for many years. Although the systems designed to provide and apply electrical
energy have reached a high degree of maturity, unforeseen problems are constantly
encountered, necessitating the design of more efficient and reliable systems based on
novel technologies. The book series Power Systems is aimed at providing detailed,
accurate and sound technical information about these new developments in electrical
power engineering. It includes topics on power generation, storage and transmission
as well as electrical machines. The monographs and advanced textbooks in this series
address researchers, lecturers, industrial engineers and senior students in electrical
engineering.
**Power Systems is indexed in Scopus**

More information about this series at https://link.springer.com/bookseries/4622

Lei Ding · Qing-Long Han · Boda Ning

Distributed Control
and Optimization
of Networked Microgrids
A Multi-Agent System Based Approach
Lei Ding Qing-Long Han
Institute of Advanced Technology School of Science, Computing
Nanjing University of Posts and Engineering Technologies
and Telecommunications Swinburne University of Technology
Nanjing, China Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Boda Ning
Swinburne University of Technology
Melbourne, VIC, Australia

National Natural Science Foundation of China

62073171
Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu
BK20200744
Australian Research Council Discovery Project
DP160103567

ISSN 1612-1287 ISSN 1860-4676 (electronic)

Power Systems
ISBN 978-3-030-95031-6 ISBN 978-3-030-95029-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95029-3

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG 2022
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse
of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and
transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar
or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or
the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface

Distributed renewable energy resources, such as wind turbines and photovoltaic

panels, have been well exploited and widely penetrated into traditional power grids
due to environmental and economic concerns. This leads the traditional power grids to
experiencing a huge transformation towards smart grids, especially in terms of power
control and management. In order to locally absorb the generation of distributed and
renewable energy resources and fully meet the high-reliability demand for various
types of loads, a microgrid has been put forward as a promising technique for modern
power grids. It is commonly recognized that a microgrid is a small power network
or system which is composed of various units, such as distributed generations, loads
and energy storages. In general, a networked microgrid can be viewed as a multi-
agent system, where each microgrid can be viewed as an agent. The agents can be
connected physically by transmission lines, while they can communicate with each
other via communication networks.
The large-scale penetration of distributed and renewable energy generation and
various types of demands inevitably introduces multiple hybrid uncertainties in both
physical and cyber layers, seriously affecting the stability of power systems. On the
other hand, with the increasing number of distributed and renewable energy gener-
ation and new-style loads in the microgrid, it becomes costly or even impractical
to utilize a centralized control and optimization strategy by collecting all the infor-
mation of units to implement the management of power. By contrast, it is more
desirable for microgrids to adopt a distributed control and optimization scheme
due to its advantages in improving reliability, efficiency, security and economy of
systems. Note that distributed schemes require necessary support from communica-
tion networks, implying that various communication constraints, such as communi-
cation delays, limited bandwidth and cyberattacks, should be fully taken into account
when designing distributed control and optimization schemes for microgrids. There-
fore, it is an attractive yet challenging issue for microgrids on how to develop suitable
distributed control and optimization schemes which can accommodate the effects of
communication constraints.
This monograph aims to provide some techniques and methods for control and
optimization of networked microgrids in a multi-agent system-based framework. By

v
vi Preface

establishing a direct connection between multi-agent systems and networked micro-

grids, some distributed coordinated control and optimization schemes with consider-
ation of communication constraints are presented to ensure reliable, efficient, secure
and economic operation of networked microgrids. The monograph will contribute
to stimulating extensive interest of researchers in electrical and control fields, and
potentially helping electrical engineers with conducting the advanced techniques for
improving power system reliability, robustness and security.
Structure and readership. This monograph is concerned with multi-agent
system-based distributed control and optimization of networked microgrids. In
Chap. 1, a basic background of microgrids is first presented and a brief intro-
duction of recent advances in distributed control and optimization of networked
microgrids is given. In Chap. 2, a network-based coordinated control framework is
proposed, where network-induced delays are taken into account. Under this frame-
work, a distributed leader-following consensus control scheme is designed to accom-
modate the effects of network-induced delays. Moreover, distributed event-triggered
consensus issues are investigated in Chap. 3, where the relationship between commu-
nication resources and the control performance can be explicitly characterized. In
Chaps. 4, 5 and 6, by considering the effects of network uncertainties, such as commu-
nication delays, limited communication resources and cyberattacks, multi-agent
system-based distributed control schemes are tailored to solve the fundamental issues
of networked microgrids, such as distributed frequency regulation, voltage regulation
and active power sharing/load sharing. Distributed optimization of networked micro-
grids/smart grids is dealt with in Chaps. 7 and 8. In Chap. 7, a distributed optimal
control algorithm for DC microgrids is presented to achieve a trade-off between
voltage regulation and load sharing. In Chap. 8, distributed energy management of
smart grids is realized by maximizing the social welfare of generation and demands.

Nanjing, China Lei Ding

Melbourne, Australia Qing-Long Han
Melbourne, Australia Boda Ning
Acknowledgments

We would like to acknowledge (i) Profs. Ge Guo, Le Yi Wang, George Yin, Wei
Xing Zheng, Dong Yue, Chun-Xia Dou, Fuwen Yang, Chen Peng, Xian-Ming Zhang,
Derui Ding, Dr. Xiaohua Ge and Dr. Eyad Sindi, for collaborations on related work
in this monograph; (ii) support from the National Natural Science Foundation of
China under Grant 62073171, the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Grant
BK20200744, the Jiangsu Specially-Appointed Professor Grant RK043STP19001
and the Australian Research Council Discovery Project under Grant DP160103567;
and (iii) Mr. Anthony Doyle, Executive Editor, Engineering, Springer, 236 Gray’s
Inn Road, Floor 6, London WC1X 8HL, UK, for his encouragement to write this
monograph.

vii
Contents

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Microgrids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Hierarchical Control Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.1 Primary Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.2 Secondary Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.3 Tertiary Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 Communication Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.1 Communication Delays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3.2 Event-Triggered Communication Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3.3 Cyber Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.4 Book Outlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2 Network-Based Consensus of Multi-agent Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.1 Graph Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2 Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3 Stability Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.4 Network-Based Consensus Controller Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.5 A Numerical Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.6 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.7 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3 Sampled-Data-Based Event-Triggered Consensus
of Multi-agent Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.1 Sampled-Data-Based Event-Triggered Communication
Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.2 Consensus Analysis and Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.2.1 Model Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.2.2 Stability Analysis and Controller Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.2.3 Co-design Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.3 Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

ix
x Contents

3.4 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

3.5 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4 Distributed Event-Triggered Secondary Control for Islanded
Microgrids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.1 Problem Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.1.1 Primary Droop Control and Secondary Control . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.1.2 Active Power References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.1.3 Control Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.2 Distributed Event-Triggered Secondary Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.2.1 Sampled-Data-Based Event-Triggered
Communication Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.2.2 Distributed Event-Triggered Secondary Controllers . . . . . . . 54
4.2.3 Convergence Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.2.4 Algorithm Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.3 Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.3.1 Performance Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.3.2 Robustness Against Load Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.3.3 Plug-and-Play Ability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.4 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.5 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5 Distributed Finite-Time Secondary Control for Islanded
Microgrids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
5.1 Problem Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
5.2 Distributed Finite-Time Secondary Controller Design . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.2.1 Frequency Restoration and Active Power Sharing . . . . . . . . . 76
5.2.2 Voltage Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
5.3 Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.3.1 Performance Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
5.3.2 Robustness Against Load Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
5.3.3 Plug-and-Play Capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
5.3.4 Two Different Sets of Communication Delays . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.4 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
5.5 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
6 Distributed Resilient Finite-Time Secondary Control
for Heterogeneous BESSs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
6.1 Problem Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
6.1.1 Control Structures for BESSs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
6.1.2 Operational Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
6.1.3 Control Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
6.2 Distributed Secondary Control Schemes Under DoS Attacks . . . . . . 97
Contents xi

