UTILIZATION OF GLASS POWDER AS A PARTIAL

REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT IN M30 GRADE CONCRETE

A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY

S.SWATHI 5211401049
Y.SANJAY KUMAR 5211401025
V.SANYASI NAIDU 5211401022
UNDER THE GUIDANCE
OF
Dr. Renuka Jana
M.E (Structures), Ph.D
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering

GAYATRI VIDYA PARISHAD COLLEGE FOR DEGREE AND P.G. COURSES (A)
Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam-530045| website: www.gvpcdpgc.edu.in
(Approved by AICTE| Permanently Affiliated to Andhra University | Accredited by NAAC)
PG-MBA and UG Engineering B. Tech(CE,CSE,ECE,ME) programs are Accredited by NBA
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

(2021-2025)
 Vision and Mission of the Institution

The Vision of the Institution is “Creating human excellence for a better society’.

The Mission of the Institution is ”Unfold into a world-class organisation with strong academic and
research base, producing responsible citizens to cater to the changing needs of the society”.

Vision and Mission of the Department

The Vision of the Department is “Empower Civil Engineers with high technical competence and
social consciousness”.

The Mission of the Department is “To inculcate the fundamentals of Civil Engineering in design,
construction, and maintenance of the projects at National and Global level. It is to excel in design
of economical and sustainable structures with due care for environment, public health and safety
considering the geo-technical bases and encourage in pursuing future careers. It is to create
conscientious engineers who could apply their knowledge critically and innovatively to solve
professional and societal challenges”.

I
GAYATRI VIDYA PARISHAD COLLEGE FOR DEGREE AND P.G. COURSES(A)
Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam-530045| website: www.gvpcdpgc.edu.in
(Approved by AICTE| Permanently Affiliated to Andhra University | Accredited by NAAC)
PG-MBA and UG Engineering B. Tech(CE,CSE,ECE,ME) programs are Accredited by NBA
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report titled “UTILIZATION OF GLASS

POWDER AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT IN M30 GRADE
CONCRETE” is a bonafide work done by S.SWATHI (5211401049), Y.SANJAY
KUMAR(5211401025),V.SANYASI NAIDU (5211401022) during the academic
year 2021-25, in the Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering and Technology
Program, Gayatri Vidya Parishad College for Degree and PG Courses (A),
Visakhapatnam in the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the
Degree of ‘Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering’.

INTERNAL GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Dr.J.Renuka Prof.P. Jyostna Devi
M.E.(Structures),Ph. D M.E.(Structures),Ph.D
Department of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering
GVPCDPGC (A) GVPCDPGC (A)

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

II
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our deep sense of gratitude and respect to our guide Dr. J.RENUKA Department of
Civil Engineering for her wholehearted cooperation and unfailing guidance. Throughout the project
her valuable suggestions and constant encouragement has helped us along the way. We thank her
for giving her time during critical hours and for the patience and understanding that she showed us.

We consider it as a privilege to express our deepest sense of gratitude to Prof. P.JYOSTNA DEVI,
Head of the Department for motivation and provision of all lab facilities that greatly helped the
project completion.

We express our sincere thanks to Prof. P.V.VINAY, Director, Engineering and Technology
Program for his understanding of our schedules and encouragement.

We also thank Prof. K.S.BOSE, Principal, for extending his utmost support to the department and
smooth conduct of the project.

With great solemnity and sincerity we offer our profuse thanks to our Management for providing
necessary resources and thank all those who directly or indirectly contributed in successful
completion of the project.

We would like to extend our sincere gratitude to the Lab Technician D. Raja Ramesh of the Civil
Department, whose support and assistance played a vital role in the successful completion of our
project.

Student Names

S.SWATHI
Y.SANJAY KUMAR
V.SANYASI NAIDU

III
 ABSTRACT
Concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials across the world, primarily
composed of cement, aggregates, and water. However, the production of cement significantly
contributes to carbon dioxide emissions, posing environmental challenges. To promote sustainable
construction and reduce the ecological footprint, there is growing interest in utilizing industrial by-
products and waste materials as partial replacements for cement. One such material is waste glass
powder, which is rich in silica and possesses pozzolanic properties that can enhance the
performance of concrete.

In this study, waste glass powder was used to partially replace cement in concrete at various
percentages 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% by weight. Concrete specimens were cast and
tested for compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength at 7 and 28 days curing
periods. The experimental results indicated that the inclusion of glass powder improved the strength
characteristics of concrete up to a replacement level of 15%, beyond which the strength began to
decline. The maximum compressive strength attained at 15% glass powder replacement i.e is
10.52% in 28 days when compared to M30 grade Concrete. Also the Split Tensile strength and
Flexural Strength attained at 15% glass powder replacement 23% in 28 days when compared to
M30 grade Concrete. Demonstrating that this percentage offers the best balance between
mechanical performance and sustainability. This project highlights the potential of glass powder as
a viable and eco-friendly supplementary material in concrete production.

IV
 CONTENTS

CERTIFICATE……………………………………………………………………….II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………………III
ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................IV
LIST OF TABELS……………………………………………………………………VIII
LIST OF FIGUERS…………………………………………………………………..IX
PAGE NO

Chapter1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Concrete ………………………………………………………………………………1

1.2 Glass powder…………………………………………………………………………..2

1.2.1Sources of Glass Powder……………………………………………………...2

1.2.2 Properties…………………………………………………………………….3

1.2.3 Benefits………………………………………………………………………3

1.3 History of Glass powder……………………………………………………………...3

1.4 Development of Glass Powder………………………………………………………...4

1.5 Size and Shape of Glass Powder………………………………………………………6

1.6 Applications of Glass Powder …………………………………………………………6

1.7 Sustainable Development of Glass Powder…………………………………………….7

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Literature Review……………………………………………………………………….9

V
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION

3.1INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………...18

3.2 Materials and their Properties……………………………………………………18

3.2.1 Cement……………………………………………………………………..18

3.2.1.1 Specific Gravity of Cement………………………………………………18

3.2.1.2 Fineness of Cement ……………………………………………………...20

3.2.1.3 Normal Consistency of Cement …………………………………………21

3.2.1.4 Setting Time of Cement………………………………………………….22

3.2.2 Fine Aggregate……………………………………………………….…….25

3.2.2.1 Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregate….. …………………………………25

3.2.2.2 Fineness of Fine Aggregate……………………………………………...27

3.2.3 Coarse Aggregate………………………………….……………………….29

3.2.3.1 Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate…………………………………...29

3.2.3.2 Fineness of Coarse Aggregate…………………………………………...31

3.2.4 Water……………………………………………………………………….33

3.2.5 Glass Powder……………………………………………………………….33

3.2.6 Super Plasticizer……………………………………………………………34

3.3 Methodology…………………………………………………………………….34

3.4 Design of Concrete Mix Proportion……………………….…………………….36

3.4.1Test Program…………………...…………………………………………...36

VI
 3.4.2 Casting and curing of specimens…………………………………………..36

3.5 Test on Concrete…………………………………………………………………38

3.5.1 Tests on Fresh Concrete………………….………………………………..38

3.5.2 Tests on Hardened Concrete……………….……………………………...39

3.5.2.1 Compressive Strength…………………………….……………………..39

3.5.2.2 Split Tensile Strength…………………………..………………………..40

3.5.2.3 Modulus of Rupture………………………………….………………….41

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.0 Introduction………………………………………………………………...……42

4.1 Workability Studies……………………………………………………………..42

4.2 Mechanical Properties Of M30 Grade Of Concrete With Optimum Dosage of

Glass Powder……...................................................................................................43

4.2.1 Compressive Strength…………...……………………………………….43

4.2.2 Split Tensile strength …………………………………….………………47

4.2.3 Flexural strength…………………………….……………………………50

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE

WORK ……………………………………………………………………………...55

REFERNCES .…………..………………………………………………………….56

VII
 LIST OF TABLES

Table Name of the Table Page No

No
3.1 Physical Properties of Cement 24

3.2 Grain size distribution of fine aggregate 28

3.3 Sieve analysis of Coarse Aggregate 33

4.1 Compressive strength of M30 grade concrete made with replacement of 43

glass powder
4.2 Compressive strength of M30 grade with and without glass powder at 44
different ages curing
4.3 Compressive strength of M30 grade with and without glass powder at 46
different ages curing
4.4 Split Tensile strength of M30 grade with and without glass powder at 47
different ages of curing
4.5 Split Tensile strength of M30 grade with and without glass powder at 49
different ages of curing
4.6 Split Tensile strength of M30 grade with and without glass powder at 50
different ages of curing
4.7 Flexural strength of M30 grade with and without glass powder at 51
different ages of curing
4.8 Flexural strength of M30 grade with and without glass powder at 52
different ages of curing
4.9 Flexural strength of M30 grade with and without glass powder at 53
different ages of curing

