SOLUTION

capes -lamaitre

3Changed a

I
Early alm No 02
nUMAN EVOLUTION
DRYOPETHICUS Bing-bang 20 BYA ·
* >
-

S
· :
15 my A
but in ape-like l highly
Shrew h 1 5 BY A Primitive acom earth
-
Origin of Earth
>
of Reducing
·
·
.

different
-- locations RAMAPEMICUS BYA in nature
life appears 4
·
:

lemmn lovis talsus human-like

↓
bipedal chimpanzee
locomotion
1st non-cellular form 3 BYA (giant molecule
·
NOT upright :

to
APEMICUS Man-
*
(400 -

450cd
monkeystock
3 U my A KENY likeprimaT ·
1st cellular
form : 2 BY A RNA ,
proteins)
upright
old - ↓ ↓
↑
Y new
2mil AUSTRALOPETNICUS * MHEORIES Of CREACTION supported by Aristotle <

Upright
↓
apestock
Rejected by Louis Pastures L
Apestock < UTOCC Upright
human stock

S a HOMO/humans)
↓
① SPECIAL CREATION -
Life : Vitalistic D SPONTANIOUS CREATION
& supernatural power force
S Earth
Govillas C ↓ ↓ life spontaneomy
crises

Gibbons Nabilis Erectre

Sapiens : 1000 yes old from decaying thi
100K-1 5 Mil
Orangutans
15 mil-2mil

- , frog
Eg from mud
.

650-800 CC 500CC

chimpanzes
Humans
(1300/1350cd
↑
COSMOZOAN/ PANSPERMIA
3
Early Greeks
I
>
- Neandrethals nok- 100K 1400c

· Variable fitness >

-
Chromagnum 10k- 40K 1650c
Spores /extra-terrestrial) that rowd so diff places & crive .
life

habitat 0-10 , 000 that contain life

accentuated by Sapiens yes ago
>
-

(modern man) 1450ca

Life could have
fragmentation & genetic drift cried many times in diff parts of universe
W weternal
EVOLUTION
appearance of new
species :
·
Pre-historic Art (10k ya) 3 Rejected Outer-space isn't suitable for spores
:

3 Bheem Baithka
Low , a temp dryness no arms , ,

HOMOSAPIENS
· (chromagnum)
-
>
Sapiens
-2 See Age (10K-75k ya) Chemical SOLUTION
·

1450

al
. CC
(homosapien NT & CM

Dis
evolved during ice ages
Nearethal chromagnum agriculture
1400 Ca 1650CC (moder man) 1/(/I - E
-
-
, -

Nudicy X (hides care

paintings (fossils)
Ethiopia & Tangania
↓
Religious Chindevelopment >
- CO2 &
Immortality of soul Domesticate of Dogs · KENYAPEMICUS (3-4 mya) anaerob + 1st all My U20 F
N E V

b 4 fet tall d ⑧
speach (directancleo a
cense NU3
U
Chemoheterotroph -
chemanto-phosanto Uz
Theorya b
their dead
my man-like
primates
(centralasia) o

NALDEN
·
(England) & (Russian) OPARIN ↑
connecting link blo
& apes Book
AUSTRALOPETHICUS humans Origin of
· >
- :

BS
hotrain

cast
d CO2 120 -
(1930) Life

~
1"fruit-eater
000
tossin ,
frican Azioge a
grassland weapons > stone temp I ↓
may
-

·
thang baby Biogenesis
NOMONABILIS
· > Stone - converted stone into tool unfavorable
conditions
(fruit-eaters)
the directs
· HOMO ERECTUS >
-

upright man compounds formed in

of origin of (dilute always)
3 protein life ?
five >
-
meat-eaters , nucic-acids 6 life originated here
-
 UREY &
MILLER >
-
approved HERO theory didn't get any life forms # The
biological history of earth closely correlates with geographical.
·

to >
-

experiment an
because monomer
# Rate
11953) - imple one a
molecules
↓ of appearance of new life forms depends on life cycle $ Lifespan .
pre-biotic polymers
# 3 conditions for life 1 lysine glycine
, ,
etc )
.