6.2.1 DoS Attack Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

6.2.2 Distributed Resilient Finite-Time Secondary
Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
6.2.3 Stability Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
6.3 Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
6.3.1 Performance Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
6.3.2 Grid-Connected Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
6.3.3 Comparison Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
6.4 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
6.5 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
7 Distributed Optimal Control of DC Microgrids
with Communication Delays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
7.1 Problem Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
7.1.1 DC Micriogrid Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
7.1.2 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
7.2 Global Optimization Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
7.3 Distributed Optimization Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
7.4 Distributed Control Schemes in the Presence
of Communication Delays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
7.5 Simulation Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
7.5.1 A Modified 6-Bus DC Microgrid for a Trolleybus
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
7.5.2 Optimality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
7.5.3 The Impacts of Load Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
7.5.4 Plug-and-Play Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
7.5.5 The Tradeoff Between Load Sharing and Voltage
Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
7.5.6 The Effects of Communication Delays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
7.6 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
7.7 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
8 Distributed Energy Management for Smart Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
8.1 Preliminaries and Problem Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
8.1.1 Notations and Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
8.1.2 Network Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
8.1.3 Social Welfare Maximization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
8.2 Distributed Optimal Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
8.2.1 Distributed Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
8.2.2 Convergence Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
8.3 Distributed Event-Triggered Control Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
8.4 Simulation Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
8.4.1 Case 1: Continuous Communication Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
8.4.2 Case 2: Event-Triggered Communication Schemes . . . . . . . . 155
xii Contents

8.5 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

8.6 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Acronyms

A−1 Inverse matrix of an invertible matrix A

AT Transpose matrix of a matrix A
A≥0 Matrix A is symmetric positive semi-definite
A>0 Matrix A is symmetric positive definite
A≤0 Matrix A is symmetric negative semi-definite
A<0 Matrix A is symmetric negative definite
|a| Absolute value (or modulus) of a scalar a
x 2-norm of a real vector x
x p p-norm of a real vector x
diag{·} A diagonal matrix
R Set of real numbers
R+ Set of positive real numbers
Rm Set of m-dimensional real vectors
Rn×m Set of n × m real matrices
sign Signum function
0n×m Zero matrix of dimension n × m
1n Column vector of all ones with n entries
0 Column vector of all zeros
In n × n identity matrix
lim Limit
max Maximum
min Minimum
inf Infimum

xiii
Chapter 1
Introduction

With the ever-increasing demand for electricity, the exhaustion of traditional energy
resources (e.g., coal, fossil oil, gas) and environmental deterioration have been
becoming the major concern for the modern society. This stimulates the rapid devel-
opment of green and renewable energy resources. Undoubtedly, smart grids can
provide a necessary and important support to realize the transformation of high-
efficient, low-carbon and clean energy. Currently, many countries and regions such
as China, the United States, Europe and Canada have invested mounts of human and
material resources to develop such a novel smart grid. For example, in the “China
Manufacturing 2025” plan, smart grids have been listed as one of key breakthrough
strategic domains and become a critical mission for “Internet+Smart Energy”, aim-
ing fundamentally to make a significant promotion of energy transformation and
accomplish the strategic plan of energy development.

1.1 Microgrids

In the context of energy transformation, a microgrid, as an important basis of smart

grids, has been put forward to offer a promising paradigm that can achieve the
large-scale penetration of distributed and renewable energy resources and meet the
high-reliability demand for various types of loads. In general, a micorgrid is a small
power network which consists of distributed generations (DGs) (e.g. diesel generator,
gas turbine, photovoltaic panel and wind turbine), energy storages (ESs) and loads.
Micorgrids can operate in either a grid-connected or an islanded mode, and they can
carry out a seamless transition between these two operating modes. For example,
when a fault happens to the main grid, the micorgrid can be disconnected from the
main grid and operate in an islanded mode to maintain the energy supply to local
demand and ensure the stability of systems.
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 1
L. Ding et al., Distributed Control and Optimization of Networked Microgrids,
Power Systems, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95029-3_1
2 1 Introduction

35,000 18,000
16,000
30,000
14,000
25,000
12,000

US$ (Million)
20,000 10,000
MW

15,000 8,000
6,000
10,000
4,000
5,000
2,000
0 0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027
Year

Annual MG Capacity North America Europe

Asia Pacific Latin America Middle East and Africa
Total Spending

Fig. 1.1 The annual micorgrid capacity and world market predict [1]

Compared with traditional power grids, the key characteristics of micorgrids are
to locally achieve the absorption and balance of distributed energy, significantly
showcasing the advantages, in terms of: (i) improving the security and reliability
of power grids; (ii) promoting the integration of renewable and distributed energy
resources into power grids; (iii) enhancing the quality of electricity and reliabil-
ity of electricity supply; and (iv) reducing the loss of power networks. Therefore,
micorgrids have great potentials with wide applications in industrial and commercial
regions, urban and rural regions and remote regions. In recent years, investigations
for micorgrid techniques have been being undertaken in a growing rate all over the
world. According to the report from Navigant Research, in which a market predict
for annual micorgrid capacities and consumption in the global world from 2018 to
2027 has been made (see Fig. 1.1), it was shown that the total energy production of
micorgrids will reach 33 GW approximately by the end of 2027 [1].

1.2 Hierarchical Control Structures

Due to the integration of renewable and distributed energy resources (e.g., wind,
solar) and various new businesses and demands (e.g., charging plies of electric cars),
both physical and information technologies in power systems have been experienc-
ing a huge revolution so as to accommodate multiple and hybrid uncertainties that
1.2 Hierarchical Control Structures 3

Fig. 1.2 A schematic

diagram of hierarchical
structure for micorgrids

may be caused by the intermittency of renewable energy generations (restricted by

nature conditions) and the rapid changes of demands. Besides, the utilization of
advanced communication and computation technologies and the relative openness
of information networks make micorgrids vulnerable to the invasion of cyberattacks
from adversaries, probably leading to secure risks. As a result, such uncertainties in
both physical and cyber layers pose new challenges and difficulties in implementing
control and management for micorgrids in reliable, secure, efficient and economic
fashions. Operations of control and management mainly concentrate on microgrid
stability and optimization involving frequency synchronization, voltage regulation
and power dispatch, etc., while maintaining supply and demand power balance over
the entire microgrid. In order to address these issues, a standardized and hierarchical
control architecture has been put forward to provide an effective and widely adopted
solution which enables the multi-objective tasks to be separately achieved in different
layers and time scales. As illustrated in Fig. 1.2, the hierarchical control architecture
includes primary control, secondary control and tertiary control [2–4], which are
explained and reviewed below in detail.

1.2.1 Primary Control

As the first control layer, the primary control is responsible to guarantee stability
of frequency and voltage as well as proportional power sharing among multiple
DGs. This can be achieved by using a droop control scheme which acts as a vir-
tual impedance loop to provide adjustable references of frequency and voltage to
the inner current and voltage control loops. For an AC microrid with dominantly
inductive lines, the active power flow relies more on the phase angle of bus, while
4 1 Introduction

the reactive power flow is more dependent on the voltage magnitude of bus. As a
result, a conventional and commonly used P − f and Q − V droop control scheme
for this case is adopted by [5]

ωi = ωni − m i Pi (1.1a)
Vi = Vni − n i Q i (1.1b)

where ωi and Vi are the frequency and the voltage magnitude of DG i (or ESS),
respectively; ωni and Vni are the nominal set points of frequency and voltage magni-
tude at DG i, respectively; Pi and Q i are the measurement of active and the reactive
power at DG i (or ESS), respectively; m i and n i are the droop coefficients.
In practical control implementation, the selection of droop coefficients is a
problem-specific issue and should be carefully treated since they are closely asso-
ciated with how much power of DGs will be allocated to loads. Usually, the droop
coefficients are chosen by