LIST OF FIGUERS

VIII
Figure No
Name of Figure Page No

1.1 Concrete 2

1.2 Glass Powder 3

1.3 Preparation of glass Powder 5

1.4 Sustainability of Glass Powder 8

3.1 Cement 18

3.2 Normal Consistency of Cement 22

3.3 Fine Aggregate 25

3.4 Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregate 27

3.5 Fineness Modulus of Fine Aggregate 28

3.6 Coarse Aggregate 29

3.7 Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate 31

3.8 Fineness Modulus Coarse Aggregate 32

3.9 Glass Powder 34

3.10 Conplast SP430 34

3.11 Flow Chart Adopted For Methodology 35

3.12 Pan Mixer 37

3.13 Casted Specimens 37

3.14 Curing of Specimens 38

3.15 Slump Cone Test 38

3.16 Compressive Strength Setup 39

3.17 Spilt Tensile Strength Setup 40

3.18 Flexural Strength Setup 41

4.1 Variation of Compressive strength of M30 grade Concrete made with 44

IX
 replacement of glass powder
4.2 Variation of Compressive strength of M30 grade Concrete made with 45
replacement of glass powder
4.3 Variation of Compressive strength of M30 grade Concrete made with 46
replacement of glass powder
4.4 Comparison of split tensile strength of M30 grade concrete with and 47
w without glass powder with curing period
4.5 Comparison of split tensile strength of M30 grade concrete with and
49
without glass powder with curing period
4.6 Comparison of split tensile strength of M30 grade concrete with and 50
without glass powder with curing period
4.7 Compressive of flexural strength of M30 grade with and without glass 51
powder at different ages of curing
4.8 Compressive of flexural strength of M30 grade wih and without glass 52
powder at different ages of curing
4.9 Compressive of flexural strength of M30 grade wih and without glass 53
powder at different ages of curing

X
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 CONCRETE

Concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials in the world. It is a composite
material made by mixing cement, water, aggregates (such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone), and
sometimes admixtures to enhance specific properties. When combined, these ingredients form a
paste that hardens over time, binding the aggregates into a solid, stone-like mass.

Concrete has been used in construction for thousands of years, dating back to ancient civilizations
such as the Romans, who developed early versions of it using volcanic ash. Today, it plays a critical
role in modern infrastructure, including buildings, bridges, roads, dams, and more.

The popularity of concrete is due to its durability, versatility, strength, and affordability. It can be
molded into almost any shape before it hardens, making it ideal for various architectural and
structural applications.

Concrete continues to evolve with new technologies and sustainable innovations, such as green
concrete and self-healing concrete, which aim to reduce environmental impact and improve
performance.

Concrete’s enduring legacy in construction is a testament to its unique combination of strength,

durability, and versatility. From its ancient origins to the cutting-edge innovations of today,
concrete continues to be a cornerstone material for infrastructure and architectural excellence. As
the industry evolves toward sustainable and resilient practices, concrete remains at the forefront,
adapting to meet the challenges and demands of modern society.

Whether you are an engineer, architect, or construction professional, understanding the detailed
aspects of concrete from its composition and properties to its advanced applications and
environmental impacts will be invaluable as you engage with one of the most critical materials
shaping our built environment.

1
 Fig:1.1 Concrete

1.2 Glass Powder

Glass powder is a fine, powdered form of recycled glass that is gaining increasing attention for its
sustainable and versatile applications. It is produced by crushing and grinding waste glass, such as
bottles and windows, into a fine consistency suitable for industrial use. As a sustainable material,
glass powder plays a vital role in waste management and environmental conservation by reducing
landfill accumulation and promoting the reuse of non-biodegradable materials. It is widely used in
construction, especially as a partial replacement for cement in concrete, due to its pozzolanic
properties that improve strength and durability. The use of glass powder not only contributes to
more eco-friendly construction practices but also supports the broader goals of sustainable
development and circular economy.

Glass powder contains a high percentage of silica (SiO₂), making it pozzolanic in nature, which
means it can react with calcium hydroxide in the presence of water to form compounds with
cementitious properties. This improves the strength, durability, and chemical resistance of concrete.

In addition to its eco-friendly benefits, incorporating glass powder can enhance the aesthetic appeal
of concrete and reduce issues like alkali-silica reaction (ASR) when properly processed. Glass
powder is gaining popularity in green building practices, aligning with the global push for
sustainable and energy-efficient construction.

1.2.1 Sources of Glass Powder

 Recycled glass bottles, jars, and windows.

 Industrial glass waste (e.g., from manufacturing processes).

2
1.2.2 Properties

 Chemically inert and non-toxic.

 High silica (SiO₂) content, similar to natural pozzolanic materials.
 Finely ground particles increase surface area for chemical reactions.
 Can be processed to various fineness levels, depending on the application.

1.2.3 Benefits

 Enhances long-term strength and durability of concrete.

 Reduces alkali-silica reaction (ASR) when properly processed.
 Sustainable and cost-effective alternative to traditional materials.
 Improves resistance to chemical attack and abrasion.

Fig.1.2 – Glass Powder

1.3 History of Glass Powder

The concept of using glass powder in construction began as part of a broader initiative to recycle
waste glass and reduce environmental pollution. While glass itself has been manufactured for
thousands of years, its use in powdered form as a construction material is relatively recent.

In the late 20th century, increasing concerns about the environmental impact of cement production
and the growing volume of non-biodegradable glass waste led researchers to investigate alternative
materials. Studies revealed that when finely ground, glass exhibits pozzolanic behavior, meaning it
can react with calcium hydroxide in cement to form compounds with cementitious properties.

By the early 2000s, experimental research began demonstrating the potential of glass powder as a
partial substitute for cement or fine aggregate in concrete. Since then, its use has expanded in

3
sustainable construction practices, particularly in green concrete and eco-friendly building
solutions.

Initial studies focused on understanding the pozzolanic behavior of glass powder its ability to react
with calcium hydroxide in cement to form additional binding compounds. Encouraged by positive
results, especially in terms of improved strength and durability, researchers began incorporating it
into green concrete formulations.

Today, glass powder is recognized not only as a way to recycle waste efficiently but also as a
material that can enhance the durability, strength, and aesthetic appeal of concrete when properly
processed and applied.

1.4 Development of Glass Powder

The development of glass powder emerged as part of efforts to manage growing amounts of waste
glass and promote sustainable construction practices. Traditionally, large volumes of glass waste
ended up in landfills due to limited recycling options. Researchers and engineers began exploring
alternative ways to utilize this waste effectively.

By grinding waste glass into a fine powder, it was discovered that the material exhibited pozzolanic
properties, making it suitable for use in concrete as a partial replacement for cement. This
innovation not only helps in reducing the environmental impact of cement production which is a
major source of CO₂ emissions but also improves certain mechanical and durability properties of
concrete when used correctly.

Laboratory studies and field applications have shown that finely ground glass powder can enhance
concrete's strength, reduce permeability, and increase resistance to chemical attacks. As a result,
glass powder is now being developed and adopted in green construction projects and materials
research worldwide.

The development of glass powder evolved from waste recycling to an active component in
sustainable construction. Its pozzolanic properties, when finely ground, make it a viable
replacement for cement, helping reduce CO₂ emissions and enhance concrete performance.

4
1.4.1 Preparation of Glass Powder

 Collection of Waste Glass:

Waste glass is collected from various sources such as bottles, windows, and industrial glass
waste.
 Sorting and Cleaning:
The collected glass is sorted by type and color, and cleaned to remove impurities like labels,
caps, and other contaminants.
 Crushing Process:
Cleaned glass is crushed into small fragments using crushers.
 Grinding into Fine Powder:
The crushed glass is then ground using ball mills or other grinding machines to produce a
fine powder with desired particle size.
 Sieving and Grading:
The powdered glass is passed through sieves to ensure uniform particle size and to remove
oversized particles.
 Quality Testing:
The glass powder is tested for physical and chemical properties to ensure it meets the
requirements for its intended application, such as in concrete.
 Packaging and Storage:
After testing, the glass powder is packed and stored under dry conditions to prevent
moisture absorption.
 Utilization in Applications:
The final product is used as a supplementary cementitious material in concrete, asphalt,
ceramics, and other sustainable construction applications.

Fig 1.3 – Preparation of Glass Powder

5
1.5 Size and Shapes of Glass Powder

The size and shape of glass powder play a crucial role in determining its effectiveness when used in
concrete or other construction applications.

 Size:
Glass powder is typically ground to a fine particle size, usually ranging from 38 microns to
150 microns, depending on the intended use. Finer particles (below 75 microns) are more
reactive and exhibit better pozzolanic properties, making them suitable for partial cement
replacement. Coarser particles are less reactive and may be used as a filler or fine aggregate.
 Shape:
The shape of glass powder particles is generally angular to irregular, due to the crushing and
grinding process. Unlike rounded sand particles, these angular shapes provide better
bonding with cement paste, which can enhance the mechanical properties of concrete.
However, too many sharp edges can also affect workability, so balance is important.
 Proper control of the size and shape of glass powder is essential to achieve optimal
performance in concrete mixes, influencing strength, durability, and finish quality.

1.6 Applications of Glass Powder

Glass powder is gaining popularity in various construction and industrial applications due to its
pozzolanic properties, sustainability, and availability. Some key applications include:

a. Concrete Production

o Used as a partial replacement for cement to reduce CO₂ emissions.

o Improves durability, strength, and resistance to chemical attacks.
o Can also replace fine aggregates like sand in certain mixes.
b. Paving Blocks and Tiles
o Added to concrete for making interlocking pavers, tiles, and curbstones with
improved surface finish and durability.
c. Architectural Concrete
o Finely ground glass powder adds a decorative effect to polished concrete surfaces
and terrazzo flooring.
d. Eco-friendly Bricks

6
 o Used in the production of green bricks as a sustainable binder or filler material.
e. Geopolymer Concrete
o Acts as a reactive material in the production of cement-free binders, helping reduce
carbon footprint.
f. Soil Stabilization
o Used to improve the engineering properties of soil, especially in road construction
and subgrade layers.
g. Glass Ceramics and Insulation Materials
o Glass powder is also used in manufacturing ceramics, glass wool, and thermal
insulation products.