Paggregation * CONVERGENT EVOLUTION DIVERGENT EVOLUTION

common
ag
① Continuous energy supply common need

8
diff. needs
& nooc-c-NESHOOC-c Nu
-

Isun , , volcano ,
not rais Il
funct Ox diff functions ancestory
② Partial esolation >
- Protobionts produced
need partial
isolation no removed by
diff .
anatomical str common anatomical sor .
↑ energy source
③ Ferror /divisions ANALOGOUS
Supply of Replicators =
lotherwise breaks into monomer
agains
HoMOLOGOUS

PROTOBIONTS Eg
. Woy &
Tasmanian wolf E Brain
3
·
(mammals s
Y
& Y
- Opan & Walden >
-

Ovey mill -
Oparin- Sydnes fox Bobcat Tasmanian Tiger cat Heart
*
Whale Bat Cheetah Human
(race) (microsph)

prelims
coaccurates Microsphere
coparius (Syducy fox> Anteater & Numbat

-Ge
Amino Sugant Aminoa fats
Sugan + + # no variant is
completely human & spotted
.

cuscus
↓ Y
E
limited 8 riped out by Natural selectione
flying squirre flying phalange #
tenai
no
repro- limited
no
lipid
membrane duction reproduct diversity
O mouse I
marsupial mouse E
. Axillary bud
& fossil
- geographical separam Records : WORK BASED ON
(Dig fortoise) ·
Examples of analogone organs -
island
-UMS Begal (1931-36) SA coastline -
Galapagos
1) Wings of Bat & Wings of Butterfly
-
* CHARIE'S DARON
Similarity
#
of genes & proteins
to >
-
octopons & Eye
BIRDS (Darwin's finches) :
Adaptive Radiation
Australia ? 2) Eye of of Elephant mammal performing similar functions
Australia (marsupials) : Adaptive Radiation
OBSERVATION 3) flippers of penquire flipper of whale/dolphin among diverse organisms
# Mammals Australia survived due Sweet
·
Populati members -
vary # of 4)
potato /roof & Potato Istemi gives due to common ancestory.
to lack
of competition .
their inherited traits 1))////// dif/dimateBut
!
in

All # ADAPTIVE RAMATION DIVERGENT EVOLUTION # Anthropogenic evolution

species produce
·
more
individual with inherited trait
used eukaryotes
may I may
in
not
give always gives rise
-

offsprings than thatin

their
sea itssurviva
a

NATURAL
-
position species
in microbes vaccines
species
-

SELECTION to
·
new new
environment can support. accumulated
popular
in

& resistant varieties

S ElichenmotButa
I survival of the gittests
quick Slow are
evolving in months
Overtime it can ↑ the microevoluth macroevolution a
yes rather than centuries
Y
endustrial
,
mean i s

siviclarity blo individual

After 1850 : more
gray +ht (directional selection)
& environment

~
.

* EVIDENCE Of EVOLUTION
southdirectedthes
in a
if individuals move to new environment - new traits

# Natural Scook new

[
is
based on
principlee species

natural popl" is stable members most variations life (I) EMBRYOLOGY

valy on earth :

resources in size
except in characters are inherited story of wouth the Heckle jadla
-

E
limited though they consequence of a proces Ontology Recaptulates Phylogeny
43
seasonal flust . even >
-

disapproved by Van Bear

called natural select
look similar development of repeats evolutationary che embryo never
passes
Both living $
Darini non-living
E Resistance So
penicillin Ex finches embryo history trough adult phase
·

evolution n the
process

& Altred Wallace found similar shit in Malay Archipelago islands ·

#Embryo of all vertebrates (even humans) Fish w

stout strong fine
slitts
· NATURAL SELECTION
-
* KEY CONCEPT Of DARGIN
develop s ow
a
of vestigeal gill just could walk on land &go