Δωi ωimax − ωimin

ωi = = (1.2a)
PiM PiM
ΔVi V max − Vimin
ni = M
= i (1.2b)
Qi Q iM

where Δωi and ΔVi are the maximum allowable operation limits of frequency and
voltage at DG i, with ωimax and ωimin being the allowable maximum and minimum
frequencies, respectively; PiM and Q iM are the maximum active and reactive power of
DG i, respectively; Vimax and Vimin are the allowable maximum and minimum voltage
magnitudes of DG i, respectively. When Δωi and ΔVi in (1.2) are all identical for any
DG i, it is easy to know that the loads of the microgrid will be fairly shared among
DGs in proportion to their generation capacity while guaranteeing the frequency/
voltage operational limits of DGs.
In addition, different from AC microgrids, DC microgrids do not include any
reactive power and frequency control issues. Hence, the following V − I droop
control is used for a DC microgrid

Vi = Vni − Ri Ii (1.3)

where Vi and Ii are the output voltage and current magnitude of DG i, respectively.
It is well known that the droop control (1.1) can realize frequency synchronization,
voltage stability and power quality of microgrids. Moreover, note that the droop con-
trol is performed in a decentralized way, i.e., using only local measurement without
requiring any communication among DGs. Thus, the droop control can be simple
and efficient to implement control and management of microgrids. For a lossless
microgrid, using the droop controller (1.1) can ensure accurate active power sharing
while synchronizing the frequency of each DG. However, it should be noted that
there is a deviation of synchronized frequency from the desired value, which implies
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
 Mr. Murret. Actually, he probably didn't have any other choice of
doing anything. It was kind of hard, I guess, for him to get along.
Like I say, his appearance in general—I mean, just by looking at
him, he just didn't have the clothes or anything to do anything right.
In other words, everything that he did was wrong if he did go look
for a job and get turned down and so forth. It was kind of hard for
him after a bit. Someone would have helped him, but he didn't
actually need any help. He wanted to do it on his own. You could
have helped him, you know, but he just didn't want any help. He
wouldn't ask for anything, I know that, he wouldn't ask for anything.
Mr. Liebeler. He struck you as sort of an independent, proud sort
of fellow?
Mr. Murret. He was proud, there is no doubt about it. He was
proud.
Mr. Liebeler. Did you think he was a fairly bright fellow, or did you
form an opinion about his intelligence?
Mr. Murret. He was bright and he impressed me—you know,
bright in a different sense of the word. Now whether he thought in
the right direction, I really don't know, but he was—but he improved
particularly, you know, from the younger years that I had known
him. He had improved tremendously as far as intelligence is
concerned and his vocabulary, and evidently he tried to impress
people, you know, with it, but he was impressive, he was impressive.
Mr. Liebeler. He seemed to speak well and was articulate?
Mr. Murret. Right, he was. He used words that an ordinary
individual wouldn't use in conversation.
Mr. Liebeler. Did you know that he was arrested by the New
Orleans Police Department some time during the summer of 1963 in
connection with some difficulties that he got into when he was
distributing Fair Play for Cuba Committee literature?
Mr. Murret. Yes.
Mr. Liebeler. When did you learn that?
 Mr. Murret. Well, when it was in the paper or when it was on
television.
Mr. Liebeler. At the time?
Mr. Murret. At the time. Either that or my parents had told me. I
don't recall.
Mr. Liebeler. Did you have anything to do with getting him out of
jail?
Mr. Murret. Nothing at all.
Mr. Liebeler. Did you know that he was on a radio debate over at
WDSU?
Mr. Murret. Yes, sir.
Mr. Liebeler. Did you hear him?
Mr. Murret. Yes, sir.
Mr. Liebeler. I understand that Oswald actually called the house
out there and told you that he was going to be on the radio, did he
not?
Mr. Murret. Right. He sure did.
Mr. Liebeler. Did you have any discussions with him or see him
after the radio debate?
Mr. Murret. If I did see him, I didn't discuss it, you know, with
him.
Mr. Liebeler. Did you ever at any time discuss with him this Fair
Play for Cuba Committee episode or his radio debate or anything in
connection with those events?
Mr. Murret. No, sir.
Mr. Liebeler. Do I understand that your sister was involved in the
events that led to Oswald's release from jail? Is that correct?
Mr. Murret. To my understanding, she was.
 Mr. Liebeler. Did she tell you that?
Mr. Murret. Did she tell me that? That is my oldest sister.
Mr. Liebeler. What is her name?
Mr. Murret. Joyce O'Brien.
Mr. Liebeler. Where does she live?
Mr. Murret. She lives in Beaumont, Tex.
Mr. Liebeler. The question was: Did she tell you that she had
been involved in getting Oswald out of jail?
Mr. Murret. I heard something to the effect that while he was in
jail he phoned the home. It just so happened my sister was there at
the time, because she very seldom comes in, and naturally you want
to, you know, see if we could get him out, and she is saying how did
he get in there in the first place, and she didn't want to get him out
after she heard what he did.
Mr. Liebeler. She didn't want to get him out after she heard what
he did?
Mr. Murret. Yes.
Mr. Liebeler. Did you know Oswald as a younger boy?
Mr. Murret. No; not closely. I can recollect, you know, when he
was a small boy, but no particular dealings with him. He was too
small to hold any conversation with him.
Mr. Liebeler. Do you have any recollection of what kind of a fellow
he was when he was a kid?
Mr. Murret. He was a nice kid. Just by his pictures and so forth,
he was real nice. To me he was harmful [sic].
Mr. Liebeler. What?
Mr. Murret. Harmful.
Mr. Liebeler. Harmful?
 Mr. Murret. Harmless.
Mr. Liebeler. How old are you, Mr. Murret?
Mr. Murret. I am 29.
Mr. Liebeler. Twenty-nine?
Mr. Murret. Yes, sir.
Mr. Liebeler. You are the youngest member of the Murret family?
Is that right?
Mr. Murret. Yes, sir.
Mr. Liebeler. Did you ever know Lee Oswald's older brother,
Robert?
Mr. Murret. Yes, sir.
Mr. Liebeler. Were you closer to Robert than you were to Lee,
would you say, or how much contact did you have with Robert?
Mr. Murret. Well, I would say about the same. Actually they
weren't here in the city of New Orleans, you know, long enough to
get close to them.
Mr. Liebeler. There was nothing that you knew about Lee
Oswald's youth that was particularly noteworthy or outstanding or
would draw your attention to him or would distinguish him from
other boys of his age, that you can remember, was there?
Mr. Murret. No, sir; I couldn't say. I didn't have that much
contact.
Mr. Liebeler. Now looking back over the summer of 1963, thinking
about your contact with Lee Oswald, is there anything that you can
think of that you did with him or any conversations that you had or
anything of interest that occurred during that time that we haven't
talked about? If you can think of anything else in that nature that we
haven't mentioned, that you think would be helpful to the
Commission, we would like to have you tell us.
 Mr. Murret. Well, the only thing I can think of; like I say, it just
so happens that I was home all the time, but the telephone rang,
you know, for him getting a job or some employment agencies
calling up asking, you know, for him to contact the employment
agencies because they had located him a job and so forth, and the
only thing I can recollect is an employment agency calling me up
one night, and couldn't get in contact with him, and I had to call the
particular coffee plant the next day, you know, saying that the
agency wants to see you, you know, right away, he has a job located
for you—in photography I think it was. So I had called him, and that
was about the end of that.
Mr. Liebeler. You did call Lee?
Mr. Murret. Yes, sir.
Mr. Liebeler. Did you reach him at the coffee plant?
Mr. Murret. Yes, sir.
Mr. Liebeler. Did he say anything when you told him that this
employment agency was looking for him?
Mr. Murret. No; I was just hoping that this was the job that he
was looking for. Other than that, that is all.
Mr. Liebeler. Do you remember the name of the employment
agency?
Mr. Murret. No, sir; I don't. They had maybe one or two that
called up, different ones, but it was amazing—not amazing, but
evidently when he was applying for these particular jobs he must
have impressed them such that they would let him know one way or
the other, you know, whether they had a job for him or not, rather
than just pass it by.
Mr. Liebeler. Did Lee own a suit of clothes?
Mr. Murret. I think he did; yes, sir. It was during the summer,
and it was a woolen suit more so than a summer suit.
 Mr. Liebeler. Do you know whether he wore that suit when he
went looking for a job?
Mr. Murret. He might have wore it once; yes, sir. That was the
only suit he had that I know of.
Mr. Liebeler. How much luggage did Lee have with him when he
stayed out at the place on French Street?
Mr. Murret. I couldn't say. Just the bag that I saw, you know,
just the handbag which is similar to—you know, like a basketball
equipment bag.
Mr. Liebeler. Something like an airline bag?
Mr. Murret. Yes; something like that.
Mr. Liebeler. Just a soft——
Mr. Murret. Right, just a small bag.
Mr. Liebeler. You don't remember what color it was?
Mr. Murret. No, sir.
Mr. Liebeler. If you can't think of anything else that you can
remember or that you think would be helpful, I have no more
questions at this point.
Mr. Murret. O.K.
Mr. Liebeler. I want to thank you very much.
TESTIMONY OF EDWARD JOHN PIC,
JR.
The testimony of Edward John Pic, Jr., was taken on April 7,
1964, at the Old Civil Courts Building, Royal and Conti Streets, New
Orleans, La., by Mr. Albert E. Jenner, Jr., assistant counsel of the
President's Commission.

