Electronic Circuits I (ELE 113)

Electrical Department
Prepared by

Dr. Asmaa seliem

Objective

• Learn about electrical

filters
• Different types
• Uses
• What is the -3dB point?
• Create filters
 Filter
• Filter is a frequency selective
circuit that passes signal of
specified Band of frequencies
and attenuates the signals of
frequencies outside the band
Filters
• Filters may be classified as either digital or analog.

. Digital filters are implemented using a digital computer

or special purpose digital hardware.

. Analog filters may be classified as either passive or

active and are usually implemented with R, L, and C
components and operational amplifiers.
Filters
. An active filter is one that, along with R, L, and C
components, also contains an energy source, such
as that derived from an operational amplifier used
op- amp as the active element and resistors and
capacitors as passive elements..

. A passive filter is one that contains only R, L, and

C components. It is not necessary that all three be
present. L is often omitted (on purpose) from
passive filter design because of the size and cost
of inductors – and they also carry along an R that
must be included in the design.
Review
• 4 major types of filters: low-pass, high-pass, band pass, and band-reject or band-stop
• 0 dB attenuation in the pass band (usually)
• 3 dB attenuation at the critical or cutoff frequency, fc (for Butterworth filter)
• Roll-off at 20 dB/dec (or 6 dB/oct) per pole outside the passband (# of poles = # of
reactive elements).
• Bandwidth of a filter: BW = 𝑓𝑐𝑢 − 𝑓𝑐𝑙
Review
4 types of filter responses are commonly
used:
➢Butterworth - maximally flat in
passband; highly nonlinear phase
response with frequency
➢ Bessel - gentle roll-off; linear phase
shift with freq.
➢ Chebyshev - steep initial roll-off with
ripples in passband
Four types of filters - “Ideal”

• Passive
Analog
Filters
Four types of filters - “Realistic Filters”
• Passive Analog Filters
The Filter Transfer Function
• The filter transfer function T(s) is the ratio of the output voltage Vo(s) to the
input voltage Vi(s),

The degree of the denominator, N, is the filter order. For the filter circuit to be stable, the
degree of the numerator must be less than or equal to that of the denominator: M ≤ N.
The Filter Transfer Function
Low Pass Filter
Consider the circuit below.

R +
+
VI C VO
Low pass filter circuit _
_

1
VO ( jw) jwC 1
= =
Vi ( jw) R+
1 1 + jwRC
jwC
Low Pass Filter

0 dB
-3 dB . Bode

1/RC  Passes low frequencies

Attenuates high frequencies

1
x
0.707 Linear Plot

0 1/RC 
High Pass Filter
Consider the circuit below.

+
C
+
Vi R
_ VO
_

High Pass Filter

VO ( jw) R jwRC
= =
Vi ( jw) R+
1 1 + jwRC
jwC
High Pass Filter

0 dB
. -3 dB
Passes high frequencies
Bode
1/RC Attenuates low frequencies

1/RC 

1
0.707 x.

Linear

0 1/RC 
Band-Pass Filter
Consider the circuit shown below:

C L +
+
Vi R VO
_
_

When studying series resonant circuit we showed that;

R
VO ( s ) s
= L
Vi ( s ) s 2 + R s + 1
L LC
Band-Pass Filter
We can make a bandpass from the previous equation and select the poles
where we like. In a typical case we have the following shapes.

0 dB
-3 dB
. . Bode

lo hi 
1 . .
0.707
Linear

0 lo hi 
Band-Pass Filter
The bandwidth (BW) is defined as the difference between the upper 𝑓𝑐1 critical
frequency and the lower critical frequency ( 𝑓𝑐1 ).

BW= 𝒇𝒄𝟐 − 𝒇𝒄𝟏

The frequency about which the passband is centered is called the center
frequency, 𝑓0 , defined as the geometric mean of the critical frequencies.

𝒇𝒐 = 𝒇𝒄𝟐 𝒇𝒄𝟏
Band-Pass Filter
Example
Suppose we use the previous series RLC circuit with output across R to design a bandpass
filter. We will place poles at –200 rad/sec and – 2000 rad/sec hoping that our –3 dB points
will be located there and hence have a bandwidth of 1800 rad/sec.
To match the RLC circuit form we use:

2200 s 2200s 2200 s

= =
s 2 + 2200 s + 400000 ( s + 200)( s + 2000) 200 x2000(1 + s )(1 + s )
200 2000
The last term on the right can be finally put in Bode form as;
0.0055 jw
jw jw
(1 + )(1 + )
200 2000
RLC Band stop (band-reject) Filter
Consider the circuit shown below:

R +
+ L
VO
Vi
_
=
Gv (s ) C

The transfer function for VO/Vi can be expressed as follows:

1
2
s +
Gv ( s ) = LC
R 1
s2 + s +
L LC
RLC Band stop (band-reject) Filter
Comments

This is of the form of a band stop filter. We see we have complex zeros
on the jw axis located

1
j
LC
From the characteristic equation we see we have two poles. The poles
an essentially be placed anywhere in the left half of the s-plane. We
see that they will be to the left of the zeros on the jw axis.

We now consider an example on how to use this information.

RLC Band stop (band-reject) Filter
Example

Design a band stop filter with a center frequency of 632.5 rad/sec

and having poles at –100 rad/sec and –3000 rad/sec.
The transfer function is:

s + 300000
2

s + 3100 s + 300000
2
First order LPF
 Basic Active Filters
Low pass filter C

R fb

+ R in +
Vin
_ VO
_
 Basic Active Filters
High pass

Rfb

C Rin
+
Vin +
_ VO
_
 Basic Active Filters
Band pass filter

R1 C2

C1 R2 R fb
R1 R2
Ri
+
Vin
_ +
VO
_
 Basic Active Filters
Band stop filter

C1

R1
R1

R fb

R2 Ri
+ C2 +
Vin VO
_
_