启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Relative Atomic Mass CHAPTER 3

3.1 (a) Concept of Relative Atomic Mass (RAM)

Konsep Jisim Atom Relatif (JAR)

1. Meaning of Relative Atomic Mass (RAM) :

Maksud Jisim Atom Relatif (JAR) :
1
• The average mass of one atom of the element when compared with of the mass of an
12
atom of carbon-12.
1
Jisim purata satu atom unsur apabila dibandingkan dengan daripada jisim
12
satu atom karbon-12.

Based on the particle theory of matter:

Berdasarkan teori zarah jirim:
• Particles are very tiny and discrete. Thus, a single atom is too small and light and
cannot be weighed directly.
Zarah adalah sangat kecil dan diskrit. Oleh itu, satu atom tunggal adalah
terlalu kecil dan ringan dan tidak boleh ditimbang secara langsung.

• Comparing the mass of atom of an element to the mass of atom of another

element that is chosen as standard.
Perbandingan jisim atom sesuatu unsur dengan jisim
atom unsur lain yang dipilih sebagai piawai.

• Carbon- 12 atom is used as the standard atom

Atom karbon- 12 dijadikan sebagai atom piawai

Relative atomic mass of an element =

Average mass of one atom of the element
1
x Mass of one carbon-12 atom
12

Jisim atom relatif bagi sesuatu unsur =

Jisim purata satu atom unsur
1
x Jisim satu atom karbon-12
12

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F4 Chemistry KSSM 2
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Relative Atomic Mass CHAPTER 3

EXAMPLE: Find the relative atomic mass of helium.

CONTOH: Cari jisim atom relatif bagi helium.

4
= 1
X 12
12

=4g

1
Thus, the average mass of one atom of helium is 4 times the mass of of carbon- 12 atom.
12
1
Oleh itu, jisim purata satu atom helium adalah 4 kali jisim satu karbon-12.
12

Helium
c c c c

One atom of helium 4 units

2. Why carbon- 12 is used as the standard to determine RAM?

Mengapakah karbon- 12 dijadikan piawai penentuan JAR?

* Paper 1 hot question

Reason:
Sebab:

i. It is a solid at room temperature

Unsur ini merupakan pepejal pada suhu bilik

ii. Can be handled easily

Mudah dikendalikan

iii. Combines easily with other elements

Mudah bergabung dengan unsur-unsur lain

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 3
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Relative Atomic Mass CHAPTER 3

3. Why hydrogen atom is not suitable as a standard to determine RAM?

Mengapakah atom hidrogen adalah tidak sesuai untuk dijadikan piawai penentuan JAR?

Reason:
Sebab:

i. Hydrogen has 3 isotopes, which is 11H , 21H (deuterium), 31H (tritium). So, hydrogen is
not 1 units.
Hidrogen mempunyai 3 isotop, iaitu 11H , 21H (deuterium), 31H (tritium). Maka,
hydrogen bukan 1 unit.

ii. Hydrogen existed as gases and its masses was very difficult to determine.
Hidrogen diwujudkan sebagai gas dan jisimnya amat sukar ditentukan.

iii. There are a lot of elements that is not react with hydrogen.
Terdapat banyak unsur yang tidak bertindak balas dengan hydrogen.

Exercise 3.1(a) :
Latihan 3.1(a) :

(a) Determine the relative atomic mass (RAM) for the elements below :
Tentukan jisim atom relative (JAR) bagi unsur berikut :

Elements / Unsur RAM / JAR

1. Magnesium / Magnesium

2. Aluminium / Aluminium

3. Potassium / Kalium

4. Oxygen / Oksigen

5. Chlorine / Klorin

6. Zinc / Zink

7. Copper / Kuprum

8. Silver / Argentum

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 4
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Relative Atomic Mass CHAPTER 3

(b) Five aluminium atoms have the same mass as the sum of six lithium atoms and three
phosphorus atoms. Determine the relative atomic mass of phosphorus.
[Relative atomic mass: Li: 7, Al: 27]
Lima atom aluminium mempunyai jisim yang sama dengan pertambahan
enamatom litium dan tiga atom fosforus.
[Jisim atom relatif: Li: 7, Al: 27]
Answer / Jawapan:

(c) The mass of an atom of element X is ten times greater than the mass of an atom of
beryllium. What is the relative atomic mass of element X?
Jisim atom dalam unsur X adalah sepuluh kali ganda lebih daripada jisim atom
dalam unsur berilium. Apakah jisim atom relatif bagi unsur X?
Answer / Jawapan:

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 5
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Relative Atomic Mass CHAPTER 3

(d) How many times is copper atom heavier than one sulphur atom?
[Relative atomic mass: Cu: 64 , S: 32]
Berapakah kali atom kuprum lebih berat berbanding satu atom sulfur?
[Jisim atom relatif : Cu: 64 , S: 32]
Answer / Jawapan:

(c) How many magnesium atom have the same mass as two silver atoms?
[Relative atomic mass: Mg: 24 , Ag: 108]
Berapakah kali atom magnesium yang sama dengan dua atom argentum?
[Jisim atom relatif: Mg: 24 , Ag: 108]
Answer / Jawapan:

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 6
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Relative Molecular Mass CHAPTER 3

3.1(b) Concept of Relative Molecular Mass (RMM)

Konsep Jisim Molekul Relatif (JMR)

1. Meaning of Relative Molecular Mass (RMM) :

Maksud Jisim Molekul Relatif (JMR) :
1
• The average mass of the molecule compared to of the mass of one carbon- 12 atom.
12
1
Jisim purata molekul tersebut berbanding dengan kali jisim satu atom karbon-12.
12

Relative molecular mass of a substance =

Average mass of one molecule
1
x Mass of one carbon-12 atom
12

Jisim molekul relatif bagi sesuatu unsur =

Jisim purata satu atom molekul

1
x Jisim satu atom karbon-12
12

Example: Find the relatif molecular mass of carbon dioxide, CO2.

[Relative atomic mass: C: 12 , O: 16]
Contoh: Cari jisim molekul relatif bagi karbon dioksida, CO2.
[Jisim atom relatif : C: 12 , O: 16]

12+2(16)
= 1
X 12
12

= 44

1
Thus, the average mass of a carbon dioxide molecule is 44 times the mass of of carbon- 12
12
atom.
1
Oleh itu, jisim purata satu molekul karbon dioksida adalah 44 kali jisim satu karbon-12.
12

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 7
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Relative Molecular Mass CHAPTER 3

c c c c
c c c c
C c
CO2 c c c c cc
O2 c c cc c

One molecule of carbon dioxide

Satu molekul karbon dioksida 44 units

Relative molecular mass of a molecule can be calculated by :

Jisim molekul relatif boleh dihitung dengan :
• adding up the relative atomic masses of all the atoms
menjumlahkan jisim atom relative bagi semua atom

Relative molecular mass / Relative The total of relative atomic mass of

formula mass of a substance
= all atoms in the molecule

Jisim molekul relatif / Jisim formula Jumlah jisim atom relative bagi semua
relatif bagi sesuatu bahan = atom di dalam molekul tersebut

EXAMPLE 1: Calculate the relative molecular mass, RMM of sodium chloride, NaCl.
CONTOH 1: [Relative atom mass: Na: 23 , Cl: 35.5]
Kira jisim molekul relatif, JMR bagi natrium klorida, NaCl.
[Jisim atom relatif: Na: 23 , Cl: 35.5]

Answer / Jawapan:
Relative molecular mass of sodium chloride, NaCl = 1(RAM of Na) + 1(RAM of Cl)
Jisim molekul relatif bagi natrium klorida, NaCl = 1(23) + 1(35.5)
= 58.5

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 8
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Relative Molecular Mass CHAPTER 3

EXAMPLE 2: Calculate the relative molecular mass, RMM of nitrogen dioxide, NO 2.

CONTOH 2: [Relative atom mass: N: 23 , O: 16]
Kira jisim molekul relatif, JMR bagi nitrogen dioksida, NO2.
[Jisim atom relatif: N: 14 , O: 16]
Answer / Jawapan:
Relative molecular mass of nitrogen dioxide, NO2 = 1(RAM of N) + 2(RAM of O)
Jisim molekul relatif bagi nitrogen dioksida, NO2 = 1(14) + 2(16)
= 46

EXAMPLE 3: The chemical formula for ammonium nitrate is NH4NO3.