Edward John Pic, Jr., No. 6 Jay Street, Lake Vista, New Orleans,
La., after first being duly sworn, testified as follows:
Mr. Jenner. You are Edward John Pic, Jr., is that right?
Mr. Pic. Correct.
Mr. Jenner. What is your address, sir?
Mr. Pic. No. 6 Jay Street, Lake Vista.
Mr. Jenner. Is that J-A-Y?
Mr. Pic. Yes.
Mr. Jenner. Is Lake Vista a suburb of New Orleans?
Mr. Pic. Yes; it's on the Lake Pontchartrain frontage.
Mr. Jenner. Are you aware of the existence of the Warren
Commission, Mr. Pic?
Mr. Pic. Well, I knew, you know, an investigation was started.
Mr. Jenner. Mr. Pic, the Warren Commission was authorized by
Senate Joint Resolution No. 137. That legislation authorized the
President of the United States to appoint a Commission to
investigate all the facts and circumstances surrounding, and
pertinent to, the tragic event of November 22, 1963, which was the
assassination of our President John Fitzgerald Kennedy.
Mr. Pic. I understand.
Mr. Jenner. Thereafter President Johnson, under Executive Order
No. 11130 did appoint that particular Commission, of which His
Honor, the Chief Justice of the United States, Earl Warren, is
Chairman. That Executive order, pursuant to the legislation, directs
the Commission, upon its creation, to investigate all the facts and
circumstances surrounding the tragic event of November 22, 1963,
and also the subsequent death and course of conduct of Lee Harvey
Oswald and of Jack Ruby.
The Commission was authorized to create a legal staff, and one
of our duties is the taking of testimony, both in person before the
Commission itself and by deposition, such as we are doing here
today, of anybody who might have touched the lives of these people
in any manner or in any capacity. Do you understand what we are
doing now?
Mr. Pic. Yes; I think so.
Mr. Jenner. Now, I must confess candidly that up until yesterday I
was under the impression that you were deceased, or at least no
one knew where you were, and then a witness whom I examined
yesterday told me, to my surprise, that you were very much alive?
Mr. Pic. I certainly am.
Mr. Jenner. You have been seen occasionally by this witness on
the street. He said he had no occasion to speak to you, but that he
recognized you. Now, had I known that before, I would have
transmitted to you in advance a letter through the general counsel of
the Commission, Mr. Rankin, in which you would have been advised
of the Commission's authority to take your deposition, and you
would have also received, enclosed with the letter, a copy of Senate
Joint Resolution 137 authorizing the creation of the Commission to
investigate the assassination of President Kennedy; a copy of the
Executive Order No. 11130, of President Johnson appointing the
Commission and fixing its powers and duties, and a copy of the rules
and regulations under which we take testimony before the
Commission itself, and also by way of deposition, as we are doing
here today.
Mr. Pic. May I say something?
Mr. Jenner. Surely; anything.
Mr. Pic. I think it was some time after Christmas, possibly
January, that an agent of the FBI came to see me, and he knew
whether I was still alive.
Mr. Jenner. Well, I am just confessing my own stupidity and
ignorance.
Mr. Pic. He just wanted to know if I knew anything about it, and
I told him I didn't; and that was all.
Mr. Jenner. He didn't go into it any further than that?
Mr. Pic. No, sir.
Mr. Jenner. Well, that still doesn't justify my ignorance or
misinformation. Who was it that said—was it Will Rogers, that said
the reports of his death were very much exaggerated?
So I called you last night, and then in order that you might be
assured that you weren't being inquired of by some crackpot, I
asked the Secret Service man to contact you today, and he did,
didn't he?
Mr. Pic. Yes.
Mr. Jenner. And so you appeared voluntarily here; is that right?
Mr. Pic. Yes.
Mr. Jenner. Now, Mr. Pic, you are a native of this section of the
country, are you not?
Mr. Pic. I was born and raised in New Orleans.
 Mr. Jenner. Born and raised here?
Mr. Pic. Yes, sir.
Mr. Jenner. And your wife the same way?
Mr. Pic. Yes; my present wife; yes.
Mr. Jenner. You were married at one time to Marguerite Oswald,
or rather, to Marguerite Claverie, who later married Oswald; is that
right, Mr. Pic?
Mr. Pic. Correct, sir.
Mr. Jenner. And that took place when?
Mr. Pic. 1929.
Mr. Jenner. You were both very young people?
Mr. Pic. Right. I was born in August of 1907.
Mr. Jenner. You were married how long? Just give me your best
estimate.
Mr. Pic. I guess about 3 years.
Mr. Jenner. Three years?
Mr. Pic. Somewhere around that.
Mr. Jenner. Did you have difficulty in this marriage before it
actually terminated?
Mr. Pic. Well, yes; things happened, you know.
Mr. Jenner. Your marriage was terminated in divorce, wasn't it Mr.
Pic?
Mr. Pic. Yes; that's right.
Mr. Jenner. About how long did you actually live together before
you separated?
Mr. Pic. Oh, about a year, I guess.
 Mr. Jenner. So then you separated, and a divorce followed in a
couple of years; is that right?
Mr. Pic. Yes.
Mr. Jenner. What was your business or occupation when you
were married to Marguerite?
Mr. Pic. I was just classified as a clerk.
Mr. Jenner. In what company?
Mr. Pic. T. Smith & Son.
Mr. Jenner. Are you still with that company?
Mr. Pic. I am, sir.
Mr. Jenner. I suppose the nature of your work with the company
has changed; is that right?
Mr. Pic. Yes; it has, sir.
Mr. Jenner. What do you do now?
Mr. Pic. I am in the ship department as well as the tugboat
department of the company.
Mr. Jenner. Do you have managerial supervision in the company
now, Mr. Pic?
Mr. Pic. Yes; I am operating manager of the company.
Mr. Jenner. You have major responsibilities with the company
now; is that right?
Mr. Pic. Yes, sir; right much. I have a big responsibility with the
company.
Mr. Jenner. Now, at a point in your marriage to the then Mrs. Pic,
who is now Mrs. Oswald, there was a time when you didn't get
along; is that right?
Mr. Pic. Yes.
 Mr. Jenner. Will you tell me about that please? Just tell me in
your own words what difficulty you had with her.
Mr. Pic. Well, we just couldn't put two and two together and
make it come out to four.
Mr. Jenner. There was no outside influence?
Mr. Pic. No; none; definitely not.
Mr. Jenner. On either side?
Mr. Pic. No; there wasn't.
Mr. Jenner. You just figure you were two persons who couldn't
jell; is that just about a fair statement of your situation at that time?
Mr. Pic. That's right. We couldn't make it. We just couldn't get
along, you know, so we finally decided to quit trying and call the
whole thing off; which we did.
Mr. Jenner. Tell me this. Was she a nice girl. Would you right now
be able to look back and say whether she was what you would
consider a nice girl at that time?
Mr. Pic. Oh, definitely, yes. She was a nice girl. I couldn't say
anything about Marguerite at all. It was just one of those things. We
just couldn't get along. We had a lot of friends and everything, but
there was something that kept things getting worse and worse.
Maybe I had a rotten disposition, I don't know.
Mr. Jenner. You aren't trying to place the blame anywhere now,
are you?
Mr. Pic. No.
Mr. Jenner. Now, you have lived here in New Orleans all the
intervening years; haven't you?
Mr. Pic. Yes; that's right.
Mr. Jenner. Was there a child born of your marriage to
Marguerite, Mr. Pic?
 Mr. Pic. Yes.
Mr. Jenner. And that's John Edward Pic, is that correct?
Mr. Pic. Correct, sir.
Mr. Jenner. Why did you give him that name, so he wouldn't be
another "Jr.," or II or III?
Mr. Pic. I had nothing to do with that, sir. She named him.
Mr. Jenner. She gave him that name?
Mr. Pic. Yes, sir.
Mr. Jenner. Was the child born before or after the separation?
Mr. Pic. After the separation.
Mr. Jenner. Were you aware that she was pregnant at the time of
the separation?
Mr. Pic. I was, sir.
Mr. Jenner. And you discussed that with her, I presume?
Mr. Pic. Yes.
Mr. Jenner. Was that a mutual agreement, to separate?
Mr. Pic. Yes, sir; we went to an attorney, the same attorney, and
he worked it out for us. We decided the best thing for us was to
separate, and we did.
Mr. Jenner. Then you supported her; did you?
Mr. Pic. Yes, sir.
Mr. Jenner. The child John Edward Pic was born then during the
period of the separation, but before the divorce, is that right?
Mr. Pic. That's right.
Mr. Jenner. Were you aware of the birth of the child?
Mr. Pic. Yes.
Mr. Jenner. Then a divorce took place?
 Mr. Pic. Correct.
Mr. Jenner. About how long after the birth of the boy?
Mr. Pic. Oh, I guess about a year and a half.
Mr. Jenner. About a year and a half?
Mr. Pic. Yes.
Mr. Jenner. Was a decree entered?
Mr. Pic. Oh, yes.
Mr. Jenner. Under which you paid alimony to your former wife
and child support to your son?
Mr. Pic. Well, it was not a court decree as far as the alimony was
concerned. That was an arrangement made between her, myself and
the attorney, that they keep that out of the divorce decree, about
alimony. That was a mutual understanding. I agreed that I would
give her as much as I could out of the salary I would make.
Mr. Jenner. How long did you make payments in the form of
alimony to her?
