FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY

LESSON 1: Introduction to Photography &

Historical Development of F. Photography - On the sensitized surface of film
DEFINITION - With the aid of a camera
PHOTOGRAPHY is an art, - And the chemical process involved
science, or a process which deals with therein.
the reproduction of images through
the action of light, upon sensitized Basic Idea Behind PHOTOGRAPHY
materials, with the aid of a camera Through the use of mechanical
and its accessories, and the devices the light can “write” or “draw”.
chemical processes involved therein. How?
- It is a derivative of 2 Greek words o The light strikes the tiny
PHOS which means “light” and crystals if sensitive chemicals
GRAPHIA meaning to “write”. placed in the FILM thereby
- In photography it is possible causing very subtle change in
TO WRITE BY MEANS OF LIGHT the formation of the
PHOTOGRAPHY is an ART CHEMICALS.
PHOTOGRAPHY is the skill of
reproducing images of beautiful things FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY
PHOTOGRAPHY is a SCIENCE An area of Fo-Sci that deals with
PHOTOGRAPHY deals with the study of the principles of
producing images by studying the photography, preparations of
combined actions of: photographic evidence, and its
 Light rays application to police work and
 Light-sensitive materials COURT proceedings
 Mechanical Device The process of
 Chemicals photographically documenting a
ELEMENTS OF PHOTOGRAPHY crime scene or any evidence for
1. Light – natural & artificial laboratory examination and
2. Sensitized Materials – film & analysis to be used later during
photographic paper COURT TRIAL
3. Mechanical Device – camera  CRIME SCENE PHOTOGRAPHY – it
w/accessories & enlarger is
machine or contact printer. an activity that records the initial
4. Chemical – developer, stop bath, appearance of the crime scene and
& fixer physical evidence, in order to provide
PHOTOGRAPHY is a PROCESS a permanent record for the courts.
PHOTOGRAPHY involves capturing Among the branches of Fo-Sci or
images: known as Criminalistics, Forensic
- By letting the light react Photography – is one of the most
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significant since it can be applied in all  Known in Latin as LOCUS CRIMINIS

allied branches of it, such as:  Where did the incident happen
Dactyloscopy, Questioned specifically?
Document Examination, Forensic PHOTOGRAPH preserves the TIME
Ballistics, Polygraphy, and Legal  When was the crime committed,
Medicine. discovered, and investigated?
 When was the evidence found and
SIGNIFICANCE of PHOTOGRAPHY in recovered?
POLICE WORK PHOTOGRAPH preserves the EVENT
 It can aid the speedy  What is the nature or character of
reconstruction and re-enactment the crime
of the crime as well as in the  What specifically took place during
determinants of the perpetrator the crime
of the crime.  What specific operations were
 It is an excellent AID for the performed by the police at the crime
INVESTIGATOR because an scene
investigator cannot always rely on
his memories and therefore needs an PHOTOGRAPHS AS EVIDENCE
artificial recorder for him to a. Documentary evidence (for physical
remember all the things and facts evidence and other evidence that
that he had investigated especially if can not be presented in the
it requires an accurate description of courtroom)
the subject or object. b. A SILENT witness
 The photograph of the crime c. The deciding factor in a conviction or
scene is a factual RECORD of an acquittal of the suspect when no
incident. other form of real evidence is
 By photographing the crime, the available
place, time & event can be d. Secondary or supporting evidence to
CAPTURED in a single photograph or earlier evidence already presented
series of shots. e. A REAL EVIDENCE and not
DOCUMENTARY evidence

FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY PHOTOGRAPHS AS REAL EVIDENCE

A photograph of the crime scene
“When a document is presented to
is capable of catching & preserving prove its existence or condition
the PLACE/SPACE, TIME, & EVENT. (not its contents), It is offered not as
Documentary, but as REAL
PHOTOGRAPH preserves the PLACE
EVIDENCE”
 The place of commission
_ Citibank, N.A.
vs.
Sabeniano, 504 SCRA 378
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meaning "dark room"). About 2,500

years ago (5th Century B.C.) they
“A document may be considered real or
object evidence depending upon the
wrote about how an image was formed
PURPOSE for which it is offered. If the upside down on a wall from a pinhole on
object of an examination is the age, the
the opposite wall.
signatures thereon, the physical features
or conditions of the document itself, the
document is considered real or object 1. About 2,400 years ago (4th Century
evidence which the court may view for
such purpose; but if the document is B.C.) the famous philosopher
presented to prove its CONTENT, it is ARISTOTLE talked about a pinhole
documentary evidence.”
image formation in his work. He
THE POWER OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE wondered why "when light shines

“Physical Evidence is the evidence of the

through a rectangular peephole, it
HIGHEST ORDER, It speaks more appears circular in the form of a
eloquently than a HUNDRED
cone?"
WITNESSES.”
- He didn't find an answer to his
People vs. Sacabin, 57 SCRA 707; question and the problem wasn't
People vs. Ison, 173 SCRA 118
“Where testimonies CONFLICT, the answered until about 2,000 years
physical evidence is important in the
later in the 1500s.
determination of the truth”

