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MATM_PRELIM

The document serves as a final reviewer for MATM 111, covering key concepts in patterns, sets, logic, and exponential decay. It includes definitions, formulas, examples, and possible questions for arithmetic and geometric sequences, set notations and operations, logical statements, and exponential decay models. Each section provides essential mathematical principles and problem-solving techniques relevant to the modern world.

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9 views3 pages

MATM_PRELIM

The document serves as a final reviewer for MATM 111, covering key concepts in patterns, sets, logic, and exponential decay. It includes definitions, formulas, examples, and possible questions for arithmetic and geometric sequences, set notations and operations, logical statements, and exponential decay models. Each section provides essential mathematical principles and problem-solving techniques relevant to the modern world.

Uploaded by

12082004pxms
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATHEMATICS IN MODERN WORLD

BASED ON THE OUTLINE KEY POINTERS ONLY


MATM 111 FINAL REVIEWER: PATTERNS, SETS, LOGIC & EXPONENTIAL DECAY

I. IDENTIFYING PATTERNS AND SEQUENCES


1. Definition of Patterns
 A pattern is a repeated or recurring form, arrangement, or sequence.
 Patterns can be numeric, geometric, or algebraic.
2. Types of Sequences
 Arithmetic Sequence – A sequence where each term increases or decreases by a
constant difference (common difference, d).
o Formula: An = A1 + (n - 1)d
o Example: Find the 10th term of the sequence 3, 7, 11, 15,...
 A10 = 3 + (10 - 1)(4) = 39
 Geometric Sequence – A sequence where each term is multiplied by a constant
ratio (common ratio, r).
o Formula: An = A1 × r^(n-1)
o Example: Find the 6th term of the sequence 2, 4, 8, 16,...
 A6 = 2 × 2^(6-1) = 2 × 32 = 64
 Fibonacci Sequence – A sequence where each term is the sum of the two
preceding terms.
o Example: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13...
3. Symmetry and Rotational Patterns
 Symmetry – When an object looks the same after a transformation.
 Rotational Symmetry – A shape has rotational symmetry if it looks the same after
being rotated by a certain degree.
o Formula: Angle of rotation = 360° / n-fold rotation
o Example: A pentagon has 5-fold rotational symmetry, so its angle of
rotation is 360°/5 = 72°.
Possible Questions & Answers:
1. What is the next term in the sequence 2, 5, 8, 11, ___?
o Answer: 14 (Arithmetic Sequence, d = 3)
2. Find the sum of the first 10 terms of the sequence 4, 8, 12, …?
o Answer: Sn = (10/2) [2(4) + (10-1)4] = 220
3. What is the common ratio of the sequence 3, 6, 12, 24, ...?
o Answer: r = 2

II. SET NOTATIONS AND OPERATIONS


1. Understanding Set Notations
MATHEMATICS IN MODERN WORLD

 Roster Notation: A method of representing a set by listing its elements inside


curly brackets.
o Example: {2, 4, 6, 8} represents even numbers less than 10.
 Set-Builder Notation: A way of describing a set using a condition.
o Example: {x | x is an even number less than 10}
 Example Conversion:
o Given: Write {x | x is an even number less than 10} in roster notation.
o Solution: List all even numbers less than 10: {2, 4, 6, 8}
2. Set Operations Examples
1. Find A ∪ B if A = {1,2,3} and B = {3,4,5}.
o Answer: {1,2,3,4,5}
2. Find A ∩ B if A = {2,4,6} and B = {4,6,8}.
o Answer: {4,6}
3. Find the number of subsets in P({1,2,3,4}).
o Answer: 2^4 = 16 subsets

III. LOGICAL STATEMENTS AND TRUTH TABLES


1. Basic Logical Operators and Truth Table
P Q P ∧ Q (AND) P ∨ Q (OR) P → Q (IMPLIES) ¬P (NOT P)
T T T T T F
T F F T F F
F T F T T T
F F F F T T
2. Example Statements
1. If P: “It is raining” and Q: “The ground is wet”
o P ∧ Q (AND): “It is raining AND the ground is wet.”
o P ∨ Q (OR): “It is raining OR the ground is wet.”
o P → Q (IMPLIES): “If it is raining, then the ground is wet.”
o ¬P (NOT P): “It is NOT raining.”
3. Possible Questions & Answers:
1. Determine the truth value of (P ∨ Q) when P = True and Q = False.
o Answer: True
2. What is the negation of "All birds can fly"?
o Answer: “Some birds cannot fly.”

IV. EXPONENTIAL DECAY MODELS


1. General Formula & Examples
MATHEMATICS IN MODERN WORLD

 A = A₀e^(-kt)
o A = Final amount
o A₀ = Initial amount
o k = Decay rate
o t = Time elapsed
 Example: If a radioactive material has an initial mass of 100g and a decay rate of
0.02 per year, find its mass after 5 years.
o A = 100e^(-0.02 × 5) = 100e^(-0.1) ≈ 90.48g
2. Half-Life Formula & Example
 t½ = ln(2) / k
 Example: If the half-life of a substance is 8 years, find k.
o k = ln(2)/8 ≈ 0.0866
Possible Questions & Answers:
1. A substance has a half-life of 6 years. Find k.
o Answer: k = ln(2)/6 ≈ 0.1155
2. A city’s population declines by 3% per year. What will be its population after 15
years if its initial population is 80,000?
o Answer: A = 80000e^(-0.03 × 15) ≈ 49,523

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