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Mini Project

This document details the implementation of Frequency Modulation (FM) using MATLAB's built-in function fmmod() with a single-tone sinusoidal modulating signal. The project aims to analyze the FM signal's characteristics in both time and frequency domains, demonstrating the effects of frequency deviation and carrier frequency. Results indicate that the FM signal maintains constant amplitude and exhibits a wider bandwidth compared to the modulating signal, consistent with Carson's Rule.

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1 views

Mini Project

This document details the implementation of Frequency Modulation (FM) using MATLAB's built-in function fmmod() with a single-tone sinusoidal modulating signal. The project aims to analyze the FM signal's characteristics in both time and frequency domains, demonstrating the effects of frequency deviation and carrier frequency. Results indicate that the FM signal maintains constant amplitude and exhibits a wider bandwidth compared to the modulating signal, consistent with Carson's Rule.

Uploaded by

n.s.lodhi414
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TITLE

"Implementation of Analog Frequency Modulation for a Single-Tone Modulating Signal


Using MATLAB Built-In Functions"

INTRODUCTION
Frequency Modulation (FM) is a widely used analog modulation technique where the
frequency of the carrier signal is varied in proportion to the amplitude of the modulating
signal, while the amplitude of the carrier remains constant. FM is known for its resilience to
signal amplitude noise and its application in high-fidelity broadcasting, such as FM radio.

This project demonstrates the implementation of frequency modulation in MATLAB using a


single-tone (sinusoidal) modulating signal. The modulation process is carried out using
MATLAB's built-in function fmmod(), which simplifies the task of generating a frequency-
modulated signal. By varying the frequency of a high-frequency carrier based on a lower-
frequency modulating signal, this simulation provides insights into the characteristics of FM
signals in the time and frequency domains.

The purpose of this implementation is to observe the behavior of the FM signal and analyze
its waveform and spectrum using MATLAB’s visualization tools.

OBJECTIVE
The primary objective of this project is to implement and analyze Frequency Modulation
(FM) of a single-tone modulating signal using MATLAB’s built-in function fmmod(). The
specific goals include:

 To understand the fundamental concept of frequency modulation in analog


communication.

 To generate a single-tone sinusoidal modulating signal.

 To use MATLAB’s fmmod() function to produce the frequency-modulated waveform.

 To visualize the modulating signal and the resulting FM signal in both time and
frequency domains.

 To interpret the effect of frequency deviation and carrier frequency on the FM signal.

SIMULATION
The simulation of Frequency Modulation (FM) is carried out in MATLAB using a sinusoidal
modulating signal. The built-in function fmmod() is used to perform the FM operation. The
simulation involves defining key parameters such as sampling frequency, carrier frequency,
modulating frequency, and frequency deviation. The process is divided into the following
steps:
1. Parameter Initialization

The parameters for the simulation are defined as follows:

 Sampling Frequency (Fs): 100 kHz


 Time Duration: 10 ms

 Modulating Signal Amplitude (Am): 1


 Modulating Signal Frequency (fm): 1 kHz

 Carrier Frequency (fc): 20 kHz


 Frequency Deviation: 5 kHz

2. Signal Generation
 The modulating signal is generated as a cosine wave:
m(t)=Amcos⁡(2πfmt)m(t) = A_m \cos(2\pi f_m t)m(t)=Amcos(2πfmt)

 The carrier frequency is used in conjunction with fmmod() to produce the FM signal.
3. Frequency Modulation using fmmod()

 The fmmod() function is used to modulate the carrier frequency based on the
instantaneous amplitude of the message signal:

matlab

y = fmmod(m, fc, Fs, freq_dev);

4. Visualization

 The time-domain waveforms of both the modulating signal and the FM signal are
plotted.
 The frequency spectrum of the FM signal is obtained using the Fast Fourier Transform
(FFT) and visualized to analyze the spectral components of the modulated signal.
5. MATLAB Code
The MATLAB code for the simulation is as follows:

%Set the sampling frequency to 1kHz and carrier frequency to 200 Hz.
fs = 1000;

fc = 200;
t = (0:1/fs:0.2)';

%Create two tone sinusoidal signal with frequencies 30 and 60 Hz.


x = sin(2*pi*30*t)+2*sin(2*pi*60*t);
%Set the frequency deviation to 50 Hz.

fDev = 50;

%Frequency modulate x.

y = fmmod(x,fc,fs,fDev);

%plot the graphs to show the original signal and modulated signal
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(t,x)

xlabel('Time(s)')
ylabel('Amplitude')

legend('original signal')
grid on;

subplot(2,1,2)
plot(t,y)

xlabel('Time(s)')

ylabel('Amplitude')
legend('modulated signal')

grid on;

RESULT
The simulation of frequency modulation using MATLAB’s fmmod() function successfully
demonstrates the generation and characteristics of an FM signal for a single-tone
modulating input.
1. Time-Domain Results
 The modulating signal is observed to be a pure sinusoidal waveform with a frequency
of 1 kHz.
 The FM signal shows varying frequency over time, which is dependent on the
instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal.

 As the amplitude of the modulating signal increases or decreases, the instantaneous


frequency of the FM waveform deviates accordingly from the carrier frequency.

2. Frequency-Domain Results
 The frequency spectrum of the FM signal reveals multiple spectral components
centered around the carrier frequency (20 kHz).
 The bandwidth of the FM signal is significantly wider than that of the original
modulating signal, which is consistent with Carson’s Rule:
BFM=2×(Δf+fm)B_{FM} = 2 \times (\Delta f + f_m)BFM=2×(Δf+fm)
where Δf=\Delta f =Δf= frequency deviation, and fm=f_m =fm= maximum frequency of the
modulating signal.

 Sidebands are visible in the frequency domain, which correspond to the harmonics
of the modulating signal created due to the modulation process.

3. Observations
 The frequency deviation parameter has a significant impact on the spread of the FM
signal in the frequency domain.

 The FM waveform maintains constant amplitude, which is a fundamental property


of frequency modulation, offering better noise immunity compared to amplitude
modulation(AM).

WAVEFORM:

Figure: Frequency modulated waveform with modulation index 5 (Broadband FM)

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