Mr. Pic. From the time of the separation up to 1950, I paid it. I
sent monthly checks.
Mr. Jenner. In the same amount?
Mr. Pic. The same amount; yes, sir.
Mr. Jenner. Did you pay her any separate amounts during that
time as alimony?
Mr. Pic. No, sir.
Mr. Jenner. You did not?
Mr. Pic. No, sir; it was agreed with our attorney that she could
have all the furniture. I made no claim on anything. She took it all.
Mr. Jenner. And you have the distinct recollection that you paid
her the same amount each month up until 1950, is that right?
 Mr. Pic. Correct, sir.
Mr. Jenner. What were those amounts, if you can recall?
Mr. Pic. Let's see—I am trying to remember if I sent that
semimonthly or monthly. I think I sent those checks semimonthly. I
sent her $20 semimonthly, which was $40 a month I sent her.
Mr. Jenner. You sent her $40 a month until 1950?
Mr. Pic. Yes, sir.
Mr. Jenner. Then even though she remarried you still sent her
$40 a month, is that right?
Mr. Pic. That's right.
Mr. Jenner. You knew she had remarried?
Mr. Pic. Yes, sir.
Mr. Jenner. When did you remarry?
Mr. Pic. I remarried in 1939.
Mr. Jenner. And is that your present wife?
Mr. Pic. Yes, sir.
Mr. Jenner. What was her maiden name?
Mr. Pic. Marjorie.
Mr. Jenner. What was her given name?
Mr. Pic. Boensel. She had previously been married.
Mr. Jenner. Was she a widow?
Mr. Pic. When we got married, yes; she was a widow. Her
husband had died.
Mr. Jenner. Have you had any children from that marriage?
Mr. Pic. Yes.
Mr. Jenner. Girl or boy?
 Mr. Pic. Girl.
Mr. Jenner. What is her name?
Mr. Pic. Martha.
Mr. Jenner. How old is she?
Mr. Pic. 17 this July.
Mr. Jenner. Tell me this: Did you know from time to time where
Marguerite would be so that you would know where to send those
checks?
Mr. Pic. Yes, sir; I did.
Mr. Jenner. How? Did she communicate with you?
Mr. Pic. Well, up to the time she moved out of the city, I think I
knew where she lived, but I am trying to think where the next place
she moved to when she moved out of town. I think it was Fort
Worth, Tex., or Brownsville; I just don't remember.
Mr. Jenner. Well, let me give you some addresses and let's see if
they refresh your recollection.
Mr. Pic. Yes, sir.
Mr. Jenner. From 1939 to 1941 on Alvar Street in New Orleans?
Mr. Pic. Alvar; yes.
Mr. Jenner. Do you remember when she lived on Alvar?
Mr. Pic. Yes, sir.
Mr. Jenner. Then she lived for a while, about a year, at 1010
Bartholomew in New Orleans; do you remember that?
Mr. Pic. Yes, sir; since you mention it.
Mr. Jenner. Then in 1942 at 2136 Broadway, New Orleans; do you
remember that?
Mr. Pic. That's possibly right, but it don't ring a bell.
 Mr. Jenner. Do you remember her being over in Algiers, 227
Atlantic Avenue?
Mr. Pic. No, sir.
Mr. Jenner. Then about 1945 in Dallas, Tex., 4801 Victor?
Mr. Pic. I don't remember Dallas.
Mr. Jenner. You don't remember Dallas?
Mr. Pic. No; she could have, but I don't remember it.
Mr. Jenner. Do you remember Benbrook, Tex., in 1946?
Mr. Pic. No, sir.
Mr. Jenner. Covington, La., in 1946, in the summer of that year?
Mr. Pic. Covington, no; I don't remember sending checks there.
Mr. Jenner. All right. Fort Worth, Tex., 1947?
Mr. Pic. I do remember her being there; yes.
Mr. Jenner. 1505 Eighth Avenue?
Mr. Pic. Well, the address I don't know, but I know she lived in
Fort Worth about then.
Mr. Jenner. You do remember Fort Worth?
Mr. Pic. Yes, sir.
Mr. Jenner. Do you definitely remember sending her $40 a month
when she was in Fort Worth?
Mr. Pic. Yes, sir.
Mr. Jenner. And it was while she was in Fort Worth that the
payments were finally stopped, is that right?
Mr. Pic. Correct, sir; in 1950.
Mr. Jenner. In 1950?
Mr. Pic. Yes, sir.
 Mr. Jenner. How did you transmit these checks to her, since she
moved around quite a bit, as we know?
Mr. Pic. Well, I would get a cashier's check from the Whitney
National Bank in New Orleans and sometimes the City Bank Branch,
which our company had an account in, and I could get it through
without a lot of red tape that way since I worked for the company
and all. Now, those addresses that you read off to me, she probably
kept me posted where she would be from time to time—you know,
let me know where to send the check.
Now, in 1950 I was of course still sending support to my son,
and through withholding I was able to claim him as a dependent,
but I knew he was getting up in age, 17, 18 years, and I made
inquiry whether he was still going to school, or was working,
because the Treasury Department called me in and said I made a
claim for my son when he had filed a tax return himself and in fact
claiming his mother as a dependent, so I got in trouble with the
Treasury Department over that, because I didn't know he was
working.
Mr. Jenner. Did you learn in 1950 eventually that your boy was in
the Coast Guard?
Mr. Pic. Finally I did; yes. She sent me a picture of John, and to
me it looked like he was in the Navy, but I guess it was the Coast
Guard. So anyway after they told me he was working, I went to see
my attorney and explained it to him that the boy had reached the
age where he was self-supporting, and inasmuch as I had remarried
and she had remarried, it wasn't necessary that I send her any more
money, so I wrote her a letter and told her that I had no further
legal obligation as far as the law was concerned, so I advised her
that that would be the last check I would be sending her, and I
heard no more from her.
Mr. Jenner. Have you seen your son John?
Mr. Pic. No, sir; only on the picture; and that was just up to
about the 1-year age, that I actually seen him.
 Mr. Jenner. You did see him when he was about a year old?
Mr. Pic. Yes; up to about a year old.
Mr. Jenner. But from that time on to the present day, you have
never seen him?
Mr. Pic. No, I have never seen my boy since that time.
Mr. Jenner. When was the last time you saw Marguerite?
Mr. Pic. Oh, that's been a long, long time.
Mr. Jenner. Could that have been as long a period as 37 years
that you haven't seen Marguerite?
Mr. Pic. Well, yes; that's about correct, sir; it's very close to that.
Mr. Jenner. 37 years?
Mr. Pic. Yes, sir.
Mr. Jenner. And you never knew Lee at all; you never saw him,
did you?
Mr. Pic. No.
Mr. Jenner. You didn't even know he was born, or when he was
born, did you?
Mr. Pic. No, sir; I knew she had two children now, but what their
names were, I didn't know that. Now, a few days after the
assassination, which I hate to mention, her name struck me all of a
sudden, but I didn't think even then that she was the Oswald mixed
up in this, and her son, and all.
I said to my wife, "Honey, do you realize who that is?" and she
said, "Yes, I figured who it was all the time, but I didn't want to
mention it to you and bring all that up." I didn't realize that it was
her boy at all.
Mr. Jenner. Did you know her husband, Lee Oswald?
Mr. Pic. No; I never met him.
 Mr. Jenner. You never did meet him and you never did hear of
him, is that right?
Mr. Pic. That's right; I never did even hear of him.
Mr. Jenner. Did you know a man by the name of Ekdahl?
Mr. Pic. No; not to my knowledge; no, sir.
Mr. Jenner. Did you know she was married to him at one time?
Mr. Pic. No, sir.
Mr. Jenner. Had you known him up to that moment?
Mr. Pic. No; not till I read about him in the paper—that she had
another marriage and it broke up, I believe, or something. It was in
the paper.
Mr. Jenner. And your boy John didn't communicate with you at
that time?
Mr. Pic. Never has; no, sir. I never got any word from John. I
guess he forgot about me. He was too young to realize, and maybe
his mother never did tell him about his old man.
Mr. Jenner. Well, to be completely charitable about it, you don't
even know if he knows you are alive, do you?
Mr. Pic. That's right.
Mr. Jenner. You never can tell about those things?
Mr. Pic. No; you never know.
Mr. Jenner. Well, Mr. Pic, I appreciate your coming in today. I
know it has been some inconvenience to you. I have no further
questions.
Mr. Pic. Well, like I say, I never did know about her marriage to
Mr. Oswald, other than I had known that she remarried, and his
name was mentioned to me.
Mr. Jenner. I understand that. Now, Mr. Pic, you have the right, if
you wish, to come in and read your deposition and sign it, or you
may waive that and this gentleman, the court reporter, will
transcribe the deposition and it will be sent by the U.S. attorney to
Washington. Now what do you prefer to do? Do you want to read
and sign it, or do you want to waive that?
Mr. Pic. Oh, I will waive it. I mean, the information I have is all I
can give you. My wife and I have known that we faced this ever
since the assassination, that it would come some day, but we just
didn't want a lot of publicity or anything, you know.
Mr. Jenner. Well, you may rest assured that the fact that you
have testified here will not be made known to any news reporters or
any news media by anyone in this room, and we appreciate your
coming in and telling us what you know about it.
 TESTIMONY OF JOHN CARRO
The testimony of John Carro was taken on April 16, 1964, at the
U.S. Courthouse, Foley Square, New York, N.Y., by Mr. Wesley J.
Liebeler, assistant counsel of the President's Commission.

