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CELL DIVISION PDF

Mitosis is a process of cell division that enables growth, asexual reproduction, and repair of damaged cells in multicellular organisms. It involves the duplication of DNA and the division of a mother cell into two identical daughter cells, occurring in a cycle that includes interphase and mitotic phases (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase). Cancer results from uncontrolled mitotic division, with various causes and treatments including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery.

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9 views

CELL DIVISION PDF

Mitosis is a process of cell division that enables growth, asexual reproduction, and repair of damaged cells in multicellular organisms. It involves the duplication of DNA and the division of a mother cell into two identical daughter cells, occurring in a cycle that includes interphase and mitotic phases (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase). Cancer results from uncontrolled mitotic division, with various causes and treatments including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery.

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celeanele824
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CELL DIVISION: Mitosis

Grade 10
Role of mitosis:

• Development and growth - The number of cells increases by mitosis enabling


organisms to grow from a single cell to a complex multicellular organism.
• Asexual reproduction - Some organisms use mitosis to produce genetically
identical offspring.

• Replacement and repair of damaged cells


 Cells in multicellular organisms have the ability to divide continuously.
• There are two types of cells in the human body:
› somatic cells (body cells)
› sex cells/gametes (female eggs or male sperm)
• The division of somatic cells, which results in growth, is known as mitosis.
• During mitosis, a mother cell divides to form two identical daughter cells.
• The two daughter cells are not only identical to each other, but also to the original mother cell.
They have the same genetic material in their cell nuclei as in the nucleus of the mother cell.
• The process of cell division, during which gametes are formed, is called meiosis.
Chromosomes
 Chromosomes are thread-like structures found in the nucleus all cells.
 Chromosomes transfer hereditary characteristics from generation to generation.
 When cells are not dividing the chromosomes appear as a mass of threads, the
chromatin network.

 A chromosome consists of the nucleic acid DNA and proteins

 Before a cell divides, the DNA has to be duplicated. The process during which a
DNA molecule makes an identical replica (copy)of itself is known as DNA
replication
 After replication has taken place the single - stranded chromosome consists of
two strands which are called chromatids.
 The two chromatids of a double-stranded chromosome are joined by a centromere.
The Cell Cycle
 The cell cycle is the period during which cell grows, replicates genetic material and divides.
 The cell cycle is divided into two:
▪ Interphase during which the cell grows and replicates its DNA.

▪ Mitosis during which the cell divides and transfers one copy of its DNA
to two identical cells.
 Prophase
 Metaphase
 Anaphase
 Telophase
Interphase
• Cell growth and DNA replication take place during this phase.

• After replication has taken place, the chromosome now consists of two chromatids
(double stranded) joined by a centromere.
Prophase
 Chromatin network unwinds
 Spindle fibres form
 Nuclear membrane disappears
Metaphase
 Chromosomes move to the equator
 Centromere is attached to the spindle fibres
Anaphase
 Centromere of each chromosome splits
 Chromatids (daughter chromosomes) move to the opposite poles
 Cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm) begins
Telophase
 Daughter chromosomes arrange at poles and form chromatin material
 Spindle fibres disappear
 Nuclear membrane forms
 Cytoplasm divides
 Nucleolus forms
Cancer
 Cancer is the result of uncontrolled mitotic cell division in the body.

Causes of cancer :
 Smoking
 Sun
 Radiation hereditary factors
 Pollutants
 Hormonal imbalances
 Chemicals such as asbestos

Treatment for cancer:


 Chemotherapy
 Radiotherapy
 Surgery – removes tumours and growths

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