MATHEMATICS IN MODERN WORLD

NATURE OF MATHEMATICS: PROBLEM SOLVING & REASONING

Problem is a situation that confronts

INDUCTIVE
the learner, that requires resolution, and
the REASONING
answer
is not

immediately known.

Drill/Exercise a situation that requires

resolution, but the method is clear and
the answer is easily seen.

EXAMPLES:

EXAMPLES:
INDUCTIVE
REASONING
 MATHEMATICS IN MODERN WORLD

DEDUCTIVE
Polya’s 4 –
Step
I. Understand the Problem
REASONING II. Devise a plan
III. Carry out the plan
IV. Review the solution
POLYA’S POLYA’S
STRATEGY
PREPARATI
THINKING:STRATEGY
Understand the Problem
Devise a Plan

 Can you arestate

Make thethe
list of problem
known
PREMISES Minor or in your own words?
information
major propositions or assertions that
serve as the bases for an argument. It can Make
 Can youthedetermine
list of the information
what is
Key
be an assumption, law, rule, idea, or
terms: that isabout
known need these types of
observation.
ARGUMENT Is the
SYLLOGISM
reason or reasons offered Anfor argument
or against
problems?
Draw a diagram
composed of two statements or
something.
 Is Make
there an
missing information
organize list that
premises followed by a conclusion.
that, if all
shows known, would allow
the possibilities
CONCLUSION The you to solve the problem?
last step in a reasoning process.  Make a table or chart
 Is there extraneous
EXAMPLES:  Try to solve a similar but
information that is not
simpler problem.
needed to solve problems?
 Write an equation. If necessary
 What is the
define eachgoal?
variable represents

 Perform an experiment

 Guess at a solution and then

check your result

Named after GEORGE POLYA (1887- INSIGHT:

1985). Carry out your Plan

 Work carefully
It is a four-step problem-solving strategy
that is deceptively simple.  Keep an accurate and neat record
of all your attempts

 Realize that some of your initial

plans will not work and that
 MATHEMATICS IN MODERN WORLD

you may have to devise o Problem: A number is 5 more

another plan or modify your than twice another number.

existing plan The sum is 35.

o Let x = first number. Then,
second number = 2x + 5
I. PROBLEM SOLVING AND
o Equation: x + (2x + 5) = 35
REASONING
o Solve: 3x + 5 = 35 -> 3x =
1. Inductive Reasoning (Pattern
30 -> x = 10
Recognition)
o So, second number = 25
 Definition: Drawing general
o Answer: 10 and 25
conclusions based on specific
4. Probability
examples or patterns.
 Definition: Likelihood of an event
 Example: What is the next
happening.
number in the sequence: 3, 6, 12,
 Formula: P = (Number of
24, ___?
Favorable Outcomes) / (Total
o Solution: Multiply each number
Possible Outcomes)
by 2. So, 24 x 2 = 48
 Example: Tossing two coins,
o Answer: 48
probability of getting exactly one
2. Deductive Reasoning (Logic-
head.
Based Reasoning)
o Sample space: HH, HT, TH, TT
 Definition: Drawing specific
o Favorable: HT, TH = 2
conclusions from general
o Total = 4
premises.
 Example: o Answer: 2/4 = 1/2 or 50%

o Premise 1: All OLFU students 5. Word Problem Using Equation

are intelligent.  Example:

o Premise 2: Xenia is an OLFU o A number is 6 more than

student. another number. Twice the

o Conclusion: Xenia is intelligent. larger = 3 times the

smaller + 2
o Answer: Xenia is intelligent
o Let x = smaller number;
larger = x + 6
3. Polya’s Four Steps in Problem
o Equation: 2(x + 6) = 3x +
Solving
2
1. Understand the problem
o 2x + 12 = 3x + 2 -> x =
2. Devise a plan
3. Carry out the plan 10, larger = 16