1.7 Sustainable Development of Glass Powder

The sustainable development of glass powder involves the innovative reuse of waste glass materials
to reduce environmental impact and promote resource efficiency. By grinding waste glass into a
fine powder, it can be repurposed in various industries, particularly in construction, where it serves
as a supplementary material in cement and concrete production. This practice not only diverts
significant amounts of glass waste from landfills but also decreases the demand for natural raw
materials and reduces greenhouse gas emissions from traditional cement manufacturing.
Additionally, glass powder enhances the mechanical properties and durability of concrete, making
it a valuable component in green building initiatives. Overall, the sustainable development of glass
powder supports the principles of environmental conservation, economic viability, and social
responsibility.

Sustainable development involving glass powder focuses on recycling waste glass into a valuable
resource, reducing environmental impact and promoting circular economy practices. Instead of
sending discarded glass to landfills, it is ground into a fine powder and used in various applications,
such as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. This not only minimizes waste but also lowers
carbon emissions associated with cement production. The use of glass powder enhances the
durability and strength of building materials, making it an eco-friendly alternative in construction
and infrastructure projects. Overall, it contributes to resource conservation and a more sustainable
future.

7
Fig 1.4 – Sustainability of Glass Powder

8
 CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Siddique and Klaus (2009) explores the potential of utilizing glass waste as a supplementary
cementitious material in concrete production. Their research highlights the pozzolanic properties of
finely ground glass, demonstrating improvements in strength and durability of concrete. This work
contributes significantly to sustainable construction practices by promoting the recycling of
industrial waste materials.

Mehta and Monteiro (2006), a foundational text that offers comprehensive insights into the
behavior of concrete at the microscopic level. The authors detail how microstructural characteristics
influence macroscopic properties such as strength, durability, and permeability. This work serves as
a critical reference for understanding material performance and guiding the development of
advanced concrete technologies.

Zhang, Xie, and Qian (2011) investigated the durability of concrete made with recycled glass as
both aggregate and cement replacement. Their study demonstrated that recycled glass can enhance
certain durability properties, such as resistance to chloride penetration and sulfate attack. These
findings support the potential of using recycled glass as a sustainable material in concrete
production.

Al-Hashmi and Al-Saadi (2016) delve into the use of recycled glass powder as a partial
replacement for cement in concrete. Their study highlights its positive effects on concrete
durability, particularly in enhancing resistance to chemical attacks. This research supports the
potential of sustainable materials in improving construction practices.

Khatib (2009) examine the viability of using recycled glass aggregate as a sustainable alternative
in concrete production. The study highlights the material’s potential to reduce environmental
impact while maintaining acceptable mechanical properties. This research supports the growing
interest in incorporating recycled materials into construction practices to promote sustainability.

Mehta (2001) emphasizes the significant environmental impact of traditional concrete production,
particularly due to high carbon dioxide emissions from cement manufacturing. The study explores
alternative materials and methods to reduce concrete's ecological footprint, such as incorporating

9
industrial by-products. This foundational work highlights the urgent need for sustainable practices
in the construction industry.

Pradhan et al. (2014) investigate the environmental and economic impacts of incorporating glass
powder as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Their study highlights significant
reductions in CO₂ emissions and energy consumption, emphasizing the sustainability benefits of
this approach. Additionally, they demonstrate that using glass powder can be a cost-effective
alternative without compromising concrete performance.

Bournas et al. (2015) explores the potential of using glass powder as a partial replacement for
cement in concrete. The study highlights the material’s pozzolanic properties and its contribution to
improved sustainability and performance in concrete mixtures. Key findings indicate that glass
powder can enhance mechanical strength and reduce environmental impact when properly
processed and utilized.

Deb et al. (2020) delve into the impact of incorporating glass powder alongside fly ash in concrete
mixtures. Their study highlights improvements in mechanical properties, such as compressive
strength, due to the synergistic effects of these supplementary cementitious materials. This research
provides valuable insights into sustainable concrete practices by utilizing industrial by-products.

Niu et al. (2022) highlights the growing interest in using eco-friendly glass powder as a sustainable
alternative to traditional cement. The authors critically examine the physical, chemical, and
mechanical properties of glass powder, emphasizing its potential to reduce carbon emissions in
concrete production. This review underscores the importance of utilizing industrial waste in
construction materials to support environmental sustainability.

Torgal and Jalali (2011) examine the potential of using recycled glass as an aggregate in concrete
production. Their study highlights the environmental benefits and technical challenges, including
alkali-silica reaction concerns. Overall, they emphasize the need for further research to optimize
recycled glass use in sustainable construction materials.

Mikhail and Ramli (2014) explores the potential of using recycled glass as a partial replacement
for cement in concrete production. Their investigation focuses on the mechanical and durability
properties of concrete incorporating glass powder. The study highlights promising results,

10
suggesting recycled glass can enhance sustainability in construction without significantly
compromising performance.

Beyer et al. (2014) which evaluates the sustainability of using glass powder as a partial
replacement in concrete. Their research demonstrates the potential of glass powder to enhance
environmental performance by reducing the carbon footprint and promoting recycling. This study
serves as a key reference in exploring sustainable alternatives in concrete production.

Snoeck et al. (2014) delve into the incorporation of recycled glass powder in self-compacting
concrete, highlighting its potential as a sustainable alternative to traditional cementitious materials.
The study emphasizes improvements in mechanical properties and workability, along with reduced
environmental impact. This research supports the growing interest in eco-friendly construction
practices.

Siddique and Klaus (2015) investigates the potential of using recycled glass as a cementitious
material in concrete. Their study highlights the material's pozzolanic properties, which can improve
the mechanical and durability characteristics of concrete. Additionally, the research emphasizes
environmental benefits by reducing waste and promoting sustainable construction practices.

Hernández-Olivares et al. (2014) examines the impact of incorporating glass powder on the
rheological behavior of concrete mixtures. Their findings highlight that glass powder can improve
workability and reduce water demand, making it a viable supplementary material in sustainable
construction. This research contributes valuable insights to the literature on alternative cementitious
materials and their influence on concrete performance.

Sharma and Chaurasia (2015) explores the use of glass powder as a partial replacement for
cement in concrete mixtures. Their study highlights improvements in compressive strength and
durability when glass powder is used up to a certain percentage. This research supports the potential
of glass powder as a sustainable material in concrete production.

Gupta and Pandey (2018) inquire into the potential of utilizing waste glass powder as a partial
replacement for cement in concrete. Their study highlights the environmental and mechanical
benefits, such as reduced cement usage and improved concrete strength. The review supports the
feasibility of integrating waste materials into construction for sustainable development.

11
Saha and Karmakar (2017) explores the potential of waste glass powder (WGP) as a sustainable
additive in cement-based composites. The study highlights WGP’s pozzolanic properties, which
enhance the mechanical and durability performance of concrete while promoting waste recycling.
This review underscores the environmental and technical benefits of incorporating WGP into
construction materials.

Prakash et al. (2020) contributes to the growing body of literature exploring sustainable
alternatives in concrete production. Their research investigates the behavior of concrete
incorporating waste glass powder as a partial replacement for cement, highlighting improvements in
strength and durability. This literature adds valuable insights into eco-friendly construction
practices and the reuse of industrial waste.

Ravindranath et al. (2015) delve into the impact of incorporating glass powder into concrete
mixtures, highlighting its potential as a sustainable supplementary material. Their research
demonstrates improved performance in terms of strength and durability when glass powder is used
as a partial replacement for cement. This literature provides valuable insight into eco-friendly
alternatives in concrete technology.

Maheswari and Ganesh (2016) explores the potential of recycled glass powder as a partial
replacement for cement in concrete. Their study highlights the material's pozzolanic properties,
which contribute to improved strength and sustainability of concrete. The research emphasizes the
environmental and economic benefits of utilizing industrial waste in construction materials.

Musharraf et al. (2017) examines the influence of glass powder on the workability and strength of
concrete. Their research indicates that incorporating glass powder can enhance certain mechanical
properties while affecting the mix's workability. This literature provides valuable insight into
sustainable construction materials and supports further investigation into glass powder as a partial
cement replacement.

Saha et al. (2014) investigates the impact of incorporating glass powder on the compressive
strength of concrete. The study reveals that replacing cement with finely ground glass powder can
enhance strength properties due to its pozzolanic activity. This research supports the potential of
glass powder as a sustainable alternative material in concrete production.

12
Anand et al. (2021) explores the potential of using recycled glass as a partial replacement for
cement in sustainable concrete production. Their study highlights the environmental benefits and
mechanical performance improvements associated with this approach. The review also emphasizes
the importance of further research to optimize mix proportions and ensure long-term durability.

Mardani-Aghabaglou and Salehi (2022) contributes to the literature on sustainable construction

by examining the effects of glass powder on the mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete.
Their findings demonstrate that incorporating glass powder can enhance certain strength
characteristics while promoting eco-friendly material use. This research supports ongoing efforts to
integrate waste materials into concrete production without compromising performance.

Islam et al. (2017) inquire into the potential of using glass powder as a partial replacement for
cement in concrete. Their study highlights the environmental and mechanical benefits of
incorporating recycled glass, particularly in enhancing sustainability without compromising
strength. This research provides a valuable foundation for further investigations into eco-friendly
construction materials.

