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Unit 19: Electrical and Electronics Principles (Retake)

Assignment Brief

Student Name/ ID Number

Unit Number and Title Unit 19: Electrical and Electronic Principles

Academic Year 2024

Unit Leader Ms. Jeraldin

Internal Verifier Mr. Victor Masih

Assignment Title Analysing Constant Voltage and Current Circuits through Circuit Theory

Issue Date Controlled Condition Exam 07 February 2025 (10:00 AM-1:00 PM)

Report 07 February 2025

Formative Date 28 February 2025

Submission Date 07 March 2025

Submission Format

The assignment submission is in the form of:

●​ Controlled Condition
●​ Report

Unit Learning Outcomes

LO1 Apply an understanding of fundamental electrical quantities to analyse circuits with constant voltages and
currents
LO2 Evaluate circuits with sinusoidal voltages and currents
LO3 Describe the basis of semiconductor action and its application to simple electronic devices
LO4 Explain the difference between digital and analog electronics, describing simple applications of each

Assignment Brief and Guidance

Vocational Scenario:
Bajaj Electricals Ltd is a leading Indian electrical equipment manufacturer and part of the Bajaj Group, offering a
diverse range of consumer and industrial electrical products. The company operates in two key segments:
Consumer Products and EPC (Engineering, Procurement, and Construction). Under consumer products, Bajaj
provides lighting solutions including LED bulbs, tube lights, panel lights, street lights, floodlights, and smart
lighting systems, catering to residential, commercial, and industrial needs. It is also a major player in fans and air
circulation products, offering energy-efficient designs for ceiling fans, table fans, pedestal fans, wall fans,

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exhaust fans, and tower fans. In the home appliances sector, Bajaj manufactures water heaters, irons, air
coolers, room heaters, mixer grinders, food processors, and induction cooktops, ensuring high efficiency and
durability.
Beyond consumer products, Bajaj’s EPC division is involved in power transmission, distribution, and
electrification projects, providing solutions such as transmission towers, substations, and rural electrification to
strengthen India’s power infrastructure. The company is known for its innovation, energy-efficient products, and
extensive distribution network, making it one of the most trusted names in India's electrical industry.
The platform is designed to assist students in analysing various circuits related to Bajaj products and applying
fundamental principles in circuit theory. A key aspect of the role will be developing a comprehensive
understanding of semiconductor devices through practical activities and simulations.
It will serve as a space for discussing issues and collaboratively resolving them. The Innovation team at Bajaj
Electricals has designed a set of tasks aimed at ensuring students' eligibility for an internship upon completion.
To become a member of the Bajaj Forum, completion of the specified tasks is mandatory.

Phase 1:
The Bajaj Innovation team has designed a new range of Bajaj products like Air Coolers, LED Bulbs, and Solar
Lights. You need to analyse the given circuits by using a constant source and their circuit theory concepts and
explaining how the circuit works.

Figure 1: Testing of Air Coolers

Figure 2: Testing of LED Bulbs

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Figure 3: Testing of Solar Lights

Details for testing for Air Details for testing for LED Bulbs Details for testing for Solar
Coolers Lights

Sources of supply: Sources of supply: Sources of supply:

15V, 3A 12V 6V

Air Cooler’s resistances: LED Bulb’s resistance: Solar light's resistances:

3Ω, 6Ω, 6Ω, and 12Ω 10kΩ, 6kΩ, 2kΩ and 8kΩ 4Ω, 5Ω, and 6Ω

Bajaj’s team is planning to increase its product range of solar lights and LED Bulbs. They have assigned you the
task to find the voltage and current in solar lights and LEDs testing circuits with constant sources by applying the
Thevenin theorem and Ohm’s law. You must provide a strong explanation for the operation of both circuits with
their significance.

The sources of solar lights and LED Bulbs are stated below:

For Solar Lights (Refer to figure 3):

The voltage supply of 6 V is connected to the home appliances such as TV (0.8Ω), battery charger (4Ω), AC (5Ω),
and Speakers (6Ω). And also, you need to calculate the resistance for which the circuit produces the maximum
power at the load resistance (RL)

For LED Bulbs (Refer to figure 2):

The source of 12V is connected to the LED Bulbs in series and parallel. You need to find thevenin’s voltage (Vth)
and thevenin’s resistance (Rth) and also calculate the load current (IL) and load voltage (VL) across 8kΩ

By applying the Superposition principle for the simple circuit for Air Cooler testing, you need to calculate the
current and voltage across the 12Ω while explaining its operation. (Refer to figure 1)

( Controlled Condition is on 07/02/2025 at 10.00 am to 1.00pm)

Phase 2 :
You are working with the Bajaj Signal division, where you are required to understand the importance of frequency
which is an essential part of any audio-related circuit.
A good frequency can override the noises and can provide a smooth output whereas a bad frequency can destroy

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all your efforts even if the rest of the circuit is excellent. But, as we all know, while making a circuit, all the
components are not always readily available.
You need to understand how the operation in an RLC equivalent model circuit. This circuit will also serve as a
good tool to simulate frequency in any software application. As part of training, you need to analyse the series
RLC circuits given below in terms of their operation and behavior (Refer to Figure no. 1) by using the values given
in Table 1.
Your analysis needs to be carried out by performing a simulation on the given RLC circuits. Through your
simulation, you will have to analyse the voltage and current in the circuits.
(Simulation will be conducted on 20/02/2025 at 10.00am onwards )

Learners Name Series RLC

R L C Vs

Greeshma Kilari 60Ω 20mH 3uF 240V

Table 1. Series RLC Values

Figure 1: Series RLC Circuits with Frequency​

Your supervisor has instructed you to submit your analysis in the form of a report. Your report must include
●​ Simulation result screenshots
●​ Explanation of the behavior and operation of series RLC circuit
●​ Principles of circuit theory with sinusoidal sources

Phase 3 :
After completing your analysis of simple sinusoidal circuits in task 1, you are instructed to proceed to the Bajaj
mobility division where you will be trained to understand various semiconductor devices and their operations. You
will also be getting an opportunity to develop your skills in identifying and analysing semiconductor devices
through practical activity. For this, your supervisor has given you a Mobile phone charger which is used for fast
charging Technologies. Mobile Phone charger 5 V and 3 A is used widely in Power Banks and Medical devices
(blood pressure monitors).