_ People vs. Aquino, 54 SCRA 409 2. In the 1500s many artists, including
MICHELANGELO and LEONARDO DA
Historical Development of VINCI, used the "camera obscura" to
PHOTOGRAPHY help them draw pictures. A person or
The word PHOTOGRAPHY came from two object would be outside the dark room
Greek words that mean PHOS & and their image was reflected on a
GRAPHOS "writing with light". piece of paper and the artist would
trace it.
The first time the word
"photography" was used was in 1839, 3. A drawing of a camera obscura done in
the year the invention of the 1646. The drawing shows an outer
photographic process was made public shell with lenses in the center of each
by Sir John Herschel. wall and an inner shell with transparent
paper for drawing. The artist needed to
Timeline of PHOTOGRAPHY enter through a trap door at the bottom.
The Chinese were the first people
that we know of to write about the basic 4. The camera obscura was made
idea of the pinhole camera or portable by the 1700s by putting it in
“CAMERA OBSCURA" (Latin words
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a box with a pinhole on one side and a plate coated with BITUMEN which were
glass screen on the other. called HELIOGRAPHS – a contact
- Light coming through this pinhole print images on glass, paper, or
projected an image onto the glass metal coated with bitumen varnish
screen, where the artist could easily that becomes hard when exposed to
trace it by hand. Artists soon light.
discovered that they could obtain an
even sharper image by using a small 8. Niepce (left) began sharing his findings
lens in place of the pinhole. with LOUIS JACQUES MANDE
DAGUERRE (right), an artist who
5. In 1727 a German professor, owned a theatre in Paris.
JOHANN HEINRICH SCHULZE, a) They became partners 3 years later.
observed that silver salts darkened b) Daguerre's most important
when exposed to light. However, the discovery came in 1835, 2 years
idea of making pictures using this after Niepce died.
information did not occur to him. That c) He found that the chemical
invention required the talents of a later compound silver iodide was
generation of scientists. much more sensitive to light than
Niepce's bitumen. He put a
6. In 1800 a young English chemist, copper plate coated with
THOMAS WEDGEWOOD, was making SILVER IODIDE in a camera
"sun pictures" by placing leaves on obscura, exposed this plate to
leather that he had treated with silver light for a short time, then to
salts, but he couldn't find a way to stop fumes of mercury and an image
the darkening action of light, and his appeared!
leaf images faded into blackness. d) One problem remained, the image
- For the birth of photography to darkened over time. 2 years
happen 2 key discoveries were still later he solved this problem by
needed: washing away the remaining
a. a way to combine light-sensitive silver iodide with a solution of
material with the camera obscura warm water and table salt.
device e) Daguerre's process, which he named
b. a way to make an image the DAGUERREOTYPE, was
permanent announced to the world on
January 7, 1839. Half a year
7. JOSEPH NICEPHORE NIEPCE was the later the French government
first to produce a PERMANENT gave Daguerre and Niepce's
PHOTOGRAPH in 1822 on a metal son, Isidore, lifetime pensions in
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exchange for all rights to their relies on negatives to produce

invention. many positive prints.
f) The daguerreotype was to become
France's gift to the world. 10.William Henry Fox Talbot was
g) One of the first daguerreotypes considered as the FATHER OF MODERN
that was taken in 1839 was a PHOTOGRAPHY, as he invented the
picture of Port Ripetta, Rome CALOTYPE – which produces a
in Italy. negative picture on paper, the light
on the image was recorded as dark
9. 3 weeks after Daguerre's and dark as light.
announcement an English amateur a) In 1851, he also demonstrated the
scientist, WILLIAM HENRY FOX possibility of FLASH
TALBOT, read about the daguerreotype PHOTOGRAPHY by using bright
and realized that this invention was a lot electric-spark to get a sharp image
like his own unpublicized process that of moving object.
he called photogenic drawing. b) Because of a few problems with
a) He quickly tried to claim priority Talbot's process, the daguerreotype
over Daguerre and presented his was the method of photography
process in a paper to the Royal that first took the world by storm.
Society in London, England. c) With improvements the
b) In Talbot's process he first coated daguerreotype quickly proved a
a sheet of drawing paper with the great way to make portraits of
chemical compound silver people.
chloride, then he put it in a d) 1 year after the daguerreotype was
camera obscura where it invented, daguerreotype studios
produced an image with the tones throughout Europe and America
reversed (a negative). were producing detailed likenesses.
c) Then he placed the negative e) People gazed in amazement at
against another coated sheet of their own image in these
paper to produce a positive "mirrors with a memory."
image.
d) Talbot did not find a way to make 11.One of the 1st commercially made
the image permanent until a daguerreotype cameras that was made
month after Daguerre's in 1839.
announcement, but his process, a) It was designed by Mr. Daguerre, the
later improved and renamed the inventor of the daguerreotype.
CALOTYPE, is the basis for most b) One example is the portrait of the
MODERN FILM technology which photographer, ROBERT CORNELIUS
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b) This produced sharper images and

12.Photography arrived in America lasted longer than paper so it was
because the man who invented the easier to produce many paper prints
telegraph system, SAMUEL F. B. from one glass negative.
MORSE, was so excited about it. = Army Post Office Tent in
a) He saw a demonstration of the VIRGINIA during the Civil War.
daguerreotype in Paris and returned = Collodian picture taken April 1863
to America and spread the news. by TIMOTHY O’SULLIVAN
b) Daguerreotypes remained popular in Example (Tintype of civil war soldiers)
America into the 1850s, long after
European photographers had 15.The Civil War in America was
switched to the improved the 1st war to be thoroughly
process developed from Talbot's recorded by photography.
positive/negative method. = American photographer
Example (Daguerreotype of Samuel MATHEW BRADY saw the importance of
Morse) documenting the conflict at its beginning
(Most pictures of the California Gold and organized a team of photographers to
Rush of 1849 are daguerreotypes.) cover different battlefronts. They took
7,000 pictures!
13.Portraits of people were the most Example (Photograph of
popular type of photographs taken in GEORGE ARMSTRONG CUSTER [on
the 1800's. right] and a Confederate prisoner
a) Photographic portraits were during the Civil War)
much less expensive than painted
ones, they took less time and were 16.Two of Mathew Brady's employees
more accurate. went on to become two of the best-
b) People who painted people’s known photographers of the American
portraits quickly went out of West, TIMOTHY O'SULLIVAN and
business or became ANDREW J. RUSSELL
daguerreotypists themselves. - They produced large prints of
spectacular landforms and people of
14.In 1851 English photographer the west.
FREDERICK SCOTT ARCHER invented = Other well-known photographers
a wet-plate process called COLLODION. are WILLIAM BELL JOHN HILLERS and
a) This was like Talbot's process but the WILLIAM HENRY JACKSON
negatives were made of smooth
glass instead of paper.
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17.Photographers hauled their large be "less than the two-thousandth