Patel et al. (2020) explores the impact of incorporating glass powder into concrete mixtures,
focusing on both fresh and hardened properties. The study highlights that glass powder can enhance
workability while contributing to improved strength and durability over time. These findings
support the potential of glass powder as a sustainable partial replacement for cement in concrete
production.

Wang et al. (2016) delve into the influence of glass powder as a supplementary material on the
long-term durability of concrete. The study highlights how incorporating glass powder can enhance
resistance to chloride penetration and reduce permeability. These findings support the growing
interest in sustainable construction practices using recycled materials.

Najim and Hall (2015) probes the potential of glass powder as a supplementary cementitious
material in concrete production. Their study highlights the material's pozzolanic properties, which
contribute to improved mechanical performance and sustainability. This research supports the
growing interest in eco-friendly alternatives in the construction industry.

Abdullah et al. (2022) explores the potential of using glass powder as a partial replacement for
cement in concrete mixtures. The study highlights improvements in sustainability and

13
environmental performance due to reduced cement usage and recycling of waste glass. This aligns
with global efforts to develop eco-friendly construction materials without compromising structural
integrity.

Bahloul et al. (2015) contributes to the growing body of literature exploring sustainable
alternatives in concrete production. Their experimental investigation demonstrates the potential of
recycled glass powder as a partial replacement for cement, highlighting improvements in certain
mechanical properties and environmental benefits. This research supports the ongoing pursuit of
eco-friendly construction materials within structural engineering.

Ahmed et al. (2018) explores the potential of using glass powder as a partial replacement for
cement in concrete. The study highlights improvements in concrete's mechanical properties and
sustainability when incorporating finely ground glass powder. This research supports ongoing
efforts to develop eco-friendly construction materials by reducing cement consumption and
utilizing waste glass.

Vardhan et al. (2015) investigates the use of glass powder as a partial replacement for cement in
concrete, highlighting its potential to enhance sustainability in construction. Their findings indicate
that incorporating glass powder can improve certain mechanical properties while reducing
environmental impact. This research provides a valuable foundation for further studies on
alternative cementitious materials in concrete.

Rais et al. (2021) contributes to the growing body of literature focused on sustainable construction
practices, specifically the use of waste materials in concrete production. Their research
demonstrates that glass powder can effectively serve as a partial replacement for cement, improving
the performance characteristics of concrete. This aligns with broader efforts in literature to reduce
the environmental footprint of construction materials while enhancing mechanical properties.

Vasconcelos et al. (2019) delve into the durability performance of concrete when glass powder is
used as a partial replacement for cement. Their findings highlight improvements in resistance to
chloride penetration and reduced permeability, indicating enhanced long-term durability. This study
supports the potential of glass powder as a sustainable alternative material in concrete production.

Jain et al. (2020) explores the effects of using glass powder as a partial replacement for cement in
concrete. The study compiles various research findings, highlighting improvements in strength,

14
durability, and sustainability. It emphasizes glass powder's potential as an eco-friendly alternative,
contributing to waste reduction and enhanced concrete performance.

Zhu et al. (2021) examines the incorporation of glass powder as a partial replacement for cement
in concrete, highlighting its influence on the material’s physical and mechanical properties. The
literature emphasizes improvements in compressive strength and durability, attributing these
benefits to the pozzolanic activity of finely ground glass. This research contributes to the growing
body of work advocating for sustainable alternatives in concrete production.

Siddique et al. (2010) explores the use of glass powder as a partial replacement for cement in
concrete. Their findings indicate that finely ground glass powder can improve concrete's strength
and durability while contributing to sustainable construction practices. The study highlights the
potential of waste glass as a valuable supplementary cementitious material in building applications.

Kumar et al. (2019) probes the use of glass powder as a sustainable replacement for cement in
concrete. The study highlights the environmental benefits and mechanical performance of concrete
incorporating glass powder. It provides a foundation for further research into eco-friendly
construction materials and sustainable development practices.

Nasser et al. (2021) investigates the potential of glass powder as a sustainable alternative binder in
concrete production. Their study highlights the material’s pozzolanic properties and its contribution
to improving the mechanical and durability performance of concrete. This research supports the
growing interest in eco-friendly materials that reduce the environmental impact of traditional
cement.

Aslam et al. (2022) contributes to the growing body of literature exploring sustainable alternatives
in concrete production. Their research highlights the potential of glass powder as a partial cement
replacement, demonstrating improvements in both mechanical strength and durability of concrete.
This aligns with current trends in civil engineering focused on reducing environmental impact
through innovative material use.

Amin et al. (2016) explores the mechanical properties of concrete modified with glass powder as a
partial cement replacement. The study highlights improvements in compressive strength and
durability, emphasizing glass powder's pozzolanic activity. This research provides a foundation for
sustainable concrete development using recycled materials.

15
Kumar et al. (2015) investigates the influence of glass powder as a partial replacement for cement
in concrete. The study highlights improvements in both strength and durability, suggesting glass
powder enhances concrete performance. This work supports the growing interest in sustainable
materials for construction applications.

Beaudoin and Leclerc (2018) highlights the potential of using glass powder as a sustainable
supplementary material in concrete production. Their study explores how finely ground glass can
enhance the mechanical and durability properties of concrete while reducing environmental impact.
This work contributes valuable insights into eco-friendly alternatives in construction materials.

Bai et al. (2017) contributes valuable insights to the literature on sustainable concrete by examining
the combined effects of glass powder and fly ash on its mechanical properties and durability. Their
findings highlight improvements in compressive strength and resistance to environmental
degradation, supporting the viability of industrial by-products in concrete production. This research
aligns with broader efforts to enhance sustainability and performance in construction materials.

Das et al. (2016) explores the sustainable use of glass powder as a partial replacement for cement
in concrete. Their study highlights the pozzolanic properties of finely ground glass, which enhance
the strength and durability of concrete. This approach not only improves material performance but
also contributes to environmental sustainability by reducing cement consumption and glass waste.

Al-Dulaijan and Al-Amoudi (2020) delve into the potential of glass powder as a sustainable
partial replacement for cement in concrete. Their study highlights improvements in compressive
strength and durability, supporting the viability of glass powder in construction applications. The
findings contribute to ongoing research on eco-friendly materials in civil engineering.

Rohani and Zargar (2017) provides valuable insights into the effects of glass powder on both the
fresh and hardened properties of concrete. Their research highlights improvements in workability
and compressive strength when glass powder is used as a partial cement replacement. This literature
contributes to sustainable construction practices by promoting the use of waste materials in concrete
production.

Kumar et al., (2021) explores the properties and potential of using glass powder as a partial
cement replacement in concrete. The study highlights improvements in mechanical strength,

16
durability, and sustainability due to the pozzolanic nature of finely ground glass. These findings
support the growing interest in eco-friendly alternatives within construction materials.

17
 CHAPTER-3

METHODOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION

3.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter deals with the experimentation for investigating the various properties of M30 grade
concrete with and without glass powder as partial replacement to cement. This chapter also
describes the properties of the materials used in concrete are Cement, Fine aggregate, Coarse
aggregate, glass powder and Super Plasticizer, also mix design, various parameters and their effect
on concrete.

3.2 MATERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES

3.2.1 CEMENT

Portland pozzolanic cement of confirming to IS 1489(Part 1& 2) used in this study is RAMCO
cement. Cement was stored in dry and enclosed environment for maintaining fresh and colour of
the cement and to avoid formation of lumps. The physical properties of cement were tested as per
Indian Standards and the results are presented in table 3.1

Fig 3.1 Cement

3.2.1.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT

Specific gravity of cement is the ratio of the weight of a given volume of cement to the weight of an
equal volume of water. It gives an idea about the density of cement. The specific gravity of ordinary
Portland cement typically ranges between 3.10 to 3.16. This property is important to determine the
quality and uniformity of cement. If specific gravity is significantly lower or higher, it may indicate
that the cement is old, has absorbed moisture, or is of poor quality.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

18
  Le Chatelier Flask / Specific gravity bottle (pycnometer)
 Weighing balance (accurate to 0.01 g)
 Kerosene or naphtha (non-reactive liquid with cement)
 Cement sample
 Glass rod

PROCEDURE:

1. Preparation:
o Clean and dry the Le Chatelier flask.
o Fill the flask with kerosene up to a marked point (P1) and note the initial reading
(W1) =500 grams.
2. Weighing Cement:
o Weigh about 64 grams of cement accurately.
3. Adding Cement:
o Carefully introduce the weighed cement into the flask using a funnel. Stir gently
with a glass rod to remove trapped air bubbles.
4. Final Reading:
o After all cement is added and settled, fill the flask again with kerosene up to the
same mark (P2). Note the final reading (W2) = 520.38 grams
5. Calculation:
o Weight of cement = W=64 grams
o Weight of displaced kerosene = (W2 - W1)= 520.38-500=20.38 grams

Specific Gravity (G) = W / (W2 - W1) =64/(520.38-500)= 3.14

6. Result:
The specific gravity of the given cement sample =3.14

19
3.2.1.2 FINENESS OF CEMENT

Fineness of cement is a measure of the size of cement particles. It is an important property that
affects the rate of hydration, strength development, and workability of cement. Finer cement has a
greater surface area and results in faster development of strength. However, very fine cement can
lead to increased water demand and shrinkage. The fineness of cement is tested either by sieve
analysis (dry sieving) or air permeability method (Blaine’s apparatus). In normal lab practice,
sieve analysis using a 90-micron IS sieve is common.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 90-micron IS Sieve
 Weighing balance (accurate to 0.01 g)
 Brush
 Tray
 Cement sample

PROCEDURE (SIEVE METHOD):

1. Preparation:
o Take about 100 grams of cement sample accurately.
2. Sieving:
o Place the cement on the 90-micron IS sieve.
o Continuously sieve the cement for 15 minutes using your hands or a mechanical
sieve shaker.
o During sieving, use a gentle wrist motion and do not force particles through the
sieve.
3. Weighing Retained Cement:
o After sieving, weigh the residue (cement left on the sieve).
o Let the weight of residue be 8 grams.
4. Calculation:
o Fineness (%) = (W1 / W) × 100=(8/100)×100=8

Where,
W = weight of the cement sample taken (100 g)

20
 5. Results:

The fineness of the given cement sample = 8% retained on 90-micron sieve.