↓ - DISRURTIVE BRANCHING Y behind the head

NATURAL back inco water (350 mya)
Clobefins)

win
DIRECTIONAL STABILIZING 2 extreme D CCENT SELETION (vertebrates machi to
are derived from specimen
1 decent & ->
no
extreme intermediate essence
of life amphibians
it
anymore
I only
↓ modern forms f u t

↓
on earth
! # Plants invaded land 34 animals
M
·

accts for reptiles some went back into

&
-

homology # 1930 + coelocanth fish found in SA I thought to be excinct

W 10 -
fish-like reptiles
(200 mya)
 VESTIGIAL ORGANS

Nictitating membrane
(I) FROM FOSSIL RECORD * LAMARCK use/disuse organs
of trails
EVIDENCE Inheritence
of acquired
- -

top layer
>
- inudes
of pinna
fish coldest fossils) < Veuniform appendix
·
↓ coccyx * SPECIATION
- # 500 mya-1st

1(
invatebrates

antide
·- 3molan / wisdom teeth
ampiis - formath of new
species from old
species #350 my A-jawless fish
↓ Nipples in of

reptiles Segmented muscle

of SYMPATRIC TELOPATRIC
↓ # sea weed + plant - 320 my A

birds &-
abdomen
mammals (latest

·
(sameplacene) difplacn ea
GENE

PALEONTOLOGIC EVIDENCE DRIFT

&
# FOSSILS
preserved remaining trackles/traces of past organisms/ of 000

(found
↓ hand parts of life-forms
-prevents decay Ca 000 x

Or
[disaster)

anaamap
as
in rocks) in new

burried in
Body part acid bag / under a layer of mud that Creproductive isolatil

~
,

I
cuts
off oxygen lanaerobic condich) # Gene flow/Migram + Mutat + -

affects popl
small
BOTTLENECK FOUNDER'S

Eg
. Al plants reproduced by Ciry spores present in a
primitive land genetic driff + Recombinam change allelic freq.
-

& Co

/ nar)
Major primitive plant groups are classified on Che barns of sporangia coupled with new loss variath
<
species -

of
Natural select
reproducts
fixath of harmful
>
Posit
-

allele
of sporangia
-

povagta on &
Id b looks like wewe
a poplar
V

sphenopsida * HARDY WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM >

-
hypothetical

Lerogram
& large
s CONDITIONS :
popl" (non-evolving
3 Psilophyton
Progymnosperm is
>
[Don't
as No mutate
-

↑ No natural select
like
changes)
GTC ? Rhinia seed few (Commona (c) No gene flow/genetic drift -

Allelic & genotypic frequency constant

↑ & -
(d) Extremely large popular Only Mendelian
seggregath works
-

Tracheophyte cycads Angiosperm (e) Random

mating
↑ #Gene Pool - sum total
of all areles in
popl"
.

Chlorophyste HARDY WEINBERG EQUATION

- today
small this still exist ·
replices of era

biggest (20-feet) (AA) (a) frequency of

DINOSAUR FAMILY TREE ↑ dagger-like ② frequency > pe q
or individual
of dominant allele
· :
>
-
-
can' reprises Triceratop
M
Phenanodon

crocodilan
↑
T-rex
M
teeth

⑨ prequency of recessive allele

3 factors
pair in
occur

an
in

individual
a

familyDel sque
# ↑

Stegosaurs Archeopteryx Brachios as # p+ q =

1 -
for lande
andic
- -
frequency
individual

p2 92
,
,
2pa

suddenly disappeared (fuereanown) for q)2 ph q2

# Around 65 mya dinosaure individual >
-
<p + + + 1 when actual frequency
2pq
= =

(AA) (a) laa] vary from calculated

* MELANISM Of EVOLUTION values
of 'p' & 9 the ,

& coanwins 2n Mugosevries) primrose >

-
difference indicated the

through variach Through Mutath (SALTATIONS

Glangechangingis extent of evoluma
-

scow , directional continuous

-

fast ,
non-directional , non-confin
evolum is sudden
womm is gradual
-
-