cameras, tripods, and portable part of a second." Strings attached
darkrooms all over the world. to electric switches were stretched
- They photographed India, China, across the track; the horse,
and Japan. People were eager to see rushing past, breasted the strings
what these far-off countries looked and broke them, one after the
like other; the shutters were released
by an electromagnetic control, and
18.In the 1800s industries hired a series of negatives were made.
photographers to photograph the great c. The Scientific American printed
things they did like building ships, eighteen drawings from
railroads, buildings, and bridges. Muybridge's photographs on the
a) In Utah the completion of the first page of its October 19, 1878
transcontinental railroad in 1869 issue. Readers were invited to
was celebrated with a photograph of paste the pictures on strips and to
the 2 steam locomotives facing view them in the popular toy
each other. known as the ZOETROPE, a
b) This photograph was taken by precursor of motion pictures. It
ANDREW J. RUSSELL who had was an open drum with slits in its
worked for MATHEW BRADY side, mounted horizontally on a
during the Civil War spindle so it could be twirled.
Example (Driving of the golden spike) Drawings showing successive
BIRTH OF MOTION PICTURES phases of action placed inside the
a. Leland Stanford unwittingly started drum and viewed through the slits
a chain of events that contributed were seen one after the other, so
to the development of motion quickly that the images merged in
pictures. To settle a wager the mind to produce the illusion of
regarding the position of a trotting motion.
horse's legs, he sent for Eadweard d. In 1880, using a similar technique
Muybridge, a British photographer with a device he named the
who had recently been acclaimed zoogyroscope, or zoopraxiscope,
for his photographs of Yosemite. Muybridge projected his pictures
b. Although Muybridge initially on a screen at the California
considered the task impossible, he School of Fine Arts, San Francisco."
made history when he arranged 12 Motion pictures were born.
cameras alongside a race track.
Each was fitted with a shutter KODAK CAMERAS
working at a speed he claimed to a. George Eastman, was only 24
 FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY

years old when he set up his all colors called "panchromatic

Eastman Dry Plate Company in film" was produced. You had to
New York in 1880 and the first half- take three separate negatives and
tone photograph appeared in a then use a special viewer so you
daily newspaper. In 1888 he could see all three slides layed on
introduced the first Kodak camera top of each other.
that cost $25.00 (a great deal of b. The first color plates were invented
money then). It had a 20 foot roll in 1907 by Auguste and Louis
of paper, (enough for 100 pictures) Lumiere. They named it
already put in it. To get the film Autochrome. The colors appeared in
developed you had to return the delicate pastels.
camera to the Eastman Dry Plate c. The cameras that we have now use
Company in Rochester, New York. film with "sprockets" (holes along
For $10.00 they would develop the both sides of the film). This film was
photographs, put more film in your developed in 1914 by Oscar
camera and mail everything back Barnack.
to you. One year later an improved - OSCAR BARNACK, the inventor of
Kodak camera with a roll of film the world-renowned Leicca
instead of a 20 foot roll of paper camera was the first to utilize
appeared. the new 35mm format with the
b. Mr. Eastman wanted everybody to production of the Ur-Leica in
be able to take photographs. He 1924.
worked hard to develop a camera
that everybody could afford to buy.
He did it in 1900. It was the Kodak
Brownie box roll-film camera. It
d. Kodachrome was the first color film
cost $1.00. Now everyone could
that had more than one layer of film
take photographs, not just
- it had many layers of film. Now
professional photographers.
you didn't need to take three
c. Photograph taken with a Brownie
separate photographs and put them
camera. Notice how the
on top of each other to get one
photograph is round, just like the
color photograph, you could just
opening in the camera.
take one photograph! Kodachrome
was developed in 1936.
COLOR PHOTOGRAPHS
e. The first instant color film was
a. People have tried to make color
developed in 1963 by Polaroid.
photographs since 1860. It wasn't
f. The disk camera
until 1906 that a film sensitive to
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was introduced in 1983 by Kodak.  He discovered X-ray photography

which later became the basis of
Radiograph used by the Doctors in
g. The Photo CD was introduced in 1992 measuring the heartbeat and to
by Kodak. see the other structure of the
body.
6. ABEL NIEPCE
DE SAINT- VICTOR
 He introduced
IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES a process of
1. DANIEL BARBARO negatives on glass using albumen
 He introduced the use of the lens as a binding medium.
in the Camera. 7. LOUIS DESIRIE BLANQUART-
2. SIR ISAAC NEWTON EVARD
 Discovered and proved in 1966  He introduced a printing paper
that the color of strongest light is coated with albumen to achieve a
WHITE. He defended his theory by glossy surface.
allowing white light (sunlight) to 8. ODELBERCHT (1864)
pass through a prism thus  He first advocated the use of
refracting and diffracting the light photography for CRIMINAL
into its component parts. IDENTIFICATION and CRIME
SCENE DOCUMENTATION. Early
photographs of accused and
arrested persons were beautifully
posed as examples of the
Victorian photographers at 20 to
30 years. Later, every major police
force in England and the United
3. NADAR (GASPARD FELIX States had a ROGUES GALLERY
TOURNACION) which became an integral part in
 He took the first Aerial almost all police departments.
photographs of Paris from a free 9. ALPHONSE BERTILLON
balloon in 1858.  He initiated anthropometric
4. SIR WILLIAM ABNEY measurements of personal
 He discovered the use of identification and was also
Hydroquinone as a developing involved in various means of
agent in 1880 in England. documentation by photography
5. WILHELM ROENTGEN which developed into a fine
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science of CRIMINALISTICS when chemically during the

he photographed crime scenes photographic processing phase.
and formulated a technique of  In color photography, light
contact photography to sensitive chemicals or electronic
demonstrate erasures on sensors record color information
documents. at the time of exposure.
10. ICTOR BALTAZARD This is usually done by
 He developed a method of analyzing the spectrum of colors
photographic comparison of into three channels of
bullets and cartridge cases which information, one dominated by
act as an early foundation of the red, another by green and the
field of ballistics. third by blue, in imitation of the
11. EDWIN H. LAND way the normal human eye
 He introduced POLAROID – one senses color.
step photography.
12. THOMAS SUTTON
 He invented the first SINGLE
LENS REFLEX CAMERA.

BLACK & WHITE PHOTOGRAPHY

All photography was originally
“MONOCHROME”, or black and white.
Even after color film was available, black
and white photography continued to
DIGITAL VS. CHEMICAL
dominate for decades, due to its lower
PHOTOGRAPHY
cost and its “classic” photographic look.
a. An important difference between
The tones and contrast between
digital and chemical photography is
light and dark shadows defined black
that chemical photography resists
and white photography. It is important
photo manipulation because it
to note that some monochromatic
involves film and photographic
pictures are not always pure blacks and
paper, while digital imaging is a
whites, but also contain other hues
highly manipulative medium.
depending on the process.
This difference allows for a
degree of image post processing that
COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY
is comparatively difficult in film
 It is photography that uses media
based photography and permits
capable of representing colors,
which are traditionally produced
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different communicative potentials

and applications. - It is an electromagnetic radiation
therefore it has a WAVELENGTH.