CONTOH 3: What is the relative formula mass?
[Relative atom mass: H: 1 , N: 14, O: 16]
Formula kimia bagi ammonium nitrat adalah NH4NO3.
Apakah jisim formula relatifnya?
[Jisim atom relatif: H:1, N: 14 , O: 16]
Answer / Jawapan:
Relative formula mass of ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3 = 2(RAM of N) + 4(RAM of H) +
Jisim molekul relatif bagi ammonium nitrat, NH4NO3 3(RAM of O)
= 2(23) + 4(1) + 3(16)
= 98
Exersice 3.1(b):
Latihan3.1(b):
(a) Calculate the relative molecular or formula masses of the following substances.
Kira jisim molekul atau formula bagi setiap bahan berikut.
(i) Ethanol, C2H5OH (ii) Calcium carbonate, CaCO3
Etanol, C2H5OH Kalsium karbonat, CaCO3

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 9
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Relative Molecular Mass CHAPTER 3

(b) A compound with formula X2SO4 has a relative formula mass of 174.
What is the relative atomic mass of X?
[Relatif atomic mass: O: 16 , S: 32]
Suatu sebatian dengan formula mempunyai jisim formula relatif 174.
[Jisim atom relatif: O: 16 , S: 32]

Answer / Jawapan:

(c) Borax is a compound used to kill cockroaches. Its molecular formula is X2B4O7. If
the relative molecular mass of borax is 202, determine the relative atomic mass of
the element X. Identify the element X from the list of elements given below.
[Relative atomic mass: B: 11, C: 12, O: 16, F:19, Na:23, Mg: 24]
Boraks merupakan sesuatu sebatian yang digunakan untuk membunuh lipas.
Formula molekulnya ialah X2B4O7. Sekiranya jisim molekul relatif boraks
merupakan 202, tentukan jisim atom relatif bagi unsur X. Kenal pasti unsur X
daripada senarai unsur yang diberikan di bawah.
[Jisim atom relatif: B: 11, C: 12, O: 16, F:19, Na:23, Mg: 24]
Answer / Jawapan:

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 10
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Mole Concept CHAPTER 3

3.2 Mole Concept

3.2 Konsep Mol
Definition of mole:
Definisi mol:
• A mole is defined as the amount of substance which contains the Avogadro Number of
particles, NA
Satu mol boleh ditakrifkan sebagai kuantiti sesuatu bahan yang
mengandungi zarah pemalar Avogadro, NA

• 1 mole is an amount of substance that contains as many particles as the number of atoms
in exactly 12 g of carbon-12.
1 mol merupakan kuantiti sesuatu bahan yang mengandungi banyak
zarah apabila bilangan atom sama dengan 12 g karbon- 12.

• S.I Unit of amount of substance: mol

Unit S.I bagi kuantiti sesuatu bahan: mol

Definition of Avogadro constant, NA

Definisi pemalar Avogadro, NA
• The number of particles contained in one mole of substance, which is 6.02 x 10 23
particles from the substance.
Bilangan zarah yang terkandung dalam satu mol bahan, iaitu 6.02 x 1023 mol-1.

Type of particle
Jenis zarah

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F4 Chemistry KSSM 11
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Mole Concept CHAPTER 3

Substance No of particles in one mol

Formula
Bahan Bilangan zarah dalam satu mol
Helium
He 6.02 x1023 atoms
Helium
Hydrogen Chloride
HCl 6.02 x 1023 molecules
Hidrogen Klorida
Copper Sulphate
CuSO4 6.02 x 1023 units
Kuprum Sulfat

Number of particles in 1 mol of He = 6.02 x 1023

Bilangan zarah dalam 1 mol He = 6.02 x 1023

Number of particles in 1 mol of HCl = 6.02 x 1023

Bilangan zarah dalam 1 mol HCl = 6.02 x 1023

1 mol of He and 1 mol of HCl have the same number of particles.

1 mol He dan 1 mol HCl mempunyai bilangan zarah yang sama.

No of atoms in 1 mol of He = 6.02 x 1023

Bilangan atom bagi 1 mol He = 6.02 x 1023

No of atoms in 1 mol of HCl = 6.02 x 1023 x 2

Bilangan atom bagi 1 mol HCl = 6.02 x 1023 x 2

1 mol of He and 1 mol of HCl have different number of atoms.

1 mol He dan 1 mol HCl mempunyai bilangan atom yang sama.

1
1 mol of He and mol of HCl have the same number of atoms.
2
1
mol He dan mol HCl mempunyai bilangan atom yang sama.
2

1 mol of HCl has twice the number of atoms as 1 mol of He.

1 mol HCl mempunyai dua kali ganda bilangan atom bagi 1 mol He.

10
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F4 Chemistry KSSM 12
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Mole Concept CHAPTER 3

3.2 (a) Number of Moles and Number of Particles

Bilangan mol dan Bilangan Zarah

Conversation between the number of moles and the number of particles

Pertukaran antara bilangan mol dengan bilangan zarah

Number of moles, n = Number of particles / Bilangan zarah

Bilangan mol Formula 1
NA

× NA

Number of moles Number of particles

Bilangan mol Bilangan zarah

÷ NA

** Avogadro constant, NA : 6.02 x 1023 mol-1

Pemalar Avogadro

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 13
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Mole Concept CHAPTER 3

Exercise 3.2 (a):

Latihan 3.2 (a):
Calculate
Hitungkan

(a) Atom Number of moles Bilangan atom

Atom Bilangan mol Number of atom
Potassium,K
3.0
Kalium,K
Magnesium,Mg
5.02 x 1021
Magnesium,Mg
Calsium,Ca
1.204 x 1023
Kalsium,Ca
Carbon,C
0.5
Karbon,C

(b) A sample of oxygen gas contains 3.01 x 1022 molecules.

How many moles of oxygen, O2 molecules are there in the sample.
Satu contoh gas oksigen, O2 mengandungi 3.01 x 1022 molekul.
Berapakah bilangan mol molekul oksigen, O2 dalam contoh itu?
Answer / Jawapan:

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 14
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Mole Concept CHAPTER 3
(c)
Substance Number of mole Number of molecule Number of atom
Bahan Bilangan mol Bilangan molekul Bilangan atom

Chlorine gas,Cl2
1.2
Gas klorin,Cl2

Ammonia,NH3
0.075
Ammonia,NH3

Nitrogen gas,N2
1.2 x 1024
Gas Nitrogen,N2

(d) What is the number of molecules in 1.0 moles of carbon dioxide?

Berapakah bilangan atom dalam 1.0 mol karbon dioksida?
Answer / Jawapan:

(e) What is the number of sodium ions presented in 0.5 mol of sodium oxide, Na 2O?
Apakah bilangan ion natrium yang hadir dalam 0.5 mol natirum oksida, Na2O?
Answer / Jawapan:

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 15
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Mole Concept CHAPTER 3

(d)
Number of
Number of
Compound formula units Number of ions
moles
Sebatian Bilangan unit Bilangan ion
Bilangan mol
formula
Magnesium Chloride,MgCl
2.0
Magnesium Klorida,MgCl
Sodium Oxide,Na2O
0.45
Natrium Oksida,Na2O

(e) A closed glass bottle contains 4 mol molecules of O 2.

Satu botol yang tertutup mengandungi 4 mol molekul oksigen, O2.
(i) What is the number of oxygen molecules in the bottle?
Apakah bilangan molekul oksigen dalam botol?
(ii) How many oxygen atoms are there in the bottle?
Berapakah atom oksigen yang terdapat di dalam botol?
Answer / Jawapan:

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 16
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Mole Concept CHAPTER 3

(f) A sample contains 0.2 mol of ethane gas,C2H4.

Satu sampel mengandungi 0.2 mol gas etena, C2H4.
(i) How many ethene molecules, C2H4 ae found in the sample?
Berapakah bilangan molekul etena, C2H4 yang terdapat di dalam sampel itu?
(ii) How many hydrogen atoms, H are found in the sample?
Berapakah bilangan hydrogen atom, H yang terdapat di dalam sampel itu?
(iii) Calculate the total number of atoms found in the sample.
Hitungkan jumlah bilangan atom yang terdapat di dalam sampel itu.

Answer / Jawapan:

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 17
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Mole Concept CHAPTER 3

3.2(b): Number of Moles and Mass of Substance

3.2(b): Bilangan Mol dan Jisim Bahan
Definition of Molar Mass:
Definisi bagi Jisim Molar :

Molar mass is the mass of one mole of substance.

Jisim molar ialah jisim satu mol.

Molar mass
Jisim molar

Conversation between the number of moles and molar mass

Pertukaran antara bilangan mol dengan jisim molar

Number of moles, n = Mass / Jisim (g)

Bilangan mol Molar mass / Jisim molar (g mol-1) Formula 2

× Molar mass / Jisim molar

Number of moles mass

Bilangan mol Jisim

÷ Molar mass / Jisim molar

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F4 Chemistry KSSM 18
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Mole Concept CHAPTER 3

Exercise 3.2 (b):

Latihan 3.2 (b):
(a) Substances Mol Molar mass (g mol-1) Mass of substances (g)
Bahan Mol Jisim molar (g mol-1) Jisim bahan (g)

Bromine,Br
0.03
Bromin,Br

Carbon dioxide,CO2
44
Karbon dioksida, CO2

Copper sulphate,CuSO4
Kuprum sulfat, CuSO4 28.4

(b) Calculate the mass of the following substances:

Kira jisim bagi bahan berikut:
(a) 3 × 1023 titanium atoms
3 × 1023 atom titanium
(b) 1.2 × 1024 argon atoms
1.2 × 1024 atom argon
(c) 7.5 × 1022 citric acid (C12H16O14) molecules
7.5 × 1022 molekul asid sitrik (C12H16O14)
Answer / Jawapan:

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F4 Chemistry KSSM 19
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Mole Concept CHAPTER 3

(b) Substances Mass (g) Number of particles (atom/molecules/ion)

Bahan Jisim (g) Bilangan zarah (atom/molekul/ion)
Number of formula ion
Bilangan formula ion

Number of zinc ion

Bilangan zink ion

Zinc Oxide,ZnO
28.2
Zink Oksida,ZnO

Number of oxide ion

Bilangan oksida ion

Iron,Fe
16
Ferum,Fe

Ammonia,NH3
8.5
Ammonia,NH3

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 20
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Mole Concept CHAPTER 3

3.2(c): Number of Moles and Volume of Gas

3.2(c): Bilangan Mol dan Isipadu Gas
Definition of Molar Volume:
Definisi bagi Isipadu Gas:

Molar volume is the volume occupied by 1 mol of a gas.