John Carro, having been first duly sworn, was examined and
testified as follows:
Mr. Liebeler. My name is Wesley J. Liebeler. I am a member of
the legal staff of the President's Commission investigating the
assassination of President Kennedy. Staff members have been
authorized to take the testimony of witnesses by the Commission
pursuant to authority granted to the Commission by Executive Order
No. 11130, dated November 29, 1963, and Joint Resolution of
Congress No. 137.
Under the Commission's rules for the taking of testimony, each
witness is to be provided with a copy of the Executive order and of
the joint resolution, and a copy of the rules that the Commission has
adopted governing the taking of testimony from witnesses. The
Commission will provide you copies of those documents.
Under the Commission's rules for the taking of testimony, each
witness is entitled to 3 days' notice of his testimony. I don't believe
you actually received 3 days' notice.
Mr. Carro. No.
Mr. Liebeler. But since you are here, I don't believe there is any
question that you will——
 Mr. Carro. There's no problem.
Mr. Liebeler. We want to inquire briefly of you today, Mr. Carro,
concerning your recollection of the contact we are informed that you
had with Lee Harvey Oswald when he lived here in New York at the
time he was approximately 13 years old, back in 1953–54.
Mr. Carro. Yes.
Mr. Liebeler. Before we get into that, would you state your full
name for the record.
Mr. Carro. Well, my name is John Carro.
Mr. Liebeler. Where do you live?
Mr. Carro. 56 Lakeside Drive, in Yonkers, State of New York.
Mr. Liebeler. Where are you presently employed?
Mr. Carro. I am employed with the mayor's office here in the city
of New York.
Mr. Liebeler. You are an assistant to the mayor?
Mr. Carro. An assistant to the mayor.
Mr. Liebeler. Where were you born?
Mr. Carro. I was born in Orocovis, P.R.
Mr. Liebeler. When?
Mr. Carro. August 21, 1927.
Mr. Liebeler. When did you come to the United States?
Mr. Carro. I came to the United States, I believe it was in 1937
—'37.
Mr. Liebeler. And you came to New York at that time?
Mr. Carro. New York City; yes, sir.
Mr. Liebeler. And you have lived in New York City ever since, or
its environs?
 Mr. Carro. Yes.
Mr. Liebeler. Would you outline briefly for us your educational
background?
Mr. Carro. Well, I went to junior high school and high school,
college and law school here. I attended Benjamin Franklin High
School, Fordham University and Brooklyn Law School. I graduated
from law school in 1952. In addition, I attended schools in the Navy,
the hospital corps school, and I attended one year at NYU, the
School of Public Administration, under the city executive program.
I am an attorney and have a B.S. degree from the University of
Fordham.
Mr. Liebeler. Have you at any time engaged in the practice of law
here in New York?
Mr. Carro. Yes; I have. I have from the time I was admitted to
practice in February of 1956 been in the practice of law. Even at the
present time, although I am not, myself, actively engaged, I
maintain a law partnership where I practice.
Mr. Liebeler. I understand that you were a probation officer,
assigned as a probation officer to the Domestic Relations Court.
Mr. Carro. Yes.
Mr. Liebeler. Here in New York?
Mr. Carro. Yes.
Mr. Liebeler. At what time did you first become so assigned?
Mr. Carro. Well, I worked with the Probation Department of the
Domestic Relations Court, Children's Division, from early 1952 'til
1954. I am trying to recollect—from 1952 to 1954. I believe it was
up to October of 1954. It may have been around September of
1954. I'm not sure.
Mr. Liebeler. Can you tell us, after 1954 did you hold any other
public office or any other——
 Mr. Carro. Oh, yes; I worked from 1949 to 1952 as a social
investigator for the city of New York. From 1952 to 1954 I was
probation officer of the Children's Court. Then, in 1954 for about a
month or so I was with the New York City Police Department as a
probationary patrolman and left to join the New York City Youth
Board where I worked as a social—I mean, a street club worker,
senior worker and supervisor. I worked with the New York Youth
Board for 4 years with their council of Social and Athletic Clubs,
which is the common name given to the "street gang project."
From 1958 to 1960 I was appointed to the State Commission
Against Discrimination. I worked with them as a field representative.
In 1960 to 1961 I worked for Mobilization for Youth, which is a
privately financed organization with Federal, State, and city funds
and private funds, developing a program for the youth, as an
associate director, and from 1961 to the present I have been an
assistant to the mayor of the city of New York.
Mr. Liebeler. Does your job with the mayor at the present time
relate to youth, or more generally——
Mr. Carro. Yes, in the sense that I have liaison responsibility with
the various social service agencies, which included the Youth Board,
the Department of Correction and City Commission on Human
Rights. I do a great deal of work with education and youth, and I am
in charge of the mayor's information center and the mobile unit, and
although that does not give me a direct relationship, the leaning of
my own background experience have been so that I have
represented the mayor on the President's Committee on Narcotics. I
also have worked with the Mobilization for Youth. I have sat in for
the mayor on some of the situations. I naturally tend to this kind of
work.
Mr. Liebeler. How did you first become interested in this? Was
this because of your work as a probation officer or the work you did
prior to that?
 Mr. Carro. Well, I think it was a combination of both. I grew up
in east Harlem, and I belonged to a number of organizations, and
actually I desired to get social work experience, and when I went
into the welfare department I found out that I would enjoy it much
better working with youth, and it was just through reading about it,
I happened to read—I heard that probation work with youth—than
welfare investigator, and while in probation I read about the youth
board work, and I liked the idea of a detached worker approach,
working in the streets, trying to reach the young people before they
came to court and had already committed a crime, and this is why I
left the police department, in the thought that I would like to do
that.
I have an interest in young people.
Mr. Liebeler. During the time that you worked as a probation
officer did you have occasion to make the acquaintance of Lee
Harvey Oswald?
Mr. Carro. Yes, I did.
Mr. Liebeler. Will you tell us everything that you can remember
about that in your own words?
Mr. Carro. Well, I was first assigned to the case, I believe it was
about April of 1953. This was a petition that had been brought
before the court by the attendance bureau relating to this boy, Lee
Harvey Oswald, because of his truancy from school. He had been
absent quite a great deal of time on a prior term, on a transfer to a
new school; he had just neglected to attend school altogether, and
the Board of Education has a bureau who send out an attendance
officer to find out why the boy is not going to school. Apparently
their efforts were fruitless so that the attendance bureau of the
board of education had referred the matter to the court for a
petition, and the mother had been asked to come into court with the
boy.
My recollection, as I recall, is that initially the mother did not
bring him in and the judge ordered a warrant for her to bring the
boy, and when she did come in with the boy a petition was drawn,
alleging truancy, the judge made a finding of truancy, and ordered
that the boy be remanded to Youth House for what they call a
sociological study. The case is then assigned to a probation officer in