3.2.1.3 NORMAL CONSISTENCY

Normal consistency of cement refers to the amount of water required to prepare a cement paste that
allows the Vicat plunger to penetrate to a depth of 33–35 mm from the top of the Vicat mold.
This test helps in determining the water content to be used for various other cement tests like setting
time, soundness, and compressive strength tests. Normal consistency is usually around 26% to 33%
of the weight of cement.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 Vicat Apparatus
 Vicat mold
 Plunger (10 mm diameter)
 Weighing balance
 Trowel
 Glass plate
 Measuring cylinder
 Cement sample
 Water

Procedure:

1. Preparation:
o Take 400 grams of cement sample.
o Add a measured quantity of water (around 25% of cement weight) and prepare a
uniform paste within 3–5 minutes.
2. Filling the Vicat Mold:
o Quickly fill the Vicat mold with the cement paste without any vibration.
o Level the surface with a trowel.
3. Testing with Vicat Apparatus:
o Place the mold with cement paste under the plunger of the Vicat apparatus.

21
 o Release the plunger to allow it to penetrate the paste freely.
4. Observation:
o Note the depth of penetration.
o If the plunger penetrates to a depth of 33–35 mm from the top, the water content
used is the normal consistency.
5. Adjusting Water Content:
o If penetration is more or less, prepare a fresh paste with adjusted water content and
repeat the test until the required penetration is achieved.

Calculation:

Normal Consistency (P)= (Weight of water added/Weight of Cement)×100=(112/400)×100=28%

Result:

The normal consistency of the given cement sample is 28%.

Fig 3.2 Normal Consistency of Cement

3.2.1.4 SETTING TIME OF CEMENT

Setting time of cement refers to the time taken by the cement paste to start losing its plasticity
(initial setting time) and to completely lose its plasticity (final setting time).
This property is crucial for handling, transporting, placing, and finishing the concrete or mortar.

22
  Initial Setting Time: Time interval between the addition of water and when the paste starts
hardening (starts losing plasticity).
 Final Setting Time: Time interval between the addition of water and when the paste
completely hardens and can bear some pressure.

As per IS:4031 (Part 5) – 1988:

 The initial setting time should not be less than 30 minutes.

 The final setting time should not be more than 600 minutes (10 hours).

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 Vicat apparatus
 Initial and final setting time needles
 Vicat mold
 Stop watch
 Weighing balance
 Measuring cylinder
 Glass plate
 Trowel
 Water
 Cement sample

PROCEDURE:

Initial Setting Time:

1. Preparation of Cement Paste:

o Take 400 g of cement.
o Mix it with water (use the amount determined from normal consistency test) to form
a uniform paste within 3–5 minutes.
2. Filling the Vicat Mould:
o Quickly fill the Vicat mould placed on a non-porous glass plate with the paste
without vibration and level the surface.
3. Testing:

23
 o Attach the initial setting time needle (a 1 mm² cross-sectional area needle) to the
Vicat apparatus.
o Lower the needle gently and release it to penetrate into the paste.
4. Observation:
o Repeat the penetration test at intervals of 2–5 minutes.
o Initial setting time is the time elapsed from the moment water is added to the cement
until the needle fails to penetrate the paste to a point about 5 mm from the bottom of
the mould.

Final Setting Time:

1. Change the Needle:

o Replace the initial setting needle with the final setting needle (a needle with an
annular collar).
2. Testing:
o Lower the final setting needle gently onto the surface of the cement paste.
3. Observation:
o Final setting time is the time elapsed from the moment water is added to the cement
until the needle makes an impression on the surface, but the attached collar fails to
do so (i.e., the paste has hardened sufficiently).

Table 3.1 Physical properties of cement

S. No Properties Test Results IS Code

1. Specific gravity 3.14 IS 4031(Part 11):1988
2. Fineness 8% IS 1489(Part 1):2015
3. Normal Consistency 28 IS 4031 (Part 4):1988
4. Setting time
ⅰ) Initial Setting Time 104 min IS 4031(Part 5): 1988
ⅱ) Final Setting Time 270 min

24
3.2.2 Fine Aggregate

The river sand conforming to zone-II grade of IS 383-2016 is used as fine aggregate in this study.
The aggregate is clean, inert and free from organic matter. Fineness modulus of fine aggregate is
2.44 and Specific gravity of fine aggregate is found to be 2.63. The sand was sufficiently air dried
before use to avoid bulking. Table 3.3 shows the Grain size distribution of fine aggregate.

Fig 3.3 Fine Aggregate

3.2.2.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FINE AGGREGATE

Specific gravity of fine aggregate (sand) is the ratio of the weight of a given volume of aggregate to
the weight of an equal volume of water.It indicates the quality and strength of the aggregate. Higher
specific gravity indicates denser and stronger material.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 Pycnometer
 Weighing balance (accurate to 0.01 g)
 Fine aggregate sample
 Water
 Tray
 Drying oven

PROCEDURE:

1. Sample Preparation:
o Take a sample of fine aggregate and dry it in an oven at 100°C to 110°C for 24
hours.

25
 o Cool the sample to room temperature.
2. Weighing:
o Weigh the empty, clean, and dry pycnometer (W₁).
o Fill the pycnometer about half with dry sand and weigh it (W₂).
3. Adding Water:
o Add sufficient water to cover the sand completely.
o Remove entrapped air by shaking and stirring the mixture.
o Fill the pycnometer completely with water and weigh it (W₃).
4. Weighing Only Water:
o Empty and clean the pycnometer.
o Fill the pycnometer fully with water only and weigh it (W₄).

CALCULATION:

 Specific Gravity (G) =(W2-W1)/(W2-W1)-(W3-W4)=(1100-600)/(1100-600)-(1765-1450)

=(500)/(500-315)=500/185=2.70

Where:

 W1 = Weight of empty pycnometer -600

 W2 = Weight of pycnometer + dry aggregate-1100
 W3 = Weight of pycnometer + aggregate + water-1765
 W4 = Weight of pycnometer filled with water only-1450

RESULT:

The specific gravity of the fine aggregate = 2.70. .

26
 Fig 3.4 Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregate

3.2.2.2 FINENESS OF FINE AGGREGATE

Fineness of fine aggregate (sand) refers to the particle size distribution of the sand.
It is determined by sieving the sand through a set of IS standard sieves and calculating the Fineness
Modulus. The Fineness Modulus is an index number that represents the mean size of the particles in
the sand.

 A higher FM means coarser sand.

 A lower FM means finer sand.

Normal range of Fineness Modulus for fine aggregates: Between 2.3 to 3.2 as per IS 383.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 Set of standard IS sieves: 4.75 mm, 2.36 mm, 1.18 mm, 600 micron, 300 micron, 150
micron
 Weighing balance (accurate to 0.1 g)
 Sieve shaker (or manual sieving)
 Drying oven
 Fine aggregate (sand)
 Tray and brush

PROCEDURE:

1. Sample Preparation:
o Take about 500 g of dry fine aggregate sample.

27
 2. Sieving:
o Arrange the sieves in order — coarse to fine (top to bottom).
o Place the sample on the top (4.75 mm) sieve.
o Shake the sieves mechanically or manually for about 10–15 minutes.
3. Weighing:
o After sieving, weigh the amount of material retained on each sieve accurately.
4. Calculation of Fineness Modulus (FM):
o Add the cumulative weights retained on each sieve.
o Divide the sum by 100.

Fineness Modulus = Weight Retained /100

=275/100

=2.75

RESULT :

Fineness Modulus of Fine Aggregate is 2.75

Fig 3.5 Fineness Modulus of Fine Aggregate

Table 3.2 Grain size distribution of fine aggregate

IS sieve size Weight % Weight Cumulative Percentage Zone II

retained retained percentage Passing percentage
(kg) weight passing as
retained per IS 383-
2016
10mm 0 0 0 100 100
4.75mm 0.015 1.5 1.5 98.5 90-100

28
 2.36mm 0.030 3.0 4.5 95.5 75-100
1.18mm 0.080 8.0 12.5 87.5 55-90
600 0.350 35.0 47.5 52.5 35-59
300 0.315 31.5 79.31 21 8-30
150 0.200 20 99 1 0-10
3.2.3 Coarse Aggregate

Coarse aggregate of sizes 20 mm and 10 mm obtained from quarry is used in this study. Coarse
aggregate is of type Granite, dark blue in colour, angular in shape with specific gravity of 2.78.
Coarse aggregate should be strong and durable. Before using coarse aggregate in concrete mix, it is
wetted and dried alternatively in order to remove the deleterious material and to ensure saturated
surface dry condition. The fineness modulus of coarse aggregates 7.36. The results of sieve analysis
test performed on Coarse aggregate is presented in Table 3.4. Specific gravity and bulk density tests
are conducted on coarse aggregates as per IS: 2386 (Part III) -1963. Grading of the coarse aggregate
is made so as to get optimum density. The fraction of coarse aggregate passing through 20 mm
sieve and retaining on 10 mm sieve is taken as 60% of total aggregate. The remaining 40% fraction
is aggregate passing through 10 mm sieve and retaining on 4.75 mm sieve.