Isipadu molar ialah isipadu yang ditempati oleh 1 mol gas.

Molar volume = 22.4 dm3 mol-1 at STP 24 dm3 mol-1 at room temperature
OR
Isipadu molar = 22.4 dm3 mol-1 pada STP 24 dm3 mol-1 pada suhu bilik

Conversation between the number of moles and molar volume

Pertukaran antara bilangan mol dengan isipadu molar

Number of moles, n = Volume of gas/ Isipadu gas (dm3)

Formula 3
Bilangan mol Molar volume / Isipadu molar (g mol-1)

× Molar volume / Isipadu molar

Number of moles Volume of Gas

Bilangan mol Isipadu Gas

÷ Molar volume / Isipadu molar

*:Remember: 1 dm3 = 1000 cm3
Peringatan: 1 dm3 = 1000 cm3
Thus,
Maka,
1.5 dm3 1500 cm3
25 dm3 25000 cm3
4850 cm3 4.85 dm3
550 cm3 0.55 cm3
Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 21
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Mole Concept CHAPTER 3
Exercise 3.2 (c): (a) Solve it. [Molar volume / Isipadu molar : 22.4 dm3 at STP]
Latihan 3.2 (c): : Selesaikan. [Molar volume / Isipadu molar : 24 dm3 at room temperature]

1. Calculate the volume occupied by 3.5 moles chlorine gas, Cl2 at STP.
Hitungkan isipadu yang terisi oleh 3.5 mol gas klorin, Cl2 pada suhu dan tekanan piawai.
Answer / Jawapan:

3. How many moles of nitrogen are presented in 600 cm3 of the gas measured at room
temperature?
Berapakah mol gas nitrogen yang terdapat dalam 600 cm3 yang diukur pada suhu bilik?
Answer / Jawapan:

4. Does 0.9 g of water vapour, H2O contains the same number of molecules as in 2.2 g of
carbon dioxide, CO2. Prove it.
Adakah 0.9 g wap air, H2O mengandungi bilangan molekul yang sama seperti dalam 2.2
g gas karbon dioksida, CO2. Buktikan.
Answer / Jawapan:

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 22
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Chemical, Empirical, Molecular Formula CHAPTER 3

3.3 Chemical Formula

3.3 Formula Kimia
Definition of Chemical Formula:
Definisi Formula Kimia:

• Chemical formula is a representation of a chemical substance using alphabets to

represent the atoms and subscript numbers to show the number of each type of atoms
found in the elementary entities of the substance.
Formula kimia ialah perwakilan sesuatu bahan kimia dengan menggunakan huruf
bagi mewakili atom dan nombor subskrip untuk menunjukkan bilangan setiap
jenis atom yang terdapat di dalam entiti asas bahan itu.

3.3 (a) Empirical Formula

3.3 (a) Formula Empirik

Definition of Empirical Formula:

Definisi Formula Empirik:

• Empirical formula is the chemical formula that shows the simplest ratio of the number
of atoms of each element in a compound.
Formula empirik ialah formula kimia yang menunjukkan nisbah paling ringkas bagi
bilangan atom setiap jenis unsur dalam sesuatu sebatian.

3.3 (b) Molecular Formula

3.3 (b) Formula Molekul

Definition of Molecular Formula: Molecular formula = (Empirical formula)n

Definisi Formula Molekul:

• Molecular formula is the chemical formula that shows the actual number of atoms of
each element found in a molecule of a compound.
Formula molekul ialah formula kimia yang menunjukkan bilangan sebenar atom setiap
jenis unsur yang terdapat di dalam satu molekul suatu sebatian.

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 23
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Chemical, Empirical, Molecular Formula CHAPTER 3

Substance Molecular Formula Empirical Formula

Bahan Formula Molekul Formula Empirik
Glucose / Glukosa C6H12O6

Ethene / Etana CH2

Ethanoic Acid / Etanoik Acid CH3COOH

Ammonia / Ammonia NH3

Carbon dioxide / Karbon dioksida CO2

Determination of an Empirical Formula:

Penentuan Formula Empirik:
Step 1: Draw a table with 3 columns and 5 rows.
Lukiskan satu jadual dengan 3 lajur dan 5 baris.

Step 2: Write the elements in the first row.

Tuliskan unsur di dalam baris pertama.

Step 3: Write the mass or percentage of each element

Tuliskan jisim atau peratus bagi setiap unsur.

Step 4: Calculate the number of moles of atoms of each element.

Kira bilangan mol atom setiap unsur.

Step 5: Divide each number by the smallest number to obtain the mole
ratio atom.
Bahagikan setiap bilangan mol dengan bilangan terkecil untuk
memperoleh nisbah mol atom.

Step 6: Determine the simplest mole ratio of atom of each element.

Tentukan nisbah mol paling ringkas bagi setiap unsur.

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 24
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Empirical Formula CHAPTER 3

EXAMPLE: 3.60 g of copper oxide is reduced by hydrogen gas to 2.87 g of copper.

CONTOH: What is the empirical formula of the copper oxide?
3.60 g kuprum oksida diturunkan oleh gas hidrogen kepada 2.87 g kuprum.
Apakah formula empirik bagi kuprum oksida?

Elements Cu O
Mass / Jisim (g) 2.87 0.73
Number of moles of atom / 2.87 0.73
= 0.045 = 0.045
Bilangan mol atom 63.5 16

0.045 0.045
Mole ratio / Nisbah mol =1 =1
0.045 0.045

Simplest mole ratio of atom /

1 1
Nisbah mol atom paling ringkas

Exercise 3.3 (a) / 3.3 (b):

Latihan 3.3 (a) / 3.3 (b):
1. 1.72 g of an oxide of a metal M contains 0.88 g of oxygen.
Determine the empirical formula of the oxide of M.
[Relative atomic mass: Cu: 63.5, O: 16]
1.72 g oksida bagi logam M mengandungi 0.88 g oksigen.
Tentukan formula empirik oxide bagi M.
[Jisim atom relatif: Cu: 63.5, O: 16]
Answer / Jawapan:

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 25
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Chemical, Empirical, Molecular Formula CHAPTER 3

2. What is the empirical formula for the formation compound when 6 g of carbon combined
with 2 g of hydrogen?
[Relative atomic mass: C: 12, H: 1]
Apakah formula empirik bagi pembentukan sebatian apabila 6 g karbon berpadu dengan
2 g hidrogen.
[Jisim atom relatif: C: 12, H: 1]
Answer / Jawapan:

3. A compound has composition by mass as the following: Na = 15.23 %, Br = 52.98%, O =

31.79%. Determine the empirical formula of this compound.
[Relative atomic mass: Na: 23, Br: 80, O: 16]
Suatu sebatian mempunyai komposisi mengikut jisim seperti berikut: Na = 15.23 %, Br =
52.98%, O = 31.79%. Tentukan formula empirik sebatian ini.
[Jisim atom relatif: Na: 23, Br: 80, O: 16]
Answer / Jawapan:

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 26
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Chemical, Empirical, Molecular Formula CHAPTER 3

4. 3.9 g of element Y reacts with 0.8 g element Z to produce compound with molecular
formula Y2Z. Find the relative atomic mass of element Z.
3.9 g unsur Y bertindak balas dengan 0.8 g unsur Z untuk menghasilkan sebatian dengan
formula molekul Y2Z. Cari jisim atom relatif unsur Z.
Answer / Jawapan:

5. What is the empirical formula of compound X which contains 29.2 % sodium, 40.6 %
sulphur and 30.2 % oxygen?
[Relative atomic mass: Na: 23, S: 32, O: 16]
Apakah formula empirik sebatian X yang mengandungi 29.2 % natrium, 40.6 % sulfur
and 30.2 % oksigen?
[Jisim atom relatif: Na: 23, S: 32, O: 16]
Answer / Jawapan:

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 27
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Chemical, Empirical, Molecular Formula CHAPTER 3

6. What is the mass of metal T which combine with 4.8 g oxygen to form metal oxide with
empirical formula, T2O?
[Relative atomic mass: T: 56, O: 16]
Apakah jisim logam T yang mengandungi 4.8 g oksigen untuk membentuk logam oksida
dengan formula empirik, T2O?
[Jisim atom relatif: T: 56, O: 16]
Answer / Jawapan:

7. Compound X consists of 40% carbon, 6.7% hydrogen and 53.3% oxygen by mass. Relative
molecular mass of X is 60. Determine the empirical formula and molecular formula of
compound X.
[Relative atomic mass: C: 12, H: 1, O: 16]
Sebatian X terdiri daripada 40% karbon, 6.7% hidrogen dan 53.3% oksigen berdasarkan
jisim.
Jisim atom relatif bagi X ialah 60. Tentukan formula empirik dan formula molekul bagi
sebatian X.
[Jisim atom relatif: C: 12, H: 1, O: 16]
Answer / Jawapan:

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 28
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Chemical, Empirical, Molecular Formula CHAPTER 3

8. A organic compound has empirical formula, C2H5. If its relative molecular mass is 58,
what is the molecular formula of this compound?
[Relative atomic mass: C: 12, H:1]
Suatu sebatian organik mempunyai formula empirik. Jika jisim molekul relatifnya ialah
58, apakah formula molekul sebatian ini?
[Jisim atom relatif: C: 12, H:1]
Answer / Jawapan:

9. A hydrocarbon compound contains 1.2 g of carbon and 0.3 g of hydrogen. If the relative
molecular mass of the hydrocarbon is 30, calculate the molecular formula of the
hydrocarbon.
[Relative atomic mass: C: 12, H: 1]
Suatu sebatian hidrokarbon mengandungi 1.2 g karbon dan 0.3 g hidrogen. Sekiranya
jisim atom molekulnya ialah 30, kira formula molekul bagi hidrokarbon tersebut.
[Jisim atom relatif: C: 12, H: 1]
Answer / Jawapan:

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 29
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Chemical, Empirical, Molecular Formula CHAPTER 3

10. Table below shows the result of an experiment to determine the empirical formula of
copper(II) oxide by a student.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan keputusan satu eksperimen untuk menentukan formula
empirik kuprum(II) oksida oleh seorang pelajar.

Description Mass (g)

Huraian Jisim (g)
Mass of combustion tube + porcelain dish
36.20
Jisim tabung pembakaran + piring porselin
Mass of combustion tube + porcelain dish + copper(II) oxide
39.40
Jisim tabung pembakaran + piring porselin + kuprum(II) oksida
Mass of combustion tube + porcelain dish + copper
38.76
Jisim tabung pembakaran + piring porselin + kuprum

Determine the empirical formula of Copper(II) oxide.

Tentukan formula empirik bagi kuprum(II) oksida.
Answer / Jawapan:

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 30
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Experiment Empirical Formula I CHAPTER 3

Activity 3.12: To determine empirical formula of magnesium oxide by experiment

Aktiviti 3.12: Untuk menentukan formula empirik magnesium oksida dengan eksperimen

Aim: To determine the empirical formula of magnesium oxide.

Tujuan: Untuk menentukan formula empirik bagi magnesium oksida.
Materials: 15 cm magnesium ribbon and sand paper
Bahan: 15 cm pita magnesium dan kertas pasir
Crucible with lid, tongs, Bunsen burner, tripod stand, pipeclay triangle and
Apparatus: electronic balance
Radas: Mangkuk pijar dan penutupnya, penyepit, penunu Bunsen, tungku kaki tiga,
alas segi tiga tanah liat dan penimbang elektronik
1. Weigh and record the mass of a crucible together with its lid.
Timbangkan dan catat jisim mangkuk pijar dengan penutupnya.
2. Rub 15 cm magnesium ribbon with a sand paper until it shiny. Coil the
magnesium ribbon and put it in the crucible.
Gosok 15 cm pita magnesium dengan satu kertas pasir sehingga ia
berkilat.
3. Weigh and record the mass of the crucible together with its lid and the
coil of magnesium ribbon.
Timbangkan dan catat jisim mangkuk pijar bersama-sama dengan penutup
serta gegelung pita.
4. Place the crucible on a pipeclay triangle and heat strongly the crucible
without its lid.
Procedure:
Letakkan mangkuk pijar di atas tungku kaki tiga dan panaskan mangkuk
Prosedur:
pijar tanpa penutupnya dengan kuat.
5. When magnesium ribbon starts to burn, close the crucible with lid.
Apabila pita magnesium mula terbakar, tutup mangkuk pijar dengan
penutup.
6. Lift the lid slightly from time to time and quickly place it back using a pair
of tongs.
Bukakan penutup sedikit secara sekali-sekala dan tutupkan semula
mangkuk pijar itu dengan cepat menggunakan pengapit.
7. When the burning of magnesium ribbon is complete, take off the lid and
heat the crucible with high temperature for 1 to 2 minutes.
Apabila pembakaran pita magnesium telah lengkap, bukakan penutup
pijar dan panaskan mangkuk pijar dengan kuat selama 1 hingga 2 minit.
Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 31
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Experiment Empirical Formula I CHAPTER 3

8. Put back the lid of the crucible and allow it to cool to room temperature.
Tutupkan semula mangkuk pijar dan biarkan menjadi sejuk hingga ke
suhu bilik.
9. Weigh the mass of crucible together with its lid and its content again.
Procedure: Timbangkan jisim mangkuk pijar bersama-sama dengan penutup dan
Prosedur: kandungannya sekali lagi.
10. Repeat heating, cooling and weighing processes until a constant mass is
obtained.
Ulang proses pemanasan, penyejukan dan penimbangan sehingga jisim
tetap diperoleh.
lid
penutup
magnesium ribbon crucible
Diagram: pita magnesium mangkuk pijar
Rajah:
pipeclay triangle
heat
tungku segi tiga
panaskan

Description Mass (g)

Perkara Jisim (g)
Crucible + lid
a
Result: Mangkuk pijar + penutup
Keputusan: Crucible + lid + magnesium ribbon
b
Mangkuk pijar + penutup + pita magnesium
Crucible + lid + magnesium oxide
c
Mangkuk pijar + penutup + magnesium oksida

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 32
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Experiment Empirical Formula I CHAPTER 3

Element
Mg O
Unsur
Mass (g)
(b-a) (c-b)
Jisim (g)
Interpreting
data: Number of moles (mol) 𝒃−𝒂 (𝒄−𝒃)
Persembahan Bilangan mol (mol) 𝟐𝟒 𝟏𝟔
data: Mole ratio
p q
Nisbah mol
The simplest ratio mole
x y
Nisbah mol paling ringkas

Conclusion: The empirical formula is MgxOy.

Kesimpulan: Formula empirik ialah MgxOy.

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 33
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Experiment Empirical Formula II CHAPTER 3
Activity 3.13: To determine empirical formula of copper(II) oxide by experiment
Aktiviti 3.13: Untuk menentukan formula empirik copper(II) oksida dengan eksperimen
Aim: To determine the empirical formula of Copper(II) oxide.
Tujuan: Untuk menentukan formula empirik bagi magnesium oksida.
Water, copper(II) oxide powder, zinc granules, 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric
acid,
Materials:
Wooden splinter and cotton buds
Bahan:
Air, serbuk kuprum(II) oksida, ketulan zink, asid hidroklorik 1.0 mol dm-3,
kayu uji dan batang putik kapas
Boiling tube, rubber stoppers, rubber tube, 12 cm glass tube, spirit lamp,
retort stand with clamp, wooden block, electronic balance and spatula
Apparatus:
Tabung didih, penyumbat getah, salur getah, salur kaca 12 cm panjang,
Radas:
salur kaca , 10 cm panjang, lampu spirit, kaki retort and pengapit, bongkah
kayu, penimbang , elektronik dan spatula
1. Weigh and record the mass of 12 cm glass tube using electronic balance.
Timbangkan dan catat jisim bagi 12 cm salur kaca dengan menggunakan
penimbang elektronik.
2. Add some copper(II) oxide powder into the glass tube.
Tambahkan sedikit serbuk kuprum(II) oksida ke dalam salur kaca.
3. Use the wooden splinter to move copper(II) oxide powder to the middle
of the glass tube.
Gunakan kayu uji untuk mengalihkan serbuk kuprum(II) oksida ke
bahagian tengah salur kaca.
Procedure:
Prosedur: 4. Weigh and record the mass of the glass tube together with its contents.
Timbangkan dan catat jisim bagi salur kaca berserta dengan
kandungannya.
2
5. Fill of the boiling tube with water.
3
2
Isikan satu tabung didih dengan air sehingga penuh.
3

6. Close the boiling tube with a rubber stopper that has a 12 cm glass tube.
Clamp the boiling tube onto the retort stand.
Tutupkan tabung didih itu dengan penyumbat getah yang mempunyai salur
kaca 12 cm panjang. Apitkan tabung didih itu pada kaki retort.