the court to make further investigation to bring back to the court for
a possible determination as to the case.
This is the instance that I came into the case. The judge having
made a finding and ordered an investigation, I was the probation
officer assigned to do the investigation in the case.
Mr. Liebeler. The original finding that the judge made was that
Oswald was a truant, and the first finding also ordered Oswald to be
committed in the Youth House, is that correct?
Mr. Carro. Remanded, yes.
Mr. Liebeler. Remanded.
Mr. Carro. Pending investigation, and for a sociological study
while there.
Mr. Liebeler. Would the probation officer work with the boy while
he was in the Youth House or basically after he got out of the Youth
House?
Mr. Carro. No, actually the probation officer's job would be then
to develop a history of the family which would entail talking to the
boy about the nature of the difficulty which brought him before the
court, talking to the parent as to what the parent knew and the
boy's whole background from early childhood, whether there was
trauma, whether he was a nailbiter, you know, the whole family
history, brother, sibling relationship, parental history, look into the
school record. In this particular instance it was most important
because there was a question of truancy. Also find out about the
religious affiliation, whether the boy went to church, look into the
environmental surroundings, where he lived; visit the home, talk to
the boy, himself, about the nature of his act and why he did the
things he did, and actually, in essence, get a full report, about as full
as possible as to the boy's background, his parents, his whole
situation, make a recommendation to the court, get the reports from
the school as to what the probation officer deemed should happen in
this instance.
Unlike the special sessions and other courts where the probation
officers do not make recommendations, in Children's Court the
probation officer does make a recommendation which the judge then
can go along with or reject or take it under consideration. This was
aside from what was going on in Youth House.
In Youth House the boy that is sent there, every worker that has
some contact with the boy is required to write something about the
contact, and they are in fairly good position because they watch this
boy in his off moments for 2 to 3 weeks, in his everyday activities,
and he is also seen by a psychiatrist while he is there, and then this
report, along with what the probation officer has been able to get
from visits to the home, the parents, talking to the boy himself, is
collated and put together, and this forms the basis for the material
that is given to the judge, so that the judge is in a better position to
render a decision of what should happen, whether this boy should
be placed, whether he should be returned home, whether he should
be given therapy, whether he should be put on probation, strict
probation, or whatever the judge would deem in the particular
instance.
Mr. Liebeler. In this particular case you recall that Oswald was
remanded to Youth House?
Mr. Carro. Yes, he was remanded from the very first day to the
Youth House because he had not even bothered to report to school.
I forget whether he had just turned 13 or he was still 12, but in New
York State we have a law that requires each boy to attend school
until at least 16, and this was a young man of tender age who had
at this point taken it upon himself to just not bother to go to school
any more, and furthermore, this was not the usual hooky-playing
type—when I say hooky, the type of boy who does not go to school,
to truant with his other friends, to go to the park, fish, play, or
whatever it is. This is a boy who would not go to school just to
remain home, not do anything.
The judge felt that since there was no father figure at home and
it was just a mother who worked, that this was not a salutary
situation for a boy this tender age to be in, and he felt he wanted to
find out a little more about this boy before he made decision, and
consequently he asked for the study at the Youth House.
Mr. Liebeler. Do you know who worked with Lee Oswald at the
Youth House?
Mr. Carro. No; I only know that—I did not know the staff by
name. I had been there on some occasions, so I do not know
specifically who. I know he was seen by the psychiatrist, Dr. Hartogs,
because they do send you their report afterwards, and I did receive
a Youth House report, but I don't recall who specifically had the daily
contacts with Lee Oswald.
Mr. Liebeler. How does it come that you remember receiving Dr.
Hartogs' report?
Mr. Carro. Well, because since he was sent there and he is the
doctor who does the report, this comes back to the court, and it is
incorporated into the final report before it is put out, and Dr.
Hartogs, I knew, was the one who did it for the court. He was the
chief psychiatrist or so. All the reports were signed by him, almost,
that came to us.
Mr. Liebeler. Do you know whether Dr. Hartogs actually
interviewed these children and talked to them?
Mr. Carro. I don't know.
Mr. Liebeler. Or did he just administer the work of other
psychiatrists, do you know?
Mr. Carro. I don't know if he had, you know, colleagues who did
the work for him. As a matter of fact, I don't know how many times
he saw Lee or his mother. All we used to get is a report signed by Dr.
Hartogs. I don't know if he personally saw this boy or not.
 Mr. Liebeler. What else can you remember of your contacts with
Lee Oswald?
Mr. Carro. Let me tell you my recollection of the Oswald case. As
you can imagine, from 13 years ago, this was an odd thing, because
I did not realize that Oswald was the person that had killed Kennedy
the first couple of days. It was only almost—I believe it was after the
burial or just about that time, while I was watching the papers, on
the day that he actually was killed by Ruby, that I saw some pictures
of the mother, and I started reading about the New York situation,
that it suddenly tied in, because, you know, something happening in
Texas, 1,500 miles, is something you hardly associate with a
youngster that you had 10 years prior or 12 years prior.
A friend of mine called me up, a social worker, to tell me, "Carro,
you know who that case is?"
And he said, "That was the case you handled. Don't you
remember?"
And then we started discussing the case, and I remembered
then, and what happened then is I felt, you know, it was a kind of a
numb feeling, because you know about it and could not know what
to do with it. I was a probation officer and despite the fact that I
was no longer one, I still felt that this was a kind of a ticklish
situation, about something that I knew that no one else knew, and I
went upstairs and I told the press secretary to the mayor. I told him
the information that had just been relayed to me that I had been
Oswald's P.O. and that I should tell the mayor about it, and the
mayor had gone to Washington, so he told me, "Just sit tight and
don't say anything."
The story didn't break in the papers—this was on a Tuesday or
Wednesday—until Saturday when someone found out, went to Judge
Kelley, and then there were stories Friday, Saturday, and the Post
reporter showed up to my house on a Sunday evening. I don't know
how he found out where I lived or anything else, but once he got
there, I called city hall again, "Look, I got this reporter over here.
What do I do with him?"
They said, "So apparently the story has broken. So talk to him."
But the reporter it seemed, had more information than I had. He
was actually clarifying my mind, because you can understand that
you're not going to quote, you know, paraphrase 13 years later what
happened. I have worked with a great many children during that
time, and I have done a great deal of work with youth. What did