Fig 3.6 Coarse Aggregates of 20mm and 10mm

3.2.3.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COARSE AGGREGATE

Specific gravity of coarse aggregate is the ratio of the weight of a given volume of aggregate to the
weight of an equal volume of water.It indicates the density and strength of the aggregate.
Specific gravity affects the mix design of concrete, strength, and durability of the final structure.

Apparatus Required:

 Wire Basket (For Immersion In Water)

29
  Weighing Balance (Accurate To 0.1 G)
 Water Tank
 Drying Oven
 Absorbent Cloth
 Tray
 Coarse Aggregate Sample (10 Mm To 20 Mm Size)

Procedure:

1. Sample Preparation:
o Take about 2 kg of coarse aggregate.
o Wash thoroughly to remove dust and fines.
o Dry it in an oven at 100°C to 110°C until constant weight is achieved.
o Cool to room temperature.
2. Saturation:
o Immerse the dry aggregates in water for 24 hours to achieve Saturated Surface Dry
(SSD) condition.
3. Weighing:
o Surface dry the aggregates using a cloth (no free water on surface).
o Weigh the SSD aggregates in air (W₁).
o Place the aggregates in a wire basket and submerge fully in water.
o Weigh the basket + aggregates in water (W₂).
o Then weigh the empty wire basket submerged in water (W₃).
o Oven dry the aggregates again and weigh in dry condition (W₄).
4. Observations:
o W₁ = Weight of aggregate in air=2850
o W₂ = Weight of aggregate + basket submerged in water=2100
o W₃ = Weight of empty basket submerged in water=500
o W₄ = Weight of oven dry aggregate =2800grams
5. Calculations

Specific Gravity = W4/W1-(W2-W3)

W2-W3=2100-500=1600

30
 W1-(W2-W3)=2850-1600=1250

W4/W1-(W2-W3)=2800/1250=2.8

6. Results:
Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate=2.8

Fig 3.7 Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate

3.2.3.2 FINENESS OF COARSE AGGREGATES:

Fineness modulus of coarse aggregates is an index number that represents the average size of
particles in the coarse aggregate. It's a crucial parameter that affects the workability, strength, and
overall quality of concrete mixes.

Procedure for Determining Fineness Modulus of Coarse Aggregates:

The fineness modulus of coarse aggregates is determined through a sieve analysis test. Here's the
general procedure:

1. Sample Preparation: Obtain a representative sample of the coarse aggregate and dry it in
an oven at 100-110°C to a constant weight. Record the dry weight of the sample.
2. Sieve Arrangement: Arrange a set of standard sieves in descending order of their aperture
sizes. For coarse aggregates, the typical sieve sizes used are 80mm, 40mm, 20mm, 10mm,
and 4.75mm. Place a pan at th e bottom of the sieve stack to collect the material that passes
through the finest sieve.

31
 3. Sieving: Place the dried sample on the top-most sieve. Agitate the sieve stack using a
mechanical sieve shaker for a sufficient duration (typically 10-15 minutes) to ensure that
most of the particles have had a chance to pass through the appropriate sieves.
4. Weighing Retained Material: After sieving, carefully weigh the material retained on each
sieve and in the bottom pan. Record these weights.
5. Calculation:
o Calculate the percentage of the total weight of the sample retained on each sieve.
o Calculate the cumulative percentage of the weight retained on each sieve. This is
done by adding the percentage retained on a particular sieve to the sum of the
percentages retained on all the coarser sieves.
o The fineness modulus is then calculated by summing the cumulative percentages
retained on all the specified sieves and dividing the sum by 100.

The formula for Fineness Modulus is:

∑(Cumulative Percentage Retained on Each Sieve)/100

Results:

The Fineness of Coarse Aggregate is 7.3

Fig 3.8 Fineness of Coarse Aggregate

32
Table 3.3 Sieve analysis of Coarse Aggregate

IS sieve size Weight % Weight Cumulative Percentage

retained (kg) retained percentage Passing
weight retained
80mm 0 0 0 100
40mm 0 0 0 100
20mm 1.86 37.2 37.2 62.8
10mm 3.105 62.1 99.3 0.7
4.75mm 0.035 0.7 100 0
2.36mm 0 0 100 0
1.18mm 0 0 100 0
600µ 0 0 100 0
300µ 0 0 100 0
150µ 0 0 100 0
3.2.4 Water

Locally available potable water is used in the study with a Ph value of 7.7 for Concrete mix and
also for curing the specimens. Proper care must be taken to avoid using water containing harmful
substances like chloride, salt acid etc., which might affect the properties of concrete.

3.2.5 Glass powder

Glass powder is used to enhance the strength, performance, quality and durability properties of
concrete. This material replaced in concrete depending upon their properties interlinked with the
constituents of concrete. The glass powder is used in the experimental study are as follows.

Glass powder replaced: Glass powder is primarily composed of silicon dioxide (SiO₂), commonly
known as silica, which constitutes approximately 74% of its content. In addition to silica, glass
powder typically contains other oxides such as sodium oxide (Na₂O) at about 11%, calcium oxide
(CaO) around 9.1%, aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) approximately 3.7%, and iron oxide (Fe₂O₃) about
0.42%. These components collectively contribute to the physical and chemical properties of glass
powder, making it suitable for various applications, including its use as a pozzolanic material in
concrete. The particle size of glass powder varies between 30 to 300 µm. Fig. 3.1 shows the picture
of glass powder.

33
 Fig 3.9 Glass powder

3.2.6 SUPER PLASTICIZER

The replacement of Glass powder leads to reduction in workability. In order to compensate, the
Super Plasticizer of Conplast SP-430 procured from FOSROC is used in the present study.
Conplast SP-430 is a Sulphonated naphthalene polymers-based plasticizer. The Specific gravity of
Conplast SP-430 is 1.20 at 20°C.

Fig-3.10 Conplast sp430

3.3 METHODOLOGY

The methodology adopted for assessing the concrete made with Glass Powder as a partial
replacement of cement and evaluation of properties of materials used in the study is given below in
the form of flow chart as shown in Fig 3.11

34
 Literature Review and

identification of gaps

Mix Design as per IS 10262-2019

Tests on fresh concrete

Casting of specimens

1. M30 grade concrete

2. M30 + Replacement of glass powder with 5%, 10%, 15%,

20% and 25%

Tests on Compressive strength of concrete

for optimum dosage of glass powder after 7, 28 days

of curing and finalise the optimum mix

Strength Studies

 Mechanical properties
 Compression test
 Split tensile test
 Flexure test

Conclusion

Fig 3.11 Flow chart adopted for methodology

35
3.4 DESIGN OF CONCRETE MIX PROPORTION

The fundamental goal of the mix design is to choose the optimum proportions of the various
ingredients of the concrete that will produce fresh concrete with the appropriate workability and
hardened concrete with also being cost-effective. Mix proportion of M30 grade concrete are
designed according to IS: 10262-2019. The mix proportion of M30 grade reference concrete is
1:1.9:2.76 with water cement ratio of 0.45.

3.4.1 TEST PROGRAM

Concrete cubes, cylinders, and prisms are cast and tested to determine the compressive strength,
split tensile strength and flexural strength of M30 grade concrete used to finalize the optimum
content of glass powder.

Mix 1 – Cement + Fine aggregate + coarse aggregate+ Water+ Super Plasticizer

Mix 2 – Cement + Fine aggregate + coarse aggregate+ Water+ Super Plasticizer + Replacement of
glass powder

The various mixes are studied with varying percentages of glass powder as partial replacement of
cement for finalizing the optimum dosage of glass powder as replacement in the M30 grade. In
order to optimize the optimum content of glass powder, trail mixes are done for various percentages
of glass powder from 0 to 25% at an interval of 5% as replacement of cement.

3.4.2 Casting and Curing of Concrete Specimens

In this work, pan mixer is used as shown in Fig.3.7. The sequence of feeding ingredients in the pan
mixer depends on the properties of mix and those of mixer. In this work, a small amount of water is
fed first in pan mixer followed by coarse aggregate in saturated surface dry condition and fine
aggregate. These materials are mixed uniformly and then cementitious material is fed into the
mixer. After attaining uniform mixture of all ingredients, water is added.

36
Fig 3.12 Pan Mixer Fig 3.13 Casted Specimens

Usually mixing is done in different stages for concrete. Dry mixing is done before the addition of
water and wet mixing is done after addition of water. After dry mixing of the ingredients for one
minute, 60% of water is added to the ingredients and mixed uniformly. The remaining 40% of
water is mixed with 40ml super plasticizer and is introduced into the mixer and ingredients are
mixed for 3 minutes until the mix is uniform. The total mixing time is 4 minutes. After mixing, the
concrete is poured on the wetted platform then filled into moulds. The moulds are made with cast
iron that meets the requirements of IS: 10086 1982. The angle between the internal faces of the
cube and beam moulds is 90 ± 0.5°. The inner distance between the faces of cube moulds is 100 ± 2
mm. Each and every layer of the concrete in the mould is compacted by means of vibrating table
having specification according to IS: 7246-1974. All moulds are retained for a period of 24 hours in
moist air. Then the specimens are demoulded, marked and are cured in a curing tank with fresh
water. The temperature in the tank is maintained at 27 ± 1°C. They are cured for a period of 7 days,
28 days & 56 days. All concrete specimens must be water cured as soon as possible before loss of
moisture starts. If the external water is not provided to the concrete by that time, shrinkage will
develop very quickly and will be responsible for cracks. Hence, they are cured for a period of 7
days, 28 days & 56 days after demoulding. Casted specimens and curing of specimens are shown in
Fig3.8 and Fig3.9.