PICTURE VS. PHOTOGRAPH WAVELENGTH OF LIGHT

Picture refers to all kinds of form - Wavelength is the distance between
images. It can be a product of two peaks/crests in a light.

photography or not. On the other hand,

photography is the only product of
photography; it's either conventional or
digital.
A photograph can be a picture
and also a picture it can be a
WAVELENGTH THEORY
photograph but not all pictures are
- It is best illustrated by the dropping
photographs. Further, the sketch or
of a stone in a pond of still water.
drawing is merely an example of a
- The series of waves which travel
picture however they are not a
outward from the center point are
photograph by itself.
just like light waves that travel in all
directions from a source with equal
LESSON 2: Photographic Rays & Sources
Of Light velocity.
- This theory may be used to illustrate
LIGHT reflection, interference, refraction,
- Light is electromagnetic radiation
diffraction ab.
within a certain portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum. The word
usually refers to visible light, which is Electromagnetic Spectrum
visible to the human eye and is
- A colored band that is formed when
responsible for the sense of sight.
light is allowed to pass through a
- It travels at a speed of about prism.
186,000 miles per second in air or
300,000 km/sec in an open space but - It includes different energies such as
they differ in wavelength and cosmic rays, gamma rays, x-rays,
frequency.
ultra-violet rays, visible light, infrared
- Light is a form of radiant ENERGY rays, heat rays, and the alternating
that can travel through space. current oscillations
4 PHOTOGRAPHIC RAYS OF MODERN
PHOTOGRAPHY:
1. X-RAYS – 01 to 30 nanomete
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2. ULTRA-VIOLET RAYS – 30 to 400 Complement Yellow 590

ary Cyan 500
nm Magenta 400
3. VISIBLE LIGHT – 400 to 700 nm
4. INFRA-RED RAYS – 700 to 1000+
nm
THE VISIBLE SPECTRUM
PRINCIPLES OF COLOR
MIXING
1. R + B + G = W
2. R + B = M
3. B + G = C
4. G + R = Y
5. M + Y = W
6. Y + C = W
THE PRISM
7. C + M = W
Prism is a transparent optical
8. W - R = C
element with flat, polished surfaces
9. W - B = Y
that refract light. At least two of the
10. W - G = M
flat surfaces must have an angle
11. W - C = R
between them. The exact angles
12. W - Y = B
between the surfaces depend on the
13. W - M = G
application. The traditional
14. M - R = B
geometrical shape is a triangular
15. M - B = R
prism with a triangular base and
16. C - G = B
rectangular sides, and in colloquial
17. C - B = G
use “prism” usually refers to this
18. Y - R = G
type.
19. Y - G = R

PROPERTIES OF LIGHT
Incident Light is the technical term
of that light that strikes the surface of a
medium.
- According to the R.A.T. Law, when an
INCIDENT LIGHT hits a medium, 3
COLOR & WAVELENGTH OF VISIBLE things may happen. The light may
LIGHT (RAYS) be:
Category Color Approximat
e (mu) a. REFLECTED
Primary Red 700
Green 550 b. ABSORBED
Blue 450
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c. TRANSMITTED 5. Absorption – the color of most

ordinary objects are due to the fact
that they do not absorb the amount
of light at each wavelength.
6. Scattering – The color of the blue
sky is due to the scattering of light
by the atmosphere.
7. Fluorescence – this happens when
PROPERTIES OF LIGHT
molecules of the fluorescent material
1. Reflection – it is the deflection or
absorb energy at one wavelength
bouncing back of light when it hits a
and radiate it at another wavelength.
surface
8. Dispersion – color may arise from
a. Regular reflection – happens
differences in the refractive or
when light hits a flat, smooth, and
bending power of a transparent
shiny surface
medium of light of different
b. Irregular reflection – occurs
wavelengths. Rainbow is a good
when light hits a rough or uneven
example of this phenomenon.
but glossy object.

WHITE LIGHT
- Prism breaks its white light in
its different wavelengths,
producing the colors of the
rainbow.

QUALITIES OF LIGHT
1. Intensity – it refers to the strength
2. Refraction – the bending of light
of light which varies according to the
when passing from one medium to
output of the light source and the
another.
distance from the source.
3. Diffraction – the bending of light
2. Direction – when there is a single
when it hits a sharp edge of an
source, the direction is clearly
opaque object.
defined. Where there are multiple
4. Interference – color can be
sources, or if the light is diffused as
produced by interference of light
on a cloudy day, the direction is less
waves in thin film like in soap
evident or totally absent.
bubbles or a film undergoing a
3. Color – light varies in color
reversal phase but the light reflected
depending upon its source and the
from the bottom surface do not
substance through which it passes.
undergo this type of change.
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Natural sunlight has a different color Earth and gives us daylight. The light
mixture from incandescent lighting that comes from the sun is known as
or electronic flash, and the color of WHITE LIGHT.
sunlight itself varies depending upon - Other forms of natural light include the
the atmospheric conditions and time MOON & STARS. A light from the
of the day. The following are the moon is just a light reflected from the
characteristics of color sun. Stars provide a small amount of
(HUE, SATURATION, & light at night as they are billions of
BRIGHTNESS.) kilometers away from the earth. Some
animals can produce light known as
KINDS OF OBJECT AS TO HOW THEY BIOLUMINESCENCE.
BEHAVE TO LIGHT a) Sunlight - Is the light and energy
1. Transparent that comes from the sun, when this
- Allows sufficiently visible light to energy reaches the earth, it is called
pass through them that the object on INSOLATION. What we experience
the other side may be CLEARLY as sunlight is actually solar radiation.
SEEN. - The intensity of the sunlight falling
on an open space varies depending
on the weather condition, time of the
day, or even time of the year. For a
2. Translucent more accurate exposure setting at
- Allows light to pass, however, diffuse daylight, only one characteristic is
it sufficiently that objects on the considered – the kind of SHADOW
other side may not be clearly CAST by an object in an open space.
distinguished. 1. Bright Sunlight - It is a sun
3. Opaque lighting condition where objects
- So greatly diffuse the light that in an open space cast a DEEP
recognizing the object on the other & UNIFORM or DISTINCT
side is very difficult if not impossible shadow.
2. Hazy Sunlight - It is a sun
SOURCE OF LIGHT lighting condition where objects
1. Natural Light in an open space cast a
- Our main source of natural light is the TRANSPARENT shadow.
SUN. The sun is a star that is a huge 3. Dull Sunlight - It is a sun
ball of gas. Explosions at the center of lighting condition that requires
the sun produce large amounts of NO more shadow to be cast by
energy. This energy is released as light an object in an open space.
and heat. Some of its light reaches the 2. Artificial Light
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- Humans have been able to create 2 Divisions of Artificial Light

