Axial Loading: Normal Stress

Normal stress is the intensity of the force acting normal to cross-sectional area.

• The resultant of the internal forces for an axially

loaded member is normal to a section cut
perpendicular to the member axis.

• The force intensity on that section is defined as

the normal stress.

DF P
Figure 1.9 Small area ΔA, at an arbitrary cross s = lim s ave =
section point carries/axial ΔF in this member. DA ® 0 DA A
• The normal stress at a particular point may not be
equal to the average stress but the resultant of the
stress distribution must satisfy

P = s ave A = ò dF = ò s dA
A

• The actual distribution of stresses is statically

indeterminate, i.e., can not be found from statics
Figure 1.10 Stress distributions at different alone.
sections along axially loaded member.
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Centric & Eccentric Loading
• A uniform distribution of stress in a section infers
that the line of action for the resultant of the
internal forces passes through the centroid of the
section.
• A uniform distribution of stress is only possible if
the line of action of the concentrated loads P and P ¢
passes through the centroid of the section
considered. This is referred to as centric loading.
Figure 1.12 Centric loading having resultant forces
passing through the centroid of the section. • If a two-force member is eccentrically loaded,
then the resultant of the stress distribution in a
section must yield an axial force and a moment.
• The stress distributions in eccentrically loaded
members cannot be uniform or symmetric.

Figure 1.13 An example of simple eccentric loading.

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Shearing Stress
Shear stress is the intensity of the force acting in the plane of a cross-section.

• Forces P and P ¢ are applied transversely to

the member AB.
• Corresponding internal forces act in the
plane of section C and are called shearing
forces.
• The resultant of the internal shear force
distribution is defined as the shear of the
Figure 1.14 Opposing transverse loads creating shear section and is equal to the load P.
on member AB.
• The corresponding average shear stress is,
P
t ave =
A
• Shear stress distribution varies from zero at
the member surfaces to maximum values
that may be much larger than the average
value.
• The shear stress distribution cannot be
Figure 1.15 This shows the resulting internal shear
assumed to be uniform.
force on a section between transverse forces. Access the text alternative for slide images.

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 P F
t ave = =
A A

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 Shear stress: Example 3

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Shear stress: Example 3

the internal shear force

V is the internal shear force, cut

the structure and visualize the
area that it is acting over.

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Shearing Stress Examples
Shearing stresses are commonly found in bolts, pins and rivets which are used
to connect structural members and various machines.
Single Shear Cut-way view of Double Shear
connections with
bolts in shear

Figure 1.16 Bolt subject to single shear. Figure 1.18 Bolt subject to double shear.
To determine the shear We observe that internal shear
stress on each plane, force in each plane is F/2
we draw FBD

Figure 1.19 (a) Diagram of bolt in double shear; (b) section

Figure 1.17 (a) Diagram of bolt in single shear; (b) section
K - K ′ and L - L′ of the bolt.
E - E′ of the bolt

P F P F
t ave = = t ave = =
A A Access the text alternative for slide images. A 2A

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Bearing Stress

• Bolts, rivets, and pins create stresses on the points

of contact or bearing surfaces of the members
they connect.
• The resultant of the force distribution on the
surface is equal and opposite to the force exerted
on the pin.
• Corresponding average force intensity is called
the bearing stress,
Figure 1.20 Equal and opposite forces between
plate and bolt, exerted over bearing surfaces.
P P
sb = =
A td
• Bolt connecting the structures pushes
the elements at the contact area and
causes bearing stress.
• To prevent failure in the connecting
Figure 1.21 Dimensions for calculating bolts, we check the bearing stress.
bearing stress area. Access the text alternative for slide images.

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Example 4: Analyze stresses developing in connecting members

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Example 4

Bolts connecting the I-

beam and plate push the
plate at the contact area
and causes bearing stress.

Force passing through the bolts are parallel to

the cross-sectional area of the bolts and
produces shear stress on the bolts.

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 Normal stress: Example 5

d=15 mm (diameter of the beam)

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Normal stress:
Example 5

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