37
 Fig 3.14 Curing of Specimens

3.5 TESTS ON CONCRETE

The characteristics of concrete are determined by conducting various tests on fresh concrete and
hardened concrete.

3.5.1 Tests on Fresh Concrete

Workability is a property of fresh concrete mixture, which can be placed and compacted easily
without any segregation. Workability is a vital property of concrete and is related to compaction as
well as strength. More workability is required for a thin inaccessible section or heavily reinforced
section rather than a mass concrete body. Slump cone test was used for workability. The slump
cone test is conducted to determine the workability of concrete as per codal provisions of IS 1199
Part-2 2018 on the fresh concrete mix using a slump cone of dimensions 300 mm height, diameter

Fig 3.15 Slump Cone Test

38
of cone at top and bottom are 100 and 200 mm respectively. The freshly mixed concrete is filled
into the slump cone in three layers and each layer is tamped with 25 blows by using a tamping rod.
Then the slump mould is removed and the subsidence in the height of concrete mix is measured as
slump which is shown in the Fig. 3.7. The obtained slump may be true or collapse or shear type.

3.5.2 TESTS ON HARDENED CONCRETE

Various tests are performed on hardened concrete after required period of curing specimens to
determine the strength properties of concretes such as compressive, split tensile and modulus of
rupture. These tests are conducted according to the codal provisions of IS 516 (Part 1/Sec 1) 2021.

3.5.2.1 Compressive Strength

The compressive strength of concrete is determined by crushing concrete cube of size 150 ×150
×150 mm in 3000 kN compression testing machine (CTM) after required period of 7 and 28 days
curing. The specimen is placed in the compression testing machine (CTM) in such a manner that
the load is applied in the direction in which the cube is cast as shown in Fig. 3.16.

The load is applied without shock and increased continuously at rate of approximately 140
kg/sq.cm/min as specified in IS: 516-2021 (Part-1/ Section 1) until the resistance of the specimen to
the increasing load breaks down. The maximum load applied on the specimen is recorded and
appearance of the concrete and any unusual features in the type of failure are noted. Average of
three specimens is taken as compressive strength of concrete, provided variation is not more than
15% on the average.The compressive strength on cubes is calculated by dividing the maximum load

Fig 3.16 Compression Strength Setup

applied during the strength test by the cross-sectional area. Compressive strength = 𝑃/𝐴

39
Where P = Maximum Load,

N A= Area of cross section, mm²

3.5.2.2 Split Tensile Strength

The split tensile strength of concrete is obtained by testing cylindrical concrete specimens of size
150 mm diameter and 300 mm height in 3000 kN compression testing machine as shown in Fig.
3.10. The specimens are placed between cast iron plates along length wise of the cylinder to ensure
uniform distribution of load. The load is applied at a rate of 1.2 N/ (mm 2/min) without shock as
specified in IS: 5816-1999. The failure patterns observed during testing of cylindrical concrete
specimens is shown in Fig.3.11. The split tensile strength is calculated by using the formula given
below. Split Tensile Strength = 2𝑃/𝜋𝐿𝐷 N/mm²

Where P = Maximum load at failure, kN or N

D = Diameter of the cylinder, mm

L = Length or height of the cylinder, mm

Fig 3.17 Split Tensile Strength Setup

40
3.5.2.3 Modulus of Rupture

The modulus of rupture of concrete is evaluated by conducting the tests on prism specimens of size
100 mm x 100mm x 500mm using 100kN capacity UTM as shown in Fig. 3.11. The load is applied
through rollers mounted at the third points of the supporting span, which is, spaced at 133 mm
centre to centre. The load is applied without shock and increasing continuously at a rate of 180
kg/min for the 10 cm size specimens. The maximum load applied to the specimen during the test is
recorded. The appearance of the fractured faces of concrete and any unusual features in the type of
failure shall be noted. The failure patterns of the prism specimens after testing are shown in Fig.
3.12. The modulus of rupture of concrete (N/mm2) is determined by using the formula based on the
line of fracture observed from the nearest support as follows: fb= PL/bd2 when “a” is greater than
133 mm.

The flexural strength of the specimen is expressed as the modulus of rupture fb = 3Pa/bd2

When “a” is in between 110 mm and 133 mm.

If “a” is less than 110 mm the test result is discarded.

Where, P = Maximum load applied in kg or N

b = width of the specimen, mm

d = depth of the specimen, mm

L = length of the specimen, mm

a = crack distance from the nearest end or support

Fig 3.18 Flexural strength Setup

41
 Chapter-4

Results and Discussions

4.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents all the results obtained from mechanical properties are presented in tabular
and graphical form for M30 grade concrete with and without glass powder as replacement to
cement. The parameters include compressive strength for identifying the optimum dosage for glass
powder, split tensile strength and flexural strength. Results of fresh concrete in terms of workability
test made with and without glass powder also discussed in this chapter.

4.1 WORKABILITY STUDIES

Workability is a key property of fresh concrete, indicating how easily it can be mixed, placed,
compacted, and finished without segregation or bleeding. In this study, the effect of replacing
cement with varying percentages of waste glass powder on the workability of concrete was
examined using the standard slump cone test as per IS:1199 – 1959. Slump cone test is performed
for M30 grade concrete with and without glass powder as replacement as per IS 1199- part 2(2018)
and IS 456-2000. The slump value is reducing with increase of glass powder. The slump was
decreased up to 65% for replacement of glass powder by weight of cement when compared to M30
grade concrete.

The slump values of mixes with replacement of glass powder are remarkably decreased when
compared to M30 grade concrete. The decrease of workability is due to the high surface of glass
powder.

Results also indicate the workability of M30 grade concrete decreases with the increase of glass
powder content. For M30 grade of concrete containing glass powder to perform properly
workability, the appropriate amount of super plasticizer is needed.

42
4.2 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF M30 GRADE CONCRETE WITH REPLACEMENT
OF GLASS POWDER

4.2.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

The compressive strength of concrete is determined at age of 7 and 28 days of curing period for a
partial replacement of cement with glass powder of different percentages i.e., 5%,10%,15%,20%
and 25%.The results of compressive strength of M30 grade concrete with and without glass powder
with different percentages by weight of cement are presented in Table 4.1.and 4.2. The replacement
percentages of glass powder by weight of cement are considered from 0 to 25% at an interval of 5%

Table 4.1 Compressive strength of M30 grade Concrete with replacement of glass powder at
age of 7 days

Mix type with Various % Compressive Strength Strength increased

of Glass Powder (N/mm²) compared to 0%(GP)
7 days

0% 26.5 -
5% 27.25 2.84
10% 28.70 8.31
15% 30.95 16.79
20% 27.85 5.09
25% 25.75 -

43
 35

30
Compressive Strength N/mm2

25

20

7 days
15

10

0
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

Fig 4.1 Variation of Compressive strength of M30 grade Concrete made with replacement of
glass powder at age of 7 days N/mm2

From the figure 4.1, the 7 days compressive strength of concrete made with replacement of glass
powder were found better compressive strength when compared to M30 grade concrete. Mix 15%
had the highest strength with respect to the concrete at different percentages i.e
0%,5%,10%,20%,25% mixes . The compressive strength of concrete increasing with the increase of
glass powder up to 15%,after that there is a small reduction of compressive strength due to high
replacement of glass powder.

Table 4.2 Compressive strength of M30 grade Concrete made with replacement of glass
powder

Mix type with & without Compressive Strength Strength increased

glass powder (%) (N/mm²) compared to 0%(GP)
28 days
0% 39.44 -
5% 40.62 2.99
10% 41.80 5.98
15% 43.59 10.52
20% 40.12 1.72
25% 38.82 -

44
 44

43

42

41

40
28 days

39

38

37

36
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

Fig 4.2 Variation of Compressive strength of M30 grade Concrete made with replacement of
glass powder

From the figure 4.2, the 28 days compressive strength of concrete made with replacement of glass
powder were found better compressive strength when compared to M30 grade concrete. Mix 15%
had the highest strength with respect to the concrete at different percentages i.e
0%,5%,10%,20%,25% mixes . The compressive strength of concrete increasing with the increase of
glass powder up to 15% after that there is a small reduction of compressive strength due to high
replacement of glass powder.

Table 4.3 Compressive strength of M30 grade Concrete made with replacement of glass
powder at age of 7 days and 28 days

45
 Mix type with & without Compressive Strength (N/mm²)
glass powder (%) 7 Days 28 Days
0% 26.5 39.44
5% 27.25 40.62
10% 28.70 41.80
15% 30.95 43.59
20% 27.85 40.12
25% 25.75 38.82
50

45

40

35

30

25 7 Days
28 Days
20

15

10

0
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

Fig 4.3 Variation of Compressive strength of M30 grade Concrete made with replacement of
glass powder

From the figure 4.3, the 7 and 28 days compressive strength of concrete made with replacement of
glass powder were found better compressive strength when compared to M30 grade concrete. Mix
15% had the highest strength with respect to the concrete at different percentages
0%,5%,10%,20%,25% mixes . The compressive strength of concrete increasing with the increase of
glass powder up to 15% after that there is a small reduction of compressive strength due to high
replacement of glass powder.

4.2.2 Split Tensile strength

The Split Tensile strength of concrete is determined at age of 7 and 28 days of curing period for a
partial replacement of cement with glass powder of different percentages i.e., 5%,10%,15%,20%

46
and 25%.The results of Split Tensile strength of M30 grade concrete with and without glass powder
with different percentages by weight of cement are presented in Table 4.4.and 4.5. The replacement
percentages of glass powder by weight of cement are considered from 0 to 25% at an interval of
5%.

Table 4.4 Split Tensile strength of M30 grade with and without glass powder at different ages
of curing

MIX TYPE Split tensile strength Strength increased

(N/mm²) at different ages compared to 0%(GP)
7 days
0% 3.25 -
5% 3.50 7.69
10% 3.80 16.92
15% 4.5 38.46
20% 3.60 10.76
25% 3.45 6.15

4.5

4
Split Tensile Strength N/mm2

3.5

2.5
7 days
2

1.5

0.5

0
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

47
Fig.4.4 Comparison of split tensile strength of M30 grade concrete with and without glass
powder with curing period

From the figure 4.4, the 7 days Split Tensile strength of concrete made with replacement of glass
powder were found better Split Tensile strength when compared to M30 grade concrete. Mix 15%
had the highest strength with respect to the concrete at different percentages 0%,5%,10%,20%,25%
mixes . The Split Tensile strength of concrete increasing with the increase of glass powder up to
15% after that there is a small reduction of Split Tensile strength due to high replacement of glass
powder.

Table 4.5 Split Tensile strength of M30 grade with and without glass powder at different ages
of curing.

MIX TYPE Split tensile strength (N/mm²) Strength increased compared

at different ages to 0%(GP)
28 Days
0% 3.90 -
5% 4.20 7.69
10% 4.50 15.38
15% 4.80 23.07
20% 4.55 16.6
25% 4.30 10.25

48
 6

3
28 days

0
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

Fig.4.5 Comparison of split tensile strength of M30 grade concrete with and without glass
powder with curing period

From the figure 4.5, the 28 days Split Tensile strength of concrete made with replacement of glass
powder were found better Split Tensile strength when compared to M30 grade concrete. Mix 15%
had the highest strength with respect to the concrete at different percentages i.e
0%,5%,10%,20%,25% mixes . The Split Tensile strength of concrete increasing with the increase
of glass powder up to 15% after that there is a small reduction of Split Tensile strength due to high
replacement of glass powder.

Table 4.6 Split Tensile strength of M30 grade with and without glass powder at different ages
of curing

MIX TYPE Split tensile strength (N/mm²) at different ages

7 Days 28 Days
0% 3.25 3.90
5% 3.5 4.2
10% 3.8 4.5
15% 4.5 4.8
20% 3.6 4.55
25% 3.45 4.3

49
 6

3 7 Days
28 days

0
Nominal 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

Fig.4.6 Comparison of split tensile strength of M30 grade concrete with and without glass
powder with curing period

From the figure 4.6, the 7and 28 days Split Tensile strength of concrete made with replacement of
glass powder were found better Split Tensile strength when compared to M30 grade concrete. Mix
15% had the highest strength with respect to the concrete at different percentages i.e
0%,5%,10%,20%,25% mixes . The Split Tensile strength of concrete increasing with the increase
of glass powder up to 15% after that there is a small reduction of Split Tensile strength due to high
replacement of glass powder.

4.2.3 Flexural strength

The flexural test is performed on prism specimens of size 100×100×150 mm made with and
without glass powder. The flexural strength of concrete is determined at age of 7 and 28 days of
curing period for a partial replacement of cement with glass powder of different percentages i.e.,
5%,10%,15%,20% and 25%.The results of flexural strength of M30 grade concrete with and
without glass powder with different percentages by weight of cement are presented in Table 4.7.and
4.8. The replacement percentages of glass powder by weight of cement are considered from 0 to
25% at an interval of 5%.

50
Table 4.7 Flexural strength of M30 grade with and without glass powder at different ages of
curing

Mix Type Flexural strength (N/mm²) at Strength increased compared

different ages to 0%(GP)
7 Days
0% 3 -
5% 3.45 15
10% 3.78 26
15% 4.05 35
20% 3.85 28.3
25% 3.70 23.3

4.5

3.5
Flexural strength N/mm2

2.5
7 days
2

1.5

0.5

0
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

Fig 4.7 Compressive of flexural strength of M30 grade wih and without glass powder at
different ages of curing

From the figure 4.7, the 7 days Flexural strength of concrete made with replacement of glass
powder were found better Flexural strength when compared to M30 grade concrete. Mix 15% had
the highest strength with respect to the concrete at different percentages 0%,5%,10%,20%,25%
mixes . The Flexural strength of concrete increasing with the increase of glass powder up to 15%
after that there is a small reduction of Flexural strength due to high replacement of glass powder.

51
 Table 4.8 Flexural strength of M30 grade with and without glass powder at different ages of
curing

Mix Type Flexural strength (N/mm²) at Strength increased compared

different ages to 0%(GP)
28 Days
0% 4.2 -

5% 4.62 10
10% 4.78 13.8
15% 5.17 23.09
20% 4.95 17.85
25% 4.55 8.33

3
28 days

0
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

Fig 4.8 Compressive of flexural strength of M30 grade wih and without glass powder at
different ages of curing

From the figure 4.8, the 28 days Flexural strength of concrete made with replacement of glass
powder were found better Flexural strength when compared to M30 grade concrete. Mix 15% had
the highest strength with respect to the concrete at different percentages 0%,5%,10%,20%,25%

52
mixes . The Flexural strength of concrete increasing with the increase of glass powder up to 15%
after that there is a small reduction of Flexural strength due to high replacement of glass powder.

Table 4.9 Flexural strength of M30 grade with and without glass powder at different ages of
curing

MIX TYPE Flexural strength (N/mm²) at different ages

7 Days 28 Days
0%l 3 4.2
5% 3.45 4.62
10% 3.78 4.78
15% 4.05 5.17
20% 3.85 4.95
25% 3.70 4.55

3 7 Days
28 Days

0
Nominal 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

Fig 4.9 Compressive of flexural strength of M30 grade wih and without glass powder at
different ages of curing

From the figure 4.9, the 7and 28 days Flexural strength of concrete made with replacement of glass
powder were found better Flexural strength when compared to M30 grade concrete. Mix 15% had
the highest strength with respect to the concrete at different percentages 0%,5%,10%,20%,25%

53
mixes . The Flexural strength of concrete increasing with the increase of glass powder up to 15%
after that there is a small reduction of Flexural strength due to high replacement of glass powder.

Reason for Strength Increase at 15%:

At 15% replacement, the glass powder particles effectively fill the pores in the concrete matrix,
leading to a denser and more compact microstructure. Glass powder is rich in amorphous silica,
which reacts with calcium hydroxide (a by-product of cement hydration) through a pozzolanic
reaction. This reaction forms additional calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel, which is the main
compound responsible for strength in concrete. The improved packing and additional C-S-H
formation contribute to the enhancement of compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths.

Reason for Strength Decrease Beyond 15%:

When the replacement level exceeds 15%, there is a reduction in the amount of cement available for
hydration. Cement is the primary binding material, and too much replacement reduces the
production of primary hydration products. Although the glass powder contributes through
pozzolanic activity, it is slower and less reactive compared to cement, especially at early stages.
Therefore, higher percentages (20% and 25%) result in insufficient binder formation, higher
porosity, weaker bonding between particles, and ultimately a decrease in all mechanical properties.

54
 CHAPTER -5

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the experimental investigation on the partial replacement of cement with waste glass
powder in M30 grade concrete, it was observed that the concrete mix with 15% glass powder
replacement exhibited the highest mechanical performance compared to other mixes (0%, 5%, 10%,
20%, and 25%).

 The compressive strength at 15% replacement showed a significant increase compared to

the control mix, indicating effective pozzolanic activity of glass powder at this percentage.
 The split tensile strength also reached its peak at 15% replacement, suggesting improved
bond characteristics and internal structure due to the finer particle size of glass powder.
 Similarly, the flexural strength was maximized at 15%, indicating enhanced durability and
resistance to bending stresses.

Therefore, it can be concluded that 15% replacement of cement with glass powder in M30 concrete
is optimum, as it results in enhanced compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths. Beyond 15%, a
gradual decline in strength was observed, likely due to excess glass powder reducing cementitious
content and hindering hydration.

Future Scope

The use of waste glass powder as a partial replacement for cement in concrete presents a promising
pathway toward sustainable construction practices. With increasing environmental concerns and the
depletion of natural resources, the incorporation of glass powder can significantly reduce the carbon
footprint associated with cement production. In the future, more extensive research can be
conducted to optimize the particle size and replacement levels to achieve even better mechanical
properties.

The recycling of waste glass into concrete also opens opportunities for large-scale waste
management and resource conservation, especially in urban areas where glass waste is abundant.
Moreover, the development of standard guidelines and specifications for the use of glass powder in
concrete will facilitate its commercial acceptance Therefore, the replacement of cement with glass
powder holds a vast potential to contribute toward greener, more sustainable, and cost-effective
construction in the years ahead

55
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