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Figure 2. Mobile Phone Charger Circuit

Through practical activity you are required to understand the performance of a range of semiconductor devices
available in the charger circuit, demonstrating the action of at least three semiconductor devices

(Practical demonstration to be conducted on 20/02/2025 from 01.30 pm onwards).

During the practical session, you are expected to identify atleast three semiconductor devices and explain their
operation in terms of simple semiconductor theory by suggesting the applications for each.
You are also required to submit a report that includes
●​ Description of the behavior of a p-n junction in terms of semiconductor behavior
●​ Details of different semiconductor devices with their operation using the semiconductor theory

Phase 4:
Bajaj Testing division is involved in the testing of analog and digital circuits. Your supervisor asked you to analyse
the two given circuits in the form of a report. (Refer to Figure 3 and Figure 4)

a)​ For the given analog-to-digital converter circuit ( Fig 3), you need to explain the operating principle and
find the solution if the comparator will be cleared or reset the condition for MSB(Most Significant Bit)
usually referred to as a successive-approximation converter

Figure 3: Comparator Amplifier Circuit

For the Converter, your explanation should be based on the,

●​ Characteristic of amplifier circuit
●​ The Operation of the comparator using the Truth table
●​ Difference between Analogue and Digital conversion with benefits and uses with relevant examples.

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Submission Format

Your Controlled Condition must contain the stepwise procedure for the theorems with a neat circuit diagram. The
final values of current and voltage should be appropriate and SI units need to be considered with your results.

A formal written report for the assignment must be done using Calibri font with size 14 for the headings and size
12 for the content with supporting experimental/simulation or photographic evidence. Proper reference must be
given for the content using the Harvard Referencing system and for the images included. The report should include
a Title page, Table of contents, List of Figures and List of Tables, and a Bibliography Your report should be around
2500 words.

Note: Plagiarism should not exceed above 15% including the citations
Note: Since it’s a Retake, Grades are capped to Pass only

Assignment activity and guidance

●​ Phase 1: This Controlled Condition guides learners to understand the load voltage and load current
across an 8kΩ resistor need to be determined using Thevenin's theorem. Additionally, the maximum power
output of the solar lights should be calculated to understand its efficiency under specified conditions. The
functioning of both circuits—LED Bulbs and solar lights—should be illustrated through detailed circuit
diagrams. This Controlled Condition helps the learner understand the current and voltage across a 12Ω
resistor must be calculated using the superposition theorem. The analysis should include a step-by-step
explanation of the theorem's application, supported by detailed circuit diagrams at each stage.

●​ Phase 2: This Report helps Learner to include high-resolution simulation result screenshots in their
report, clearly displaying voltages, currents, and their corresponding frequencies for the circuits under
analysis. A detailed explanation of the behavior and functionality of series RLC circuits should be provided
based on circuit theory principles. Additionally, circuit diagrams featuring sinusoidal sources and
electrical components must be included to effectively illustrate the concepts.

●​ Phase 3: This report helps learners provide photographic documentation demonstrating the performance
analysis of semiconductor devices. They should explain the functionality of various discrete
semiconductor devices using fundamental semiconductor theory, including their practical applications. A
comprehensive insight into the operation and functionalities of different semiconductor devices is
required. Additionally, at least two semiconductor devices must be analysed in terms of their action within
the given charger circuit.

●​ Phase 4: This report guides learners to describe the comparison between analog and digital circuits and
outlines the conversion process to a digital circuit using truth table operations with logic gates. They
should explain the advantages, applications, and distinctions between analog and digital circuits,
providing illustrative examples, including amplifier characteristics.

Recommended Resources

Please note this is not a definitive list of resources but it will help you begin your research by acting as a starting
point of reference.

Textbooks

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●​ BIRD, J. (2013) Electrical Circuit Theory and Technology. Routledge.

●​ HUGHES, E., HILEY, J., BROWN, K. and MCKENZIE-SMITH, I. (2012) Electrical and Electronic
Technology. Pearson.
●​ SINGH, K. (2011) Engineering Mathematics through Applications. Palgrave.
●​ Pearson BTEC Higher Nationals Study Guide (2011) Custom Publishing. Pearson.

Links
This unit links to the following related units:
Unit 20: Digital Principles
Unit 22: Electronic Circuits and Devices
Unit 52: Further Electrical, Electronic, and Digital Principles

Learning Outcomes and Assessment Criteria

Pass

LO1 Apply an understanding of fundamental electrical quantities to analyse circuits with constant voltages and
currents

P1 Apply the principles of circuit theory to simple circuits with constant sources to explain the operation of that
circuit.

LO2 Analyse circuits with sinusoidal voltages and currents.

P2 Analyse series RLC circuits, using the principles of circuit theory with sinusoidal sources.

LO3 Describe the basis of semiconductor action and its application to simple electronic devices

P3 Describe the behavior of a p-n junction in terms of semiconductor behavior

P4 Demonstrate the action of a range of semiconductor devices

LO4 Explain the difference between digital and analog electronics, describing simple applications of each

P5 Explain the difference between digital and analog electronics

P6 Explain amplifier characteristics

P7 Explain the operation of a simple circuit made of logic gates

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