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 34
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Experiment Empirical Formula II CHAPTER 3

7. Insert a few zinc granules into another boiling tube. Add 1.0 mol dm-3
1
hydrochloric acid into the boiling tube until it is full.
3
Masukkan beberaoa ketulan zink ke dalam satu tabung didih yang lain.
Tambahkan asid hidroklotik 1.0 mol dm-3 ke dalam tabung didih sehingga
1
penuh.
3

8. Close the boiling tube with a rubber stopper that has a 10 cm glass tube.
Clamp the boiling tube onto the other retort stand.
Tutupkan tabung didih dengan penyumbat getah yang mempunyai salur
10 cm panjang. Apitkan tabung didih itu pada kaki retort yang satu lagi.
9. Connect the glass tube that contains copper(II) oxide powder into the two
boiling tube.
Pasangkan salur kaca yang berisi serbuk kuprum(II) oksida ke dalam dua
tabung didih.
10. Let hydrogen gas flow for 10 seconds by allowing the air bubbles to be
released in the water before starting the heating process.
Biarkan gas hidrogen mengalir selama 10 saat dengan membenarkan
Procedure: gelembung gas terbebas di dalam air sebelum memulakan proses
Prosedur: pemanasan.
11. Heat copper(II) oxide using a spirit lamp with a continuous flow of
hydrogen gas through the glass tube,
Panaskan kuprum(II) oksida dengan menggunakan lampu spirit dalam
aliran gas hidrogen yang berterusan.
12. Stop the heating when the black colour of copper(II) oxide turns brown
completely.
Hentikan pemanasan apabila warna hitam serbuk kuprum(II) oksida
berubah sepenuhnya kepada perang.
13. Keep a continuous flow of hydrogen gas until the glass tube is cooled
back to room temperature.
Teruskan aliran gas hidrogen sehingga salur kaca berada pada suhu bilik.
14. Remove the glass tube that contains brown powder.
Tanggalkan salur kaca yang berisi serbuk perang.

15. Eliminate water drops at the end of the glass tube with a cotton bud.
Singkirkan titisan air di hujung salur kaca dengan batang putik kapas.

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 35
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Experiment Empirical Formula II CHAPTER 3

16. Weigh and record the mass of the glass tube together with its contents
again.
Timbangkan dan catat jisim salur kaca berserta dengan kandungannya
dan rekod jisim.
17. Repeat the heating, cooling and weighing processes from steps 11 to 16
until a constant mass reading is obtained.
Ulang proses pemanasan, penyejukan dan penimbangan dalam langkah
11 ke 16 sehingga mendapat bacaan jisim yang tetap.
Glass tube (12 cm) Copper(II) oxide powder
Salur kaca (12 cm) Serbuk kuprum(II) oksdia
Rubber tube
Salur getah
Glass tube (10 cm)
Air opening Ethanol Salur kaca (10 cm)
Lubang udara Etanol
Diagram: Glass tube (12 cm)
Rajah: Salur kaca (12 cm)
1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid
Water Asid hidroklorik 1.0 mol dm-3
Air
Zinc granules
Ketulan zink
Wooden block
Bongkah kayu

Description Mass (g)

Perkara Jisim (g)
Glass tube
a
Salur kaca
Glass tube + copper(II) oxide
b
Result: Salur kaca + kuprum(II) oksdia
Keputusan: Glass tube + copper
c
Salur kaca + kuprum
Copper
(c-a)
Kuprum
Oxygen
(b-c)
Oksigen

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 36
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Experiment Empirical Formula II CHAPTER 3

Element
Cu O
Unsur
Mass (g)
(c-a) (b-c)
Jisim (g)
Interpreting
data: Number of moles (mol) 𝒄−𝒂 (𝒃−𝒄)
Persembahan Bilangan mol (mol) 𝟔𝟒 𝟏𝟔
data: Mole ratio
p q
Nisbah mol
The simplest ratio mole
x y
Nisbah mol paling ringkas

Conclusion: The empirical formula of copper(II) oxide is CuxOy.

Kesimpulan: Formula empirik bagi kuprum(II) oksida ialah CuxOy.

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 37
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Experiment Empirical Formula I & II CHAPTER 3

Two methods to determine the empirical formula of a metal oxide

Dua cara untuk menentukan formula empirik bagi sesuatu logam oksida
K
lid
Na
METHOD A: penutup Ca
CARA A:
magnesium ribbon crucible Mg

More Reactive

Kurang Reaktif
Less Reactive
Lebih Reaktif
pita magnesium mangkuk pijar
Al
Zn
pipeclay triangle Glass tube (12 cm)
heat
panaskan tungku segi tiga Salur kaca (12 cm) H
Fe
Sn
METHOD B: Glass tube (12 cm) Copper(II) oxide powder

CARA B: Rubber tube

Salur kaca (12 cm) Serbuk kuprum(II) oksida Pb
Salur getah Cu
Glass tube (10 cm)
Air opening Ethanol Salur kaca (10 cm) Ag
Lubang udara Etanol

1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid

Water Asid hidroklorik 1.0 mol dm-3
Air Zinc granules
Ketulan zink

Wooden block
Bongkah kayu

A B

Method: Oxidation of metal to metal oxide Reduction of metal oxide to metal by

Cara: Pengoksidaan logam kepada logam hydrogen.
oksida Penurunan logam oksida kepada
logam oleh hidrogen
i. Heating process is required.
Proses pemanasan diperlukan.
Similarity:
Persamaan:
ii. Reaction between a solid and a gas.
Tindak balas antara pepejal dan gas.
i. Mass of solid increase. i. Mass of solid decrease.
Jism pepejal bertambah. Jisim pepejal berkurang.
Differences:
ii. Metal reacts with oxygen gas. ii. Metal oxide reacts with
Perbezaan:
Logam bertindak balas dengan hydrogen gas.
gas oksigen. Logam oksida bertindak balas
dengan gas hidrogen.
Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 38
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Experiment Empirical Formula I & II CHAPTER 3

Reactivity series of metals

Siri kereaktifan logam

Reasons choose Method A:

Sebab-sebab pilih cara A:
1. These metals are reactive metals.
Logam-logam ini merupakan logam reaktif.

2. These metals can burns easily and completely in air to form metal oxide.
Logam-logam ini boleh terbakar dengan mudah dan lengkap dalam udara
untuk membentuk logam oksida.
K
Na Reasons not method B:
Ca Sebab-sebab bukan cara B:
Mg 1. Hydrogen is LESS reactive than these metals towards oxygen.
Al Hidrogen adalah KURANG reaktif daripada logam-logam ini terhadap
oksigen.
Zn
H 2. Hydrogen CANNOT reduce these metal oxides to metal.
Fe Hidrogen TIDAK DAPAT menurunkan logam-logam oksida ini kepada
Sn logam.
Pb
Cu Reasons choose Method B:
Ag Sebab-sebab pilih cara B:
1. Hydrogen is more reactive than these metals towards oxygen.
Hidrogen adalah lebih reaktif daripada logam-logam ini terhadap oksigen.

2. Hydrogen CAN reduce these metal oxides to metal.

Hidrogen DAPAT menurunkan logam-logam oksida ini kepada logam.

Reasons not method B:

Sebab-sebab bukan cara B:
1. These metals are non reactive metals.
Logam-logam ini adalah logam tidak reaktif.

2. These metals CANNOT burn easily and completely in air to form metal
oxide.
Logam-logam ini TIDAK DAPAT terbakar dengan mudah dan lengkap
dalam udara untuk membentuk logam oksida.

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 39
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Ionic Formula CHAPTER 3
3.3 (c) Ionic Formulae
Formula Ion
1. Ionic Compound
Sebatian Ion:
• Ionic compounds are made up of cations (positively-charged ions) and anions
(negatively-charged ions).
Sebatian ion adalah dibentuk daripada kation ( ion bercas positif) dan anion (ion
bercas negatif)

• Ionic compounds are compounds made up of combinations of metal and non-metallic

elements, such as: sodium chloride, potassium carbonate, lead(II) sulphate.
Sebatian ion merupakan sebatian yang terdiri daripada gabungan unsur logam dan
bukan logam seperti natrium klorida, kalium karbonat, plumbum(II) sulfat.

Na+ Cl- K+ CO32- H+ SO42-

NaCl K2CO3 H2SO4

Sodium ion Chloride ion Potassium ion Carbonate ion Hydrogen ion Sulphate ion
Ion Natrium Ion Klorida Ion Potassium Ion Karbonat Ion Hidrogen Ion Sulfat

Sodium chloride Potassium carbonate Hydrogen sulphate

Natrium klorida Kalium karbonat Hidrogen sulfat

2. Covalent Compounds
Sebatian Kovalen
• Covalent compounds are compounds made up of combination of non-metallic
elements such as carbon dioxide, dinitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide.
Sebatian kovalen merupakan sebatian yang terdiri daripada gabungan unsur bukan
logam seperti karbon dioksida, dinitrogen oksida, karbon monoksida.
Carbon dioxide Nitrogen trihydride Carbon monoxide
Karbon dioksida Nitrogen trihidrida Karbon monoksida

C 2 O N 3 H C 1 O

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 40
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Ionic Formula CHAPTER 3

Name & Symbol & Formulae Element

Nama & Simbol & Formula Unsur
Metal (atom) Simbol Formulae Non-metal Simbol Fromulae
Logam (atom) Symbol Formula Bukan logam Symbol Formula
Sodium / Natrium Na Na Carbon / Karbon C C
Potassium / Kalium K K Hydrogen / Hidrogen H H2
Calcium / Kalsium Ca Ca Oxygen / Oksigen O O2
Magnesium / Magnesium Mg Mg Nitrogen / Nitrogen N N2