stand out, you know, that I really recall as a recollection of my own
was this fact, that this was a small boy. Most of the boys that I had
on probation were Puerto Rican or Negro, and they were New York
type of youngsters who spoke in the same slang, who came from
the Bronx whom I knew how to relate to because I knew the areas
where they came from, and this boy was different only in two or
three respects. One, that I was a Catholic probation officer and this
boy was a Lutheran, which was strange to begin with, because you
normally carry youth of your own background. And secondly that he
did dress in a western style with the levis, and he spoke with this
southwestern accent which made him different from the average boy
that I had on probation.
And, as I said, my own reaction then was that he seemed like a
likable boy who did not seem mentally retarded or anything. He
seemed fairly bright, and once spoken to, asked anything, he
replied. He was somewhat guarded, but he did reply, and my own
reaction in speaking to him was one of concern, because he did not
want to play with anybody, he did not care to go to school; he said
he wasn't really learning anything; he had brothers, but he didn't
miss them or anything. He seems to have liked his stay at Youth
House, and this is not—how do you call it—not odd, because in
Youth House they did show the movies and give candy bars and this
and the other, and they were paid attention, and this is a boy who is
virtually alone all day, and only in that respect did it mean anything
to me.
 As I told reporters at the time there was no indicia that this boy
had any Marxist leanings or that he had any tendencies at that age
that I was able to view that would lead him into future difficulty.
Actually he came before the court with no prior record, with just
the fact that he was not going to school, and the other thing that
touched me was that the mother at that time seemed
overprotective; she just seemed to think that there was nothing
wrong with the boy, and that once we got him back to school, which
I told him in no uncertain terms he would have to go back because
he was just too young to decide he would not go to school any
more, that all his problems were resolved. I think it may have been a
threat to her to want to involve her in the treatment for the boy,
because I did make a recommendation that he—it seemed to me
that he needed help, that he needed to relate to some adult, that he
needed to be brought out of this kind of a shell that he was
retreating to, and not wanting friends, not wanting to go out, and
not wanting to relate to anyone, and that I thought he had the
capacity for doing this, and the psychiatric report sort of bore this
out in perhaps much more medical terms, and they recommended
that he either receive this kind of a support of therapeutic group
work treatment at home, if it were possible, or, if not, in an
institution.
Now, the situation in this kind of case is that treatment has to
involve the parent, you know, the whole family setup, not just the
child, and I think this is where the mother sort of felt threatened
herself. People do not always understand what group work and
treatment and psychiatric treatment means. There are all kinds of
connotations to it, and she resisted this.
We tried—or even before we came into the case, before the case
came to court, I think she had been referred to the Salvation Army, I
believe it was, and she had not responded. Actually, when the boy
came back with all these reports to the court, he was not put on
supervision per se to me. The matter was sort of up in the air where
it would be brought back every month while we made referral to
various agencies, to see if they would take him into Children's Village
or Harriman Farms, and whatever it was, and it was just looking
around, shopping around for placement for him. And the mother, I
think, felt threatened about that time, that the boy was back in
school, we were looking to get him psychiatric treatment, and she
came in and wanted to take the boy out of the State, and we told
her she could not take him out without the court's OK.
As a matter of fact, I recall the case was put on the calendar
before Judge Sicher in November of that year, 1953, when she was
told, yes, that it was necessary to have the boy remain here, and
that that is when the judge ordered a referral to the psychiatric clinic
of the court, and to the Big Brothers who subsequently accepted the
boy for working with. With that the mother took off in January,
without letting us know, and just never came back.
Mr. Liebeler. Did you have the impression that Mrs. Oswald had
the idea that you were going to take the boy and place him?
Mr. Carro. I think she might have had the idea because we
certainly were coming back to court each month, you know, with the
judge saying, "Well, try Children's Village. Try Harriman Farms, try
this place and try that."
I think she was threatened, that there was a plan afoot, that if
the boy would not work out, that he would be placed. This was one
of the recommendations that I felt he should be placed, and the
court also; something could be worked out, because, incidentally,
when he did go back to school he did go to school, but he was
presenting, you know, marginal problems in school, and he was not
doing as well as expected.
Mr. Liebeler. There is a summary report in the file that he had
been elected president of his class; that the court had been given a
report to that effect. Do you recall anything about that?
Mr. Carro. No. As a matter of fact, the one that I recall is that he
neglected to salute the American flag in class, and the reason I
never said anything of that to the newspapers is because I figured
they would pick this up and say, you know, "See, 15 years ago he
refused to salute the American flag. This is proof." And I did not
want a newspaper headline, you know, "Oswald at the age of 12
refused to salute the American flag."
Mr. Liebeler. That happens from time to time, I suppose, in
children that age?
Mr. Carro. The kind of reports that came back, he was a little
disruptive in class, but nothing of any nature that I would, you
know, singly point out. He did not become president of the class that
I recall.
Mr. Liebeler. You indicated that you had the feeling that the
possibility of Lee Oswald being involved with psychiatric treatment,
which would also involve his mother, whole family group, constituted
a threat to or threatened the mother. What did you mean by that?
Mr. Carro. Well, there was a reluctance in her to get involved in
the boy's treatment process. She saw herself as removed, as this
having nothing to do with her. Furthermore, she saw the boy's
problem as the only problem being he did not go to school, and once
we insisted that he go back to school her attitude was, "Why are you
bothering me? You're harassing me. He's back in school. Why do you
want him to go to the clinic for? Why should I go with him? Why do
we have to see the Protestant Big Brothers for? He has brothers.
What does he need brothers for? Leave us alone. I don't like New
York. I was a woman of means in Louisiana when my husband was
alive."
Here in New York she just felt that people were—this was just
bothering her; she couldn't understand that in helping the boy you
need to have the help of the parent because this is a young boy, and
if he is going to go to a court clinic, for example, she has to take him
there, and her own attitude toward the help he is receiving, unless it
is one that will support whatever we are trying to do for him, if it is
negative, and she is rejecting, and she is resisting, the boy himself
will resist whatever kind involvement you are doing for him, and we
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