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Lecture 2 Business Mathematics and Applications

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5 views

Lecture 2 Business Mathematics and Applications

Uploaded by

Hassan Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Business Mathematics

and Applications
Lecture 2 – BBA30th Batch, BBA(Hons) P- I, 1st Semester
By Hassan Ali – Faculty of Business Administration, UoS
Chapter 2

Linear and Second


Degree Equations
Linear and Second Degree Equations
Learning Objectives
 Second Degree Equations in One Variable –
Quadratic Equations
• Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring Method,
Completing the Square, and Quadratic formula
 Inequalities
 Absolute Value
 Graphing Linear Equations on Straight Line
Linear and Second Degree Equations
Quadratic Equations
 Quadratic Equation is also called “A second-degree
equation in one variable”.
 Standard Form of a Quadratic Equation:
𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎, a ≠ 0
‒ where a, b, and c are all real numbers.
‒ 𝑥 2 means 𝑥 multiplied by itself.

Example : 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟓 = 𝟎
Linear and Second Degree Equations
Quadratic Equations
Solving Quadratic Equations:
 There are three methods to solve quadratic
equations:

1. Factoring Method

2. Completing the Square

3. Quadratic formula
Linear and Second Degree Equations
Quadratic Equations
1. Factoring Method
Factoring Method works when the equation can be
broken into simple factors.
Steps to solve an Equation by Factoring
1. Transform the equation in the standard form, i-e
𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎.
2. Find two numbers that:
• Multiply to give the constant term, 𝑐
• Add to give the middle coefficient 𝑏
Linear and Second Degree Equations
Quadratic Equations
1. Factoring Method
Example 1:
 Solve : 4𝒙 2 = 24𝒙
4𝒙 2 = 24𝒙 => 4𝒙 2 - 24𝒙 = 0 => 4𝒙 (𝒙 – 6) = 0

=> 4𝒙 = 0 𝑶𝒓 => 𝒙 – 6 = 0

=> 𝒙 = 0 𝑶𝒓 => 𝒙 = 6
Linear and Second Degree Equations
Quadratic Equations
1. Factoring Method
Example 2:
 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟔 = 𝟎
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟔 = 𝟎 => 𝒙 2 − 3𝒙 −2𝒙 + 6 = 0
=> 𝒙 (𝒙 – 3) −2 (𝒙 – 3) = 0
=> (𝒙 – 3) (𝒙 – 2) = 0

=> 𝒙 – 3 = 0 or 𝒙 – 2 = 0 => 𝒙 = – 3 => 𝒙 = – 2


Linear and Second Degree Equations
Quadratic Equations
2. Completing the Square
Use this when factoring isn’t easy.
Steps to solve an equation by Completing the Square
1. Move the constant to another side.
2. Find a number that can be added to
both sides to complete the square.
3. Rewrite as a square:
4. Solve for 𝑥
Linear and Second Degree Equations
Quadratic Equations
2. Completing the Square
Example 1:
 Solve 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟓 = 𝟎
=> 𝒙𝟐 +𝟔𝒙 + 𝟓 = 𝟎 => 𝒙𝟐 +𝟔𝒙 = −𝟓 => 𝒙𝟐 +𝟔𝒙 = −𝟓
=> 𝒙𝟐 +𝟔𝒙 + (𝟔/𝟐)𝟐 = −𝟓 + (𝟔/𝟐)𝟐 => 𝒙𝟐 +𝟔𝒙 + 𝟑𝟐 = −𝟓 +𝟑𝟐
=> 𝒙𝟐 +𝟔𝒙 + 𝟗 = −𝟓 +𝟗 =>(𝒙 + 𝟑)𝟐 = 𝟒 => 𝒙 + 𝟑 = 𝟒
=> 𝒙 + 𝟑 = 𝟒 => 𝒙 + 𝟑 = +𝟐 And => 𝒙 + 𝟑 = −𝟐
=> 𝒙 = −𝟏 => 𝒙 = −𝟓
Linear and Second Degree Equations
Quadratic Equations
3. Quadratic Formula
 The quadratic formula is the most versatile
method of solving quadratic equations.
 To use the quadratic formula, the equation
must be written in standard form
ax2 + bx + c = 0,
• where a is the coefficient of the squared term,
• b is the coefficient of the first-degree term, and
• c is the constant.
Linear and Second Degree Equations
Quadratic Equations
3. Quadratic formula
Steps to solve a Quadratic Equation by the
Quadratic Formula
1. Write the quadratic equation in standard form,
ax2 + bx + c = 0, and find the values of a, b, & c.
1. Substitute the values for a, b, and c
 b  b  4ac
2
into the quadratic formula and solve
x
the formula: 2a
Linear and Second Degree Equations
Quadratic Equations
3. Quadratic formula
Example 1: Solve 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟔 = 𝟎
𝟐
 b  b  4ac
2

x
2a
−4 ± 42 − 4 × 2 × −6 −4 ± 16 + 48 −4 ± 64
𝑥= 𝑥= 𝑥=
2×2 4 4
−4 + 8 4
−4 ± 8 𝑥 = 𝑥== 𝑥= 1
𝑥= 4 4
4 −4 − 8 −12
𝑥= 𝑥= 𝑥 = −3
4 4
Linear and Second Degree Equations
Quadratic Equations
3. Quadratic formula
Example 2: Solve x2 + 2x – 8 = 0  b  b  4ac
2

x
2a
−2 ± 22 − 4 × 1 × −8 −2 ± 4 + 32 −2 ± 36
𝑥= 𝑥= 𝑥=
2×1 2 2
−2 + 6 4
−2 ± 6 𝑥 = 𝑥== 𝑥= 2
𝑥= 2 2
2 −2 − 6 −8
𝑥= 𝑥= 𝑥 = −4
2 2
Linear and Second Degree Equations

End of Lecture 2

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