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 41
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Ionic Formula CHAPTER 3
Metal (atom) Cation Simbol Formulae Non –metal (Anion) Simbol Formulae
Logam (atom) Kation Symbol Formula Bukan Logam (Anion) Symbol Formula
Aluminium / Aluminium Al Al Chlorine / Klorin Cl Cl2
Lead(II) / Plumbum(II) Pb Pb Bromine / Bromin Br Br2
Zinc / Zink Zn Zn Phosphorus / Fosforus P P4
Silver / Argentum Ag Ag Silicon / Silikon Si Si
Tin / Stanum Sn Sn Sulphur / Sulfur S S8
Iron(II) / Ferum(II) Fe Fe Iodine / Iodin I I2
Copper(II) / Kuprum(II) Cu Cu Helium / Helium He He
Ammonium / Ammonium NH4 NH4

Name of Cation Formula of Cation Name of Anion Formula of Anion

Nama Kation Formula Kation Nama Anion Formula Anion
Sodium ion Hydroxide ion
Na+ OH-
Ion natrium Ion hidroksida
Potassium ion Nirtate ion
K+ NO3-
Ion kalium Ion nitrat
Hydrogen ion Manganate(VII) ion
H+ MnO4-
Ion hidrogen Ion manganat(VII)
Silver ion Ag+ Chloride ion
Cl-
Ion argentum Ion klorida
Magnesium ion Bromide ion
Mg2+ Br-
Ion magnesium Ion bromida
Lead(II) ion Ethanoate ion
Pb2+ CH3COO-
Ion plumbum(II) Ion etanoik
Zinc ion Carbonate ion
Zn2+ CO32-
Ion zink Ion karbonat
Calcium ion Thiosulphate ion
Ca2+ S3O32-
Ion kalsium Ion tiosulfat
Tin ion Sulphate ion
Sn2+ SO42-
Ion stanum Ion sulfat
Iron(II) ion Oxide ion
Fe2+ O2-
Ion ferum(II) Ion oksida
Copper(II) ion Phosphate ion
Cu2+ PO43-
Ion kuprum(II) Ion fosfat
Aluminium ion Dichromate(VI) ion
Al3+ Cr2O72-
Ion aluminium
Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021) Ion dikromat(VI)
F4 Chemistry KSSM 42
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Ionic Formula CHAPTER 3

Exercise 3.3 (c):

Latihan 3.3 (c):
1. Write the chemical name and ionic formulae for the ionic compounds below:
Tuliskan nama kimia dan formula ion bagi sebatian ion berikut:

Anion Chloride ion, Cl- Nitrate ion,NO3- Sulphate ion, SO42- Carbonate ion, CO32-
Cation Ion lodida, Cl- Ion nitrat, NO3- Ion sulfat, SO42- Ion karbonat, CO32-
Lithium ion, Li+
Ion litium, Li+
Potassium ion, K+
Ion kalium, K+
Sodium ion,Na+
Ion natirum, Na+
Hydrogen ion, H+
Ion hydrogen, H+
Ammonium ion
Ion ammonium
Silver ion
Ion argentum
Zinc ion
Ion zink
Calcium ion
Ion kalsium
Copper(II) ion
Ion kuprum(II)
Magnesium ion
Ion magnesium
Lead(II) ion
Ion plumbum(II)
Aluminium ion
Ion aluminium
Iron(II) ion
Ion ferum(II)
Iron(III)ion
Ion ferum(III)

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 43
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Ionic Formula CHAPTER 3
Anion Oxide ion, O2- Hydroxide ion, OH- Bromide ion, Br- Iodide ion, I-
Cation
Ion oksida, O2- Ion hidroksida, OH- Ion bromide, Br- Ion iodide, I-
Lithium ion, Li+
Ion litium, Li+
Potassium ion, K+
Ion kalium, K+
Sodium ion
Ion natirum
Hydrogen ion
Ion hydrogen
Ammonium ion
Ion ammonium
Silver ion
Ion argentum
Zinc ion
Ion zink
Calcium ion
Ion kalsium
Copper(II) ion
Ion kuprum(II)
Magnesium ion
Ion magnesium
Lead(II) ion
Ion plumbum(II)
Aluminium ion
Ion aluminium
Iron(II) ion
Ion ferum(II)
Iron(III)ion
Ion ferum(III)

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 44
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Ionic Formula CHAPTER 3
2. Write the chemical formula OR name for the compounds below:
Tuliskan formula kimia ATAU nama bagi sebatian berikut:
The number of atom of an element is shown by mono(one), di(two), tri(three), tetra(four), penta(five),
hexa(six).
Bilangan atom sesuatu unsur dipaparkan oleh mono(satu), di(dua), tri(tiga), tetra(empat), penta(lima),
hexa(enam)

Name Formulae Type of particle Type of compound

Nama Formula Jenis zarah Jenis sebatian
Carbon dioxide
Karbon dioksida

NaOH

Hydrochloric acid
Acid hidroklorik

CUSO4

Zinc carbonate
Zink karbonat
Sulphur dioxide
Sulfur dioksida
Nitrogen monoxide
Nitrogen monoksida

PbI2

Ethanoic acid
Asid etanoik

NH4(NO3)

Silicon dioxide
Silikon dioksida
Diphosphorus pentaoxide
Difosforus pentaoksida
Aluminium carbonate
Aluminium karbonat
Silver sulphate
Argentum sulfat
Ammonium carbonate
Ammonium karbonat
Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 45
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Ionic Formula CHAPTER 3

Name Formulae Type of particle Type of compound

Nama Formula Jenis zarah Jenis sebatian
Dihydrogen oxide
Dihidrogen oksida
Lithium chloride
Litium klorida

Mg(CO3)

Aluminium nitrate
Aluminium nitrat
Potassium manganate(VII)
Kalium manganat(VII)
Dinitrogen trioxide
Dinitrogen trioksida
Iron(III) fluoride
Ferum(III) fluorida
Ammonium hydroxide
Ammonium hidroksida
Lead(II) oxide
Plumbum(II) oksida

S2I2

Carbon monoxide
Karbon monoksida
Sulphuric acid
Asid sulfurik
Nitric acid
Asid nitrat
Potassium carbonate
Kalium karbonat

CuBr2

Calcium hydroxide
Kalsium hidroksida
Magnesium oxide
Magnesium oksida
Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 46
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Chemical Equation CHAPTER 3

3.4 Chemical Equation ∴ Solid(s) Liquid(l) Gas(g) Aqueous solution(aq)

3.4 Persamaan Kimia pepejal(p) Cecair(ce) Gas(g) Larutan akueus(ak)

⟶ Can be written in the form of words or using chemical formulae.

Boleh ditulis dalam bentuk perkataan atau formula kimia.
• Reactants (on left-hand side of the equation) and Product ( on right-hand side of the
equation)
Bahan tindak balas (di sebelah kiri persamaan) dan hasil tindak balas
(di sebelah kanan persamaan)’

• The arrow ʻ → ʼ means ʻ produces ʼ

Anak panah ‘→ ’ bermaksud ‘ menghasilkan ’

• Symbol ‘ + ’ on the left-hand side of the equation means ‘ reacts with ’

Simbol ‘ + ’ di sebelah kanan persamaan bermaksud ‘ bertindak balas ’

• Chemical equation shows the condition of reactions.

Tindak balas kimia menunjukkan keadaan tindak balas.

Symbol Meaning
Simbol Maksud
Heating of substance
∆
Pembakaran bahan
Gas evolved
↑ or (g)
Gas dikembangkan
Precipitate formed
↓ or (s)
Mendakan terbentuk
Reversible reaction
⇋
Tindak balas dua hala

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 47
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Chemical Equation CHAPTER 3

Example: 1 Write the word equation .

Contoh: Tulis persamaan perkataan.

Sodium + Chlorine → Sodium chloride Written in the

Natrium + Klorin → Natrium klorida word form

Reactants Product
Bahan Tindak Balas Hasil Tindak Balas

Na + Cl2 → NaCl Written in the chemical

Na + Cl2 → NaCl formulae form

2 Write the chemical formula for each of reactant and product.

Tulis formula kimia bagi setiap bahan tindak balas dan hasil tindak balas.

3 Check and balance the equation.

Semak dan imbangkan persamaan.
Na + Cl2 → NaCl ∴ Equation is not balanced
Na + Cl2 → NaCl ∴ Pesamaan tidak diseimbangkan
[1 Na atom] [2 Cl atoms] [1 Na atom, 1 Cl atom]

2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl

∴ Equation is balanced
2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl
∴ Pesamaan diseimbangkan
[2 Na atoms] [2 Cl atoms] [2 Na atoms, 2 Cl atoms]

4 Write the physical state of each reactant and product.

Tulis keadaan fizik bagi setiap bahan tindak balas dan hasil tindak balas.
2Na (s) + Cl2 (g) → 2NaCl (s)
2Na (p) + Cl2 (g) → 2NaCl (p)

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 48
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Chemical Equation CHAPTER 3

Law of Conversation of Mass

Hukum Keabadian Jisim
→ Matter can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
Jirim tidak boleh dicipta atau dimusnahkan dalam tindak balas kimia.

→ So, a chemical equation must be balanced.

Oleh itu, suatu persamaan kimia mesti diseimbangkan.

→ There must always be the same number of atoms of each element on each side of the
equation.
Mesti terdapat bilangan atom unsur pada kedua-dua belah persamaan.

Informations which can be interpreted from a chemical equation

Maklumat yang boleh ditafsir daripada persamaan kimia

1. Qualitative aspect
Aspek kualitatif
2. Quantitative aspect
Aspek quantitatif

i. Qualitative aspect: → reactants involved in the chemical reaction

Aspek kualitatif: bahan tindak balas yang terlibat dalam tindak balas kimia

→ the physical state of each reactant and product involved in the

chemical reaction
keadaan fizik setiap bahan tindak balas dan hasil tindak balas
dalam tindak balas kimia

ii. Quantitative aspect: → Number of moles of reactants and products involved in the
Aspek kuatitatif: chemical reaction that is the coefficients involved in a balanced
equation of the formulae of reactants and products.
Bilangan mol bahan yang bertindak balas dan hasil tindak
balas yang terbentuk iaitu pekali bagi setiap formula bahan
dan hasil tindak balas dalam persamaan kimia.

→ the ratio of elementary entities of substance

nisbah entiti bahan
Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 49
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Chemical Equation CHAPTER 3

For Example: Zinc + Copper(II)sulphate → Zinc Sulphate + Copper

Sebagai Contoh: Zink + Kuprum(II)sulfat → Zink sulfat + Kuprum
Chemical equation: Zn (s) + CuSO4 (aq) → ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)
Persamaan kimia: Zn (p) + CuSO4 (ak) → ZnSO4 (ak) + Cu (p)
Give two information that can be interpreted from the chemical equation.
Berikan dua maklumat yang dapat ditafsir daripada persamaan kimia.

Reactant: Zinc metal and copper(II) sulphate aqueous solution

Product: Zinc sulphate aqueous solution and copper metal
1. Qualitative aspect:
Aspek kualitatif: Bahan tindak balas: Logam zink dan larutan akueus kuprum(II)
sulfat
Hasil tindak balas: Larutan akueus zink sulfat dan logam kuprum

Ratio of basic entities (particles):

Nisbah entiti asas:
1 atom of zinc react with 1 unit of copper(II) sulphate to
produce 1 unit of zinc sulphate and 1 atom of copper
1 atom zink bertindak balas 1 unit kuprum(II) sulfat untuk
menghasilkan 1 unit zink sulfat dan 1 atom kuprum

OR

Mole ratio:
Nisbah mol:
2. Quantitative aspect:
Aspek kuantitatif: 1 mol of zinc reacts with 1 mol of copper(II) sulphate to produce 1
mol of zinc sulphate and 1 mol of copper.
1 mol zink bertindak balas dengan 1 mol kuprum(II) sulphate untuk
menghasilkan zink sulfat dan 1 mol kuprum

OR

1 mol of zinc reacts with 1 mol of copper(II) sulphate

1 mol zink bertindak balas dengan 1 mol kuprum(II) sulfat

1 mol of Zn → 1 mol of CuSO4

1 mol Zn → 1 mol CuSO4
Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 50
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Chemical Equation CHAPTER 3

MUST REMEMBER:
MESTI INGAT:

× Avogadro Constant, Na ÷ Avogadro Constant, Na

× Pemalar Avogadro, Na ÷ Pemalar Avogadro, Na

Number of moles
÷ Molar mass × Molar volume
Bilangan mol
÷ Jisim molar × Isipadu molar

× Molar mass ÷ Molar volume

× Jisim molar ÷ Isipadu molar

Exercise 3.4: 1. Write the word equation and chemical equation then balanced the
Latihan 3.4: chemical equation.
Tuliskan persamaan perkataan dan persamaan kimia seterusnya
seimbangkan persamaan kimia tersebut.
(i) Sodium reacts with oxygen to produce sodium oxide.
Natrium bertindak balas dengan oksigen untuk menghasilkan natrium oksida.
Word equation:
Persamaan perkataan:
Chemical equation:
Persamaan kimia:

(ii) Neutralisation reaction between potassium hydroxide and sulphuric acid to produce
potassium sulphate and water.
Tindak balas peneutralan antara kalium hidroksida dan asid sulfuric untuk
menghasilkan kalium sulfat dan air.
Word equation:
Persamaan perkataan:
Chemical equation:
Persamaan kimia:

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 51
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Chemical Equation CHAPTER 3

(iii) When silver nitrate solution is added to zinc chloride solution, white precipitate, silver
chloride and zinc nitrate solution are formed.
Apabila larutan argentum nitrat ditambahkan kepada larutan zink klorida, mendakan
putih, argentum klorida dan larutan zink nitrat terbentuk.
Word equation:
Persamaan perkataan:
Chemical equation:
Persamaan kimia:

(iv) Burning of aluminium powder in excess oxygen produces white aluminium oxide
powder.
Pembakaran serbuk aluminium dalam oksigen berlebihan untuk menghasilkan serbuk
putih aluminium oksida.

Word equation:
Persamaan perkataan:
Chemical equation:
Persamaan kimia:

(v) When solid calcium is added to nitric acid, calcium nitrate solution and hydrogen gas
are formed.
Apabila pepejal kalsium ditambahkan kepada asid nitric, larutan kalsium nitrat dan
gas nitrogen terbebas.

Word equation:
Persamaan perkataan:
Chemical equation:
Persamaan kimia:

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 52
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Chemical Equation CHAPTER 3

2. Balance the following chemical equation.

Seimbangkan persamaan kimia berikut.
(a) Mg + O2 ⟶ MgO (e) NH3 + H2SO4 ⟶ ZnSO4 + H2

(b) Li + H2O ⟶ LiOH + H2 (f) C + PbO ⟶ Pb + CO2

(c) Br2 + KI ⟶ I2 + KBr (g) Fe + O2 ⟶ Fe2O3

(d) HCl + Na2S2O3 ⟶ NaCl + (h) BaCl2 + ZnSO4 ⟶ BsSO4 +

SO2 + S + H2O ZnCl2

3. (i) Chemical equation for the reaction is as follow:

Persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas adalah seperti berikut:
Zn (s) + 2HNO3 (aq) ⟶ Zn(NO3)2 (s) + H2 (g)
Zn (p) + 2HNO3 (ak) ⟶ Zn(NO3)2 (p) + H2 (g)
State two information that can be deduced from the equation above.
Nyatakan dua maklumat yang boleh disimpulkan daripada persamaan itu.

Qualitative aspect:
Aspek kualitatif:
Quantitative aspect:
Aspek kuantitatif:

3.(ii) Chemical equation for the reaction is as follow:

Persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas adalah seperti berikut:
CuO (s) + H2SO4 (aq) ⟶ CuSO4 (aq) + H2O (l)
State two information that can be deduced from the equation above.
Nyatakan dua maklumat yang boleh disimpulkan daripada persamaan itu.

Qualitative aspect:
Aspek kualitatif:
Quantitative aspect:
Aspek kuantitatif:

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 53
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Chemical Equation CHAPTER 3

Solving numerical stoichiometry problems

Menyelesaikan masalah numerikal stoikiometri
1. 3.2 g copper(II) oxide powder is reacted with excess dilute nitric acid.
3.2 g serbuk kuprum(II) oksida bertindak balas dengan asid nitrat cair berlebihan.

(a) Write a chemical equation for the reaction.

Tuliskan suatu persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas tersebut.

(b) Calculate the mass of copper(II) nitrate for the equation.

[Relative atomic mass: N: 14, O: 16, Cu: 64]
Kira jisim kuprum(II) nitrat bagi persamaan tersebut.
[Jisim atom relatif: N: 14, O: 16, Cu: 64]

Answer / Jawapan:

(i) Chemical equation: CuO (s) + HNO3 (aq) ⟶ Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + H2O (l)
Persamaan kimia: CuO (p) + HNO3 (ak) ⟶ Cu(NO3)2 (ak) + H2O (ce)

(ii) REQUIREMENT OF QUESTION: Mass of copper(II) nitrate

KEHENDAK SOALAN: Jisim kuprum(II) nitrat
Mass / Jisim (g)
Number of moles of CuO =
Molar mass / Jisim molar (g mol-1)

3.2 g
=
[64+16] g mol-1

= 0.04 mol

Mole Ratio
Based on the chemical equation above,
Berdasarkan persamaan kimia atas,

1 mol of CuO produces 1 mol of Cu(NO3)2

1 mol CuO menghasilkan 1 mol Cu(NO3)2

1
Number of moles of Cu(NO3)2 = 0.04 mol x
Bilangan mol Cu(NO3)2 1
= 0.04 mol

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 54
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Chemical Equation CHAPTER 3

Thus, 0.04 mol of CuO produces 0.04 mol of Cu(NO3)2

Maka, 0.04 mol CuO menghasilkan 0.04 mol Cu(NO3)2
Mass of Cu(NO3)2 = No of moles x Molar mass of Cu(NO3)2
= 0.04 mol x 188 g mol-1
= 7.52 g
Jisim bagi Cu(NO3)2 = Bilangan mol x Jisim molar bagi Cu(NO3)2
= 0.04 mol x 188 g mol-1
= 7.52 g

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 55
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Chemical Equation CHAPTER 3