4. Review the solution o Answer: 10 and 16

 Example:
 MATHEMATICS IN MODERN WORLD

II. DATA MANAGEMENT & CENTRAL

TENDENCY
1. Mean (Ungrouped Data) 📚 Reviewer: Measures of Dispersion
 Definition: Average of the data. and Variability
 Formula: Mean = Σx / n (Ungrouped and Grouped Data)
 Example: 60, 70, 80, 90, 100
o Sum = 400; Mean = 400 / 5 = 📌 Topics Covered:
80  Range
2. Median (Ungrouped Data)  Mean Absolute Deviation
 Definition: Middle value when (MAD)
arranged.  Variance
 Odd Data Example: 12, 15, 18,  Standard Deviation
21, 25 → Median = 18  Quartile Deviation /
 Even Data Example: 10, 15, 20, Interquartile Range (IQR)
25 → (15+20)/2 = 17.5
3. Mode (Ungrouped Data) 🎯 Unit Expected Outcomes
 Definition: Most frequently 1. Perform efficiently and honestly
occurring value. the computations of measures of
 Example: 3, 7, 7, 2, 4, 7, 5, 2 dispersion.
o Most frequent = 7 2. Analyze, compare, and interpret
o Answer: 7 data confidently, accurately, and
4. Mean (Grouped Data) independently using measures of
 Steps: dispersion.
1. Find class mark (midpoint):
(Lower limit + Upper 🔍 What are Measures of Variation?
limit)/2  Measures of variation tell us how
2. Multiply midpoint × spread out or how close together
frequency data values are.
3. Add all fx and divide by  If variation is zero, all
total frequency observations are homogeneous
 Example: (alike).
Class Frequenc Midpoint  If variation is greater than zero,
fx
Interval y (x) the data are heterogeneous

10–19 2 14.5 29 (different).

20–29 4 24.5 98
📏 UNGROUPED DATA
30–39 6 34.5 207
Total 12 334
1. RANGE
 Mean = 334 / 12 = 27.83
 MATHEMATICS IN MODERN WORLD

 Definition: The difference Mean = (2+4+6)/3 = 4

between the highest and lowest Deviations: (2-4)² = 4, (4-4)² = 0,
values. (6-4)² = 4
 Formula: Sample Variance = (4 + 0 + 4) /
 Example: (3 - 1) = 8 / 2 = 4
Data: 34, 35, 45, 56, 32, 25, 40
Highest = 56, Lowest = 25 4. STANDARD DEVIATION
Answer: 31  Definition: The square root of the
2. MEAN ABSOLUTE DEVIATION variance.
(MAD)  Formula:
 Definition: The average of the  Example:
absolute distances between each Sample Variance = 4
data point and the mean. Standard Deviation = √4 = 2
 Steps:
1. Compute the mean of the 5. QUARTILE DEVIATION /
dataset. INTERQUARTILE RANGE (IQR)
2. Find the absolute deviation of  Definition: Measures the spread of
each value from the mean. the middle 50% of the data.
3. Compute the average of those  Formula:
deviations.  Example:
 Example: Given: Q3 = 29, Q1 = 18
Data: 4, 7, 8, 6, 5
Mean = (4+7+8+6+5) / 5 = 30 / Answer: 5.5
5 = 6
Deviations: |4-6| = 2, |7-6| = 1, | 📊 GROUPED DATA
8-6| = 2, |6-6| = 0, |5-6| = 1
MAD = (2 + 1 + 2 + 0 + 1) / 5 = 1. Sample Variance (Grouped Data)
6 / 5 = 1.2  Formula:
 Where:
3. VARIANCE (σ² or s²) o = frequency
 Definition: The average of the o = class midpoint
squared differences from the o = mean
mean. o = total frequency
 Formula (Ungrouped Data):
o Population: 2. Standard Deviation (Grouped
o Sample: Data)
 Example:  Formula:
Data: 2, 4, 6
 MATHEMATICS IN MODERN WORLD

✅ Example (Grouped Data):

Class Frequency Midpoint
Interval (f) (x)
10 – 19 2 14.5
20 – 29 3 24.5
30 – 39 5 34.5
40 – 49 4 44.5
50 – 59 1 54.5
Step 1: Compute the Mean
Step 2: Compute Variance
Step 3: Compute Standard Deviation

✅ Final Answers:
 Mean = 33.83
 Sample Variance = 135.3
 Standard Deviation = 11.63