and control light for thousands of 1. Continuous Radiation - Those
years. The earliest form of lighting that can give illumination
was with fire such as burning wood, continuously.
candles, gas or oil. Candles were 2. Short Duration (flash unit) - It
made out of beeswax or tallow. Oil gives a brief flash of light
lamps used plant or animal oil and a produced by burning a metallic
wick to burn. Now the most wire (flash bulb) or an electrical
convenient source of artificial light is discharge through a gas-filled tube
the ELECTRIC LIGHT. (electronic flash).
a) Tungsten Filament Bulbs - they
are cheap to make and easy to use. FORENSIC LIGHT SOURCES
They contain a thin metal filament 1. Ultraviolet Lamp
made out of tungsten. This filament - it comes in a variety of shapes, sizes
becomes very hot when electricity and power. Some units are portable
flows through it and glows yellow battery operated, easily carried and
white. These bulbs last only about can meet the rugged and rigorous
1000 hours because the filament demand for field work.
becomes thinner & thinner as it 2. Laser (Light Amplification
burns through Stimulated Emission of
b) Neon Lights - It is commonly used Radiation)
for advertising. Neon is a gas that - by illuminating certain items with
gives out light when high-voltage LASER, they would fluoresce or
electricity passes through it. By could be made to stand out in sharp
changing the electric current, up to contrast from their background. This
five different colors can be produced was especially significant in locating
in the same tube. dried biological stains. It provided a
c) Fluorescence Tube - They are way for the criminalist to finally see,
widely used in the office and at locate, and visually record evidence
home. These are glass tubes that that they knew had been missing.
contain mercury vapor. When an 3. ALS (Alternative Light Source)
electric current is passed through the - a far more inexpensive alternative to
mercury vapor it gives off ultraviolet forensic LASER, it uses a variety of
light. These lights need special band pass filters to provide a high
electronic starters to produce the intensity beam of non-coherent light.
high voltage needed to start the
LESSON 3: Sensitized Materials,
light.
Photographic Films, & Photographic Paper
 FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY

Sensitized Materials
- The term sensitized materials refers 3. Orthochromatic/ Kodalith Film
to FILM and PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER - Sensitive to all colors except red.
that is basically composed of Good for fingerprints or documents
emulsion containing silver halides (high contrast).
suspended in a gelatin and coated on
a transparent or reflective support. 4. Polaroid Film
- A special type of sensitized
Silver Halides material that produces a
- It carry minute specks of metallic photograph immediately after
silver = so called sensitivity specks exposure.
with amount in mass to about
1/1 ,000,000,000 part of the silver 5. Color Film
halide crystals. - All film ending COLOR
- It is a compound silver with fluorine, a. Color Negatives – for prints,
chlorine, bromine or iodine crystal. ends in the word Color
- Electric charge on the specks b. Color Transparency –For slides,
attracts silver ions from the ends in the word Chrome
neighboring silver halides, and as the
silver ions accumulate, they become 6. X-Ray Film
metallic silver, causing the speck to - A material which is sensitive to
grow halide ions at the same time the X-Ray region of the
migrate to the surface of the silver electromagnetic spectrum.
halide crystal and are absorbed by
the gelatin emulsion. 7. Color Infra-Red Film
Film
- It is a cellulose tape or plate where - A special type of film which is
silver salts are suspended capable of sensitive to infra-red radiation, to
recording light.
violet and blue-green. In
- Its primary function is to record the
image that is focused upon it by the investigative photography, it is
lens of the camera useful in laboratory analysis of
- Photographic film is a strip or sheet
of transparent plastic film base questionable documents. In the
coated on one side with a gelatin discovery of old or faded tattoos or
emulsion containing microscopically
areas where small objects are
small light sensitive silver halide
crystals. The sizes and other hidden under the skin, and in the
characteristics of the crystals construction of camera traps.
determine the sensitivity, contrast
and resolution of the film.
BASIC FILM SIZES
KINDS OF FILM
1. 110 Film - it is very small, not good
1. Ordinary Film/ Panchromatic Film
- Sensitive to all colors especially in for enlargement.
blue and violet. It is suitable for 2. 35 mm film- use for 35 mm
general use in the preparation of
black and white photographs. adjustable cameras and widely used
today.
2. Blue Sensitive Film
Black & White Film
- A film especially treated that makes
it more sensitive to blue.
 FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY

- Most modern black-and-white films, - These are made of plastic material.

called panchromatic films, record the They serve as a support.
entire visible spectrum. Some films
are orthochromatic, recording visible HOW BLACK & WHITE FILM WORKS
light wavelengths. - The image on a black & white film
- There are a number of black and negative is actually the inverse of
white films available for 35 mm film the actual image. That is to say, all
cameras and medium format film the areas that show clear on the
cameras that can still be found in negative will be black on the print
stores. While there are also a number and all black areas of the negative
of special films that require unique will show white.
processing, it would be best to work - When printing onto photo paper light
with the basic black and white film is able to pass through the clear
types and learn how the film works areas of the negative resulting in
before using these special films. more light hitting the paper and
leading to the dark spot. Black areas
PARTS OF BLACK & WHITE FILM of the negative are the opposite,
1. Emulsion resulting in less light hitting the
- It consists of crystals of light- paper to leave a white spot. There
sensitive compound (silver nitrate) are many shades of gray in between
evenly distributed throughout plastic depending on the density of the
base material. Silver Halide negative.
emulsions are universally sensitive to
ultraviolet radiations and some
wavelengths of blue-light. Gelatin is
universally used as the medium that
holds the crystals in the emulsions.

2. Gray/Anti-Halation Backing CHARACTERISTICS OF BLACK &

- It is placed between the emulsions WHITE FILM
and the plastic base of a film to 1. Emulsion Speed
prevent whatever light passes - It is the measure of photographic
through the emulsion and is reflected film’s sensitivity to light, determined
by the base back to the emulsion by sensitometry and measured on
which forms a halo. various numerical scales, the most
recent being the ISO system.
3. Base - Relatively insensitive film, with a
correspondingly lower speed index
 FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY

requires more exposure to light to a. Blue Sensitive Film – This

produce the same image density as a film is sensitive to ultra-violet
more sensitive film and is thus rays and blue-light only.
commonly termed fast films. b. Orthochromatic Film – This
film has the same sensitivity as
Emulsion Speed Indicators: blue-sensitive film which is
a. ASA - Otherwise known as sensitive to ultra-violet rays and
AMERICAN STANDARD blue light only.
ASSOCIATION, it is expressed in c. Panchromatic Film – the
arithmetical value in rating. Here sensitivity of this film is for
are the ASA ratings : 12, 25, 50, ultra-violet radiation blue, green,
100, 200, 400, 800, and 1600. In and red light or all colors of light.
the market ASA 100 is d. Infra-red Film – this film is
commonly known as plus X, sensitive to ultra-violet rays,
double X for ASA 200 and tri-X as blue, green, red light and infra-
for 400. red rays.
b. DIN - Means DEUTCHE
INDUSTRI NORMEN, its rating is 3. Granularity or Graininess
expressed in logarithmic value. - refers to the size of the metallic
The following are the DIN Ratings silver grains that are form after
: 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33. development of an exposed film.
c. ISO - its literal meaning is Generally, the size metallic silver
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS grains are dependent on the
ORGANIZATION, Its rating is emulsion speed of the film and the
expressed in combined type of developing solution that is
arithmetic and logarithmic used n processing.
values. The ASA ratings are as - The rule is : the lower the emulsion
follows: 12/12, 25/15, 50/18, speed rating of the film, the finer is
100/21, 200/24, 400/27, 800/30 the grain and conversely, the higher
and 1600/33. the emulsion speeds rating of the
film, the bigger are the grains.
2. Spectral Sensitivity Likewise, a film developer will
- Refers on the sensitivity of the film in produce a finer grain than a paper
the colors of light which illuminated developer when used for film
in the object being photographs. processing.
- Classification of Film according
to Spectral Sensitivity: COLOR FILM
 FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY

- The earliest attempt to produce color 1. Emulsion

films involved hand painting the - It is the most fundamental layer in a
negative or tinting its dye. Stencil- film. It is the emulsion layers,
based techniques such as adhered to the base by means of a
pathechrome and the handschiel binder. The emulsion is the
color process were an extension of photographic part of the film,
this. Several dyes were rolled over consisting of a dispersion of light-
the negative, each with an sensitive materials in a colloidal
appropriate stencil underneath to medium, usually gelatin, carried as a
restrict the dye to the desired parts thin layer on a film base.
of the print - Emulsion is made by dissolving silver
- Since transparent dye preserves the bullion in nitric acid to form silver
varying brightness of the black and nitrate crystals.
white image, the result could look - These crystals are dissolves and
naturalistic, but in fact the choice of mixed with other chemicals to form
what colors to use and where was silver halide grains, and then
made by a person. Kinemacolor was suspended in the gelatin emulsion
the first process to capture natural coating. The size and degree of light
color on film stock. sensitivity of these grains determine
the speed or amount of light required
to registered an image.
- In Color Films, three dye layers
register in the various parts of the

- color, one on top of the another, for

the full color effect in cyan, magenta,
and yellow dyes. In fact, each color
may have up to three layers ( fast,
medium, slow) to capture the full
range of scene brightness from the
deepest shadows to the brightest
highlights and to provide good
exposure latitude.
- The three components also
optimized the color, contrast, and
tonal reproduction of film. In each
emulsion layer, color couplers are
dispersed in tiny oil droplets around
7 PARTS OF COLOR FILM silver halide crystals. During
 FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY

subsequent processing steps, the emulsion, causing a secondary

silver is removed, leaving only exposure around images of bright
colored dye clouds where film grains objects. The secondary
used to be. image(halation) causes an
3 Types Of Color Couplers In The undesirable reduction in the
Emulsion Layers sharpness of the image and some
a. Yellow Dye Forming Coupler – light scattering. An anti-halation
It is located in the blue sensitive layer, a dark coating on or in the film
emulsion layer. base, will absorb and minimize this
b. Magenta Dye forming reflection.
Coupler – Is located in the green
sensitive emulsion layer. This 4. Yellow Filter
emulsion layer is not sensitive to - It is the layer in between the yellow
red light. It is not only sensitive dye-forming coupler magenta dye
to green light but also to blue forming in the emulsion which
light. However, the blue light absorbs any unused blue light and
cannot reach it because of prevents it from reaching the two
the yellow filter. layer emulsion layer the magenta
c. Cyan Dye Forming Coupler – it dye and cyan dye forming couplers.
is located in the red sensitive The yellow colors in the filter layer
emulsion layer. have no permanent effect on the
2. Base appearance of the film because it is
- The supporting layer in the film is destroyed during processing.
called the base. This base has to be
transparent with some optical 5. Subbing Layer
density, free from imperfections, - It is the subbing layer applied to the
chemically stable, insensitive film base so that emulsion adheres
photographically, and resistant to to the base.
any moisture and processing
chemicals while remaining 6. Ultraviolet Absorbing Layer
mechanically strong, resistant to - Although we can’t see ultraviolet
tearing, flexible and dimensionally (UV) radiation, photosensitive silver
stable. halide crystals can be exposed by it.
An ultra-violet absorbing layer is
3. Anti-halation Backing included to protect the imaging
- The light penetrating the emulsion of layers from exposure to UV radiation.
a film can reflect from the base
emulsion interface back into the 7. Super Coat
 FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY

- It is the top layer of the film. The blue colors. Thus, when processed
purpose of this clear layer of the film reveals the actual, positive,
hardened gelatin is to protect the colors of the image.
emulsion from damage during
transport to the camera
2. Color Negative Film
TYPES OF COLOR FILM - It is also known as color print film, is
1. Color Reversal Film the type of film usually found in
- Commonly called slide film or color convenience stores.
positive film, creates the opposite of - Color negative film is very much
color negative film or black and “What you see is what you get”
white film. Instead of creating when it comes to coloration. It yields
negative to be printed to a positive, true-to-life colors and contrast, which
the slide film is a positive of the is preferred by portrait and wedding
image. As such, the slide film photographers.
produces extremely rich and vibrant - It is the suffix “color” being given to
colors that come closer to the actual the negative or non-reversal film. Its
colors and tones present during examples are as follows: Kodacolor,
exposure. Fujicolor, Agfacolor and so on and so
- Alternatively, slide film is not nearly forth.
as flexible as color negative or black-
and-white film. Exposure must be How Color Film Works:
precise and areas of high contrast a) Color film consists of an acetate or
are much more difficult to properly polyester film base with multiple
expose with slide film. Slides can be emulsions coated on the base. Each
printed in the darkroom, but the emulsion layer is only sensitive to
process is generally more expensive. specific colors or lights. The classic
How Color Reversal Film Works: examples of color sensitivities are
a) As the name reversal suggests, slide red, green, and blue (RGB). The top
film works the opposite of print film. layer of film is blue-sensitive as all
In the print film the red, green, and silver-based films have some
blue emulsion layers are exposed sensitivity to blue light. Beneath the
and leave a negative dye of cyan, blue layer are green and red-
magenta, and yellow. Slide film is a sensitive layers.
subtractive process that starts with b) Because of the complexity of
layers of cyan, magenta, and yellow. emulsion layers, color film can be
b) When the film is exposed, the dye is exposed over a wide range of
subtracted to reveal red, green, and lighting conditions and is much more
 FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY

flexible than black-and-white slide 1. Emulsion Speed

films. When the color film is a) Chloride Paper – It is a relatively
developed, dye couplers within each slow printing paper coated with an
red, green, and blue-sensitive layer emulsion of silver chloride used
will produce cyan, magenta, and mostly for contact prints.
yellow dyes when developed, b) Bromide Paper – It is a fast printing
resulting in an inverse image. paper coated with an emulsion of
silver bromide used mostly for
Photographic Paper enlargements.
Photographic paper is a paper c) Chlorobromide Paper – It is a
coated with a light sensitive chemical photographic paper coated with a
formula, used for making photographic sensitive layer of a mixture of silver
prints. bromide and silver chloride, giving a
When photographic paper is medium emulsion speed, used for
exposed to light it captures a latent contact printing or enlarging.
image that is then developed to form a
visible image. The light sensitive layer of 2. Exposure & Development
the paper is called emulsion Latitude
a) Latitude – It is the degree or
Black & White Photographic Paper amount of which you can deviate
All photographic papers consist of from the ideal exposure or
a light-sensitive emulsion, consisting of development without appreciable
silver halide salts suspended in a loss of print quality.
colloidal material usually gelatin coated b) Exposure Latitude – It is the extent
onto a paper, resin coated paper or to which a light sensitive material
polyester support. can be overexposed or underexposed
and still achieve an acceptable
In black and white papers, the result.
emulsion is normally sensitized to blue c) Development Latitude – Papers do
and green light, but is insensitive to not change appreciable in contrast
wavelength longer than 600 nanometer and image tone with reasonable
in order to facilitate handling under the variation in development has a good
red or orange safe lighting. latitude. However, for best quality
the developing time should be as
near as those prescribed by the
manufacturer.
4 CHARACTERISTICS OF BLACK &
WHITE PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER 3. Contrast - Range or Grade
 FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY

a) Grade 0 and 1 – Are used on over- community lab where someone

exposed or low contrast negative. might turn on the white lights
b) Grade 2 – Is used on normal without warning.
exposed or normal contrast negative. - Color photographic paper that is
c) Grade 3 to 5 – Are used in under- accidentally exposed to light will be
exposed or high contrast negative fogged. Fogged paper is unusable as
it produces a gray-colored veil in
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS affected areas.
a) Surface – Photographic papers vary - Handle paper by the edge and
in surface texture or degrees of gloss corners, do not bend (paper will
or sheen. They are the glossy and crease or touch the image area
smooth, semi-matte or silk, and the (fingerprints will be permanent.
matte or the rough surface - Fingerprints are more likely to show
b) Base weight or thickness – Under up on glossy paper.
this category, we have light weight,
single weight, medium weight, and CHARACTERISTICS OF COLOR
double weight. PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER
c) Color – May be cold or white with a 1. Color – each brand of color paper
very slight blue cast, and warm or tends to reproduce certain colors
cream where the white has a slight differently. The variations are slight
yellow-brown line. and are not advertised, but you may
notice that one brand prints a little
Color Photographic Paper warmer or cooler than another or
- Photographic printing papers are that certain colors are more or less
coated with light-sensitive emulsion vibrant. This is a result of the
and are usually made up of three different dyes and paper bases used
emulsion layers, each sensitive to a by the manufacturer.
different wavelength of light.
- As they are sensitive to all lights, 2. Surface – papers are available in
they must be handled with care in matte, semi-matte (also called pearl
a pitch-black darkroom or with very or luster) and glossy surfaces. Matte
dim and obscure amber safelights. papers are less reflective than glossy
- All photographic papers come papers. Glossy papers tend to make
packaged inside a light-proof black the image sharper, have higher
plastic bag inside a cardboard box. contrast, and with greater color
- Make sure to keep paper inside the saturation.
sealed bag and box at all times,
especially when printing in a
 FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY

3. Weight – most color papers are - It has a lens and a shutter.

medium weight, though each brand - Pinhole was replaced by the lens to
will have a slightly different enable the photographer to gather
thickness. Boxes containing sheets of more light to be recorded.
paper come in the following standard
sizes: 8x10’’, 11x14’’, 16x20’’, 3. CAMERA OBSCURA – a box used
20x24’’, 20x30’’, and 30x40’’. For for sketching large objects which
mural prints, paper is usually literally means dark chamber.
available in rolls, which can be as - It contains a mirror set at 45 angles.
large as 72x100’’. If processing in a - A double convex lens like in a
machine processor, check to see the photographic camera is placed in the
width of the feed tray. front end.

LESSON 4: Different Types of Camera &

Essential Part of Camera 4. VIEW CAMERA – the biggest and
Camera - a light-tight box with a the most sophisticated among the
means of forming an image, with a different types of cameras.
means of holding a sensitized material - They have removable lenses which
with a means of regulating the amount can be focused by moving either the
of light that enters the camera at a front or the rear of the camera and
given time. are equipped with long bellows. And
- An optical instrument that records was useful in the reproduction of
images that can be stored directly, small objects.
transmitted to another location, or
both. These images may be still 5. PRESS CAMERA - a camera
photographs or moving images such loaded with sheet film.
as videos or movies. - They are a tradition of folding
bellows film and design with a lens
5 EARLY FORMS OF CAMERA standard in an extendable
1. PINHOLE CAMERA - a camera of baseboard.
single design and construction, - It can also be loaded with roll 70 mm
usually homemade consisting of a film magazines and often coupled
box having a small aperture with range finders.
functioning as a lens at one end,
the image being projected to the 6 TYPES OF CAMERAS
film at the other end. 1. REFLEX CAMERA
a) Single-lens reflex camera.
2. BOX CAMERA – a simple camera is The term single lens means that
little more than a pinhole camera. only one lens is used for both viewing
 FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY

the scene and taking photographs of it, pocket of a jacket instead of a special
thereby preventing parallax. camera bag.
b) Twin lens reflex camera.
Employs two separate lenses - 21 PARTS OF CAMERA
one for viewing and one for focusing, 1. LENS – a special piece of glass which
and the second usually mounted under reflects light from outside onto the
the first, transmitting the light to the back of the camera and creates a
focal plane for recording. The camera reversed, upside-down image on the
has permanently fixed lenses and an film at the back of the camera.
automatic parallax adjustment.
Shows the image sharpness and 2. FOCUSING RING – moves the lens
framing as recorded on the film in the back and forth which allows the
lower section. photographer to create a sharp
image of the subject.
2. POLAROID STILL CAMERA – this
camera is restricted in its uses but is 3. DIAPHRAGM OR APERTURE – a
ideal in instant photograph when small opening in a camera usually
there is no requirement for circular in shape and usually varies
enlargements. in the form of iris diaphragm that
regulates the intensity of light which
3. UNDERWATER CAMERA – this is passes through the lens.
designed for underwater
photography. 4. SHUTTER SPEED DIAL – it will
control the length of time when light
4. PANORAMIC CAMERA – used for is allowed to strike the sensitized
landscaping photography. It is easy material
to use by encompassing a 120° 180°,
360 view of one exposure. 5. SHUTTER – an adjustable
mechanism that regulates the
5. STILL VIDEO CAMERA – images can amount of light reaching the film by
be stored on video tape equipment varying the length of time light is
with a floppy disc-a disc that can allowed to pass through the lens.
hold about 50 images or more.
6. SHUTTER RELEASE BUTTON – a
6. COMPACT CAMERA – this is a part of a camera which when pressed
camera which has appropriate will keep the shutter in open position.
dimensions for putting them into the
 FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY

7. VIEWFINDER or WINDOW – a 16.DATA DISPLAY – often a liquid

viewing instrument attached to a crystal display (LCD) permits the
camera, used to obtain proper user to view settings such as film
composition. speed, exposure, and shutter speed.
17.LENS CAP – it covers and protects
8. FILM HOLDER – it holds the film the lens during storage.
inside the camera. It is always
located on the opposite side of the 18.SPROCKET TEETH – as part of the
lens. film transport mechanism, this is
9. ACCESSORY LIGHT SHOE / HOT where the sprocket holes will be
SHOE – it is where the flash bulb is engaged.
inserted for indoor photography.
19.TAKE UP SPOOL – this is a metal or

10.ISO / ASA / DIN Dial – a camera plastic cylinder, generally located on

device in which when adjusted it will the right side of the camera looking

conform with the sensitivity of the from behind. There will be either a

film to light. notch, gears or both on the cylinder.

It pulls the film along so unexposed

11.EXPOSURE COUNTER/ FRAME film can be placed behind the

COUNTER – a device indicating the shutter. Film attaches to either the

number of exposures made. notch or gears, allowing the spool to

advance film as I turn

12.DISTANCE SCALE – a device that

20.FLASH BUTTON – pressed with the
shows the approximate distance
flash down, this button releases the
from the optical center of the lens to
flash head to pop up.
the point of focus on the object.

21.MODE DIAL / CAMERA DIAL – it is a

13.FILM REWIND LOCK – a device that dial used on digital cameras to
secures the film for any accidental change the camera’s mode.
rewinding.

4 ESSENTIAL PARTS OF ANALOG

14.BACK COVER RELEASE KNOB – a CAMERA
device used in opening the back 1. Body – serves as an unbending
cover for film reloading. structure on which every single
other part is mounted furthermore
15.LENS LOCK RELEASE LEVER – A to shield the film from introduction to
device used to secure the lens. light.
 FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY

- Most parts of the body are made of - It is configured to hold the film level
hard plastic and light metal. so that the picture delivered by the
lens will be sharp over the entire
2. Lens – is a type of plastic or glass picture territory.
and in more expound cameras, its
lens is comprise of a few bit of glass 3 Components of Film Holder:
mounted in a chamber called the lens a) REWIND FORK – This is connected
barrel. to the film rewind knob and crank. It
- The lens has its light assembling force holds the long spool core inside the
and it is shown by the f-numbers or film cartridge chamber.
relative opening, which is typically b) FILM CARTRIDGE CHAMBER – This
stamped on the lens barrel. component of film holder is
- Lenses with low f-numbers have necessary to load the film firmly. It is
generally high light-assembling power the canal area located at the left
and are known as quick lenses, while side at the back of the camera.
lenses with high f-numbers have low c) FILM GUIDE RAILS – This is tiny
light-assembling power and called protrude fragmentary metals found
moderate lenses. at the top and bottom area of the
The light assembling force of most focal plane shutter window, both
camera lenses is controlled by method edges of the film lie on it thus its size
for a stomach. is accurate with the width of film.
The stomach looks like the iris of an
eye. At the point when the stomach is 4. Shutter – is a device that allows
broadly open, it permits a greatest light light to pass for a determined period
to go into it. exposing photographic film or a light
At the point when somewhat shut, it sensitive electronic sensor to light in
diminishes the measure of light that go order to capture a permanent image
into it. of a scene.
Since shutting the stomach - a shutter can also be used to allow
decreases the light assembling force of pulses of light to pass outwards, as
the lens, it has the impact of abating the seen in a movie projector or a signal
lens and in this manner expanding its f- lamp.
number. HOW A CAMERA WORKS
1. Light Enters the Lens: The lens
gathers light and directs it towards the
3. Film Holder – it holds the film set up camera’s sensor or film.
at the camera's back.
 FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY

2. Aperture Regulates Light: The

diaphragm controls how much light
enters.

3. Shutter Opens and Closes:

Determines how long the film or sensor
is exposed to light.

4. Image is Captured: The film records

the light patterns, or a digital sensor
converts them into an image file.