2. Potassium, K reacts with oxygen gas, O2 to produce potassium oxide, K2O.

Kalium, K bertindak balas dengan gas oksigen, O2 untuk menghasilkan kalium oksida,
K2O.
4K (s) + O2 (g) ⟶ 2K2O
4K (p) + O2 (g) ⟶ 2K2O

11.7 g potassium was burnt in oxygen to produce potassium oxide. Calculate

[Relative atomic mass: K: 39, O: 16]
[Molar volume at room temperature: 24 dm3 mol-1]
11.7 g kalium terbakar dalam oksigen untuk menghasilkan kalium oksida. Kira
[Jisim atom relatif: K: 39, O: 16]
[Isipadu molar pada suhu bilik: 24 dm3 mol-1]
(a) Mass of potassium oxide, K2O being produced.
Jisim kalium oksida, K2O yang dihasilkan.
(b) Volume of oxygen gas,O2 reacts at room temperature.
Isipadu gas oksigen, O2 bertindak balas pada suhu bilik.
Answer / Jawapan:

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 56
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Chemical Equation CHAPTER 3

3. Hydrogen gas is prepared by reacting methane gas with steam. The reaction is
represented by the equation. The reaction is represented by the equation shown below:
Gas hidrogen disediakan oleh tindak balas antara gas metana dengan stim, H2O. Tindak
balas diwakili dengan persamaan ditunjukkan di bawah:

CH4 (g) + H2O (l) ⟶ CO (g) + 3H2 (g)

CH4 (g) + H2O (ce) ⟶ CO (g) + 3H2 (g)

If 60.0 dm3 hydrogen gas, H2 are produced at room temperature and pressure, calculate
[Relative atomic mass: H: 1, C: 12, O: 16]
[Molar volume of gas at room temperature: 24 dm mol -1]
Jika 60.0 dm3 gas hidrogen, H2 dihasilkan pada suhu dan tekanan bilik, hitungkan
[Jisim atom relatif: H: 1, C: 12, O: 16]
[Isipadu molar gas pada suhu bilik: 24 dm mol-1]
(a) Mass of methane gas, CH4 which is used in the reaction.
Jisim gas metana,CH4 yang digunakan dalam tindak balas.
(b) The number of carbon monoxide, CO molecules released.
Bilangan molekul gas karbon monoksida, CO yang dibebaskan.
Answer / Jawapan:

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 57
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Chemical Equation CHAPTER 3

4. The following equation shows the reaction between sodium and water.
Persamaan berikut menunjukkan tindak balas antara natrium dan air.
2Na (s) + 2H2O (l) ⟶ 2NaOH (s) + H2 (g)
2Na (p) + 2H2O (l) ⟶ 2NaOH (p) + H2 (g)
(a) How many number of moles of sodium, Na will reacts with 3.0 moles of water?
Berapakah bilangan mol natrium, Na bertindak balas dengan 3.0 mol air, H2O?
[Relative atomic mass: Na: 23, NA: 6.02 x 1023]
[Jisim atom relatif: Na: 23, NA: 6.02 x 1023]
(b) Calculate the mass of sodium,Na needed to produce 3.01 x 1023 hydrogen molecule,
H2.
Hitungkan jisim natrium, Na yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan 3.01 x 1023
molekul hidrogen, H2.
[Relative atomic mass: Na: 23, NA: 6.02 x 1023]
[Jisim atom relatif: Na: 23, NA: 6.02 x 1023]
Answer / Jawapan:

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 58
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Chemical Equation CHAPTER 3

5. The following equation shows the decomposition of silver nitrate by heat.

Persamaan berikut menunjukkan penguraian argentum nitrat oleh haba.

2AgNO3 ⟶ 2Ag + 2NO2 + O2

If 85.0 g of silver nitrate , AgNO3 is heated completely, calculate:
Sekiranya 85.0 g argentum nitrat, AgNO3 dipanaskan dengan lengkap, hitung:

(a) Mass of silver, Ag formed.

Jisim argentum, Ag yang terbentuk.
[Relative atomic mass: N: 14, O: 16, Ag: 108]
[Jisim atom relatif: N: 14, O: 16, Ag: 108]
(b) Volume of oxygen gas, O2 formed at s.t.p.
Isipadu gas oksigen, O2 yang terbentuk pada STP.
[Molar volume of gas at STP: 22.4 dm3 mol-1]
[Isipadu molar gas pada STP: 22.4 dm3 mol-1]
Answer / Jawapan:

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 59
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Chemical Equation CHAPTER 3

6. Iron metal reacts with excess hydrochloric acid to produce iron(II) chloride and
hydrogen gas.
Logam ferum(II) bertindak balas dengan asid hidroklorik untuk menghasilkan ferum(II)
klorida dan gas hidrogen.
(a) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction.
Tuliskan satu persamaan kimia seimbang bagi tindak balas ini.
(b) If 2.8 g of iron metal is used in the reaction, calculate
Sekiranya 2.8 g logam ferum digunakan dalam tindak balas, kira
(i) The maximum mass of iron(II) chloride formed.
Jisim maksimum ferum(II) klorida terbentuk.
[Relative atomic mass: Cl: 35.5, Fe: 56]
[Jisim atom relatif: Cl: 35.5, Fe: 56]
(ii) The volume of hydrogen gas produced at room conditions.
Isipadu gas hidrogen yang dihasilkan pada keadaan bilik.
[1 mol of gas occupied a volume of 24 dm3 at room temperature]
[1 mol gas yang terisi satu isipadu 24 dm3 pada suhu bilik]
Answer / Jawapan:

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 60
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Chemical Equation CHAPTER 3

7. Acetylene gas , C2H2 is used in metal welding. This gas can be prepared by reacting
calcium carbide with excess water as represented by the equation below:
Gas asetilena , C2H2 digunakan dalam penyimpalan logam. Gas ini boleh disediakan
oleh tindak balas kalsium karbida dengan air berlebihan yang diwakili dengan
persamaan di bawah:
CaC2 (s) + 2H2O (l) ⟶ Ca(OH)2 (aq) + C2H2 (g)
CaC2 (p) + 2H2O (ce) ⟶ Ca(OH)2 (ak) + C2H2 (g)
If 4.8 g of calcium cabide is reacted with excess water, calculate
Sekiranya 4.8 g kalsium karbida bertindak balas dengan air berlebihan, kira
[Relative atomic mass: H: 1, C: 12, O: 16, Ca: 40]
[Jisim atom relatif: H: 1, C: 12, O: 16, Ca: 40]
[1 mol of gas occupied a volume of 24 dm3 at room temperature]
[1 mol gas yang terisi satu isipadu 24 dm3 pada suhu bilik]
(a) The volume of acetylene gas evolved at room temperature.
Isipadu gas asetilena terbebas pada suhu bilik.
(b) The mass of calcium hydroxide formed.
Jisim kalsium hidroksida terbentuk.
Answer / Jawapan:

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 61
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Chemical Equation CHAPTER 3

8. Hydrogen gas is prepared by reacting methane gas with steam using platinum as catalyst.
The reaction is represented by the equation below:
Gas hidrogen disediakan oleh tindak balas antara gas metana dan stim dengan
menggunakan platinum sebagai mangkin.
Tindak balas ini diwakili dengan persamaan di bawah:

CH4 (g) + H2O (l) ⟶ CO (g) + 3H2 (g)

If 60 dm3 of hydrogen gas is produced at room temperature and pressure, calculate

Sekiranya 60 dm3 gas hidrogen dihasilkan pada suhu dan tekanan bilik, kira
[Relative atomic mass: H: 1, C: 12] , [Avogadro constant, NA: 6.02 x 1023]
[1 mol of gas occupied a volume of 24 dm3 at room temperature]
[Jisim atom relatif: H: 1, C: 12] , [Pemalar Avogadro, NA: 6.02 x 1023]
[1 mol gas yang terisi satu isipadu 24 dm3 pada suhu bilik]
(a) The mass of methane gas that is used in the reaction.
Jisim gas metana yang digunakan dalam tindak balas ini.
(b) The number of carbon monoxide molecules released.
Bilangan molekul karbon monoksida terbebas
Answer / Jawapan:

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 62
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Chemical Equation CHAPTER 3

9. Zinc phosphide (Zn3P2) is used as a rat poison. This substance can be prepared by
reacting zinc powder with phosphorus.
Zinc fosfida (Zn3P2) digunakan sebagai racun tikus. Bahan ini boleh disediakan dengan
tindak balas serbuk zink dengan fosforus.
(a) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction.
Tuliskan satu persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas ini.
(b) Calculate the mass of phosphorus needed to react with the excess zinc to produce
51.4 kg of zinc phosphide.
Kira jisim fosforus yang diperlukan untuk bertindak balas dengana zink berlebihan
untuk menghasilkan 51.4 kg zink fosfida.
[Relative atomic mass: P: 31, Zn: 65]
[Jisim atom relatif: P: 31, Zn: 65]
Answer / Jawapan:

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 63
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： Chemical Equation CHAPTER 3

10. Lina heats 20 g of calcium carbonate, CaCO3 strongly. It decomposes according to the
equation below.
Lina memanaskan 20 g kalsium karbonat, CaCO3 dengan api yang kuat. Sebatian itu
mengurai berdasarkan persamaan di bawah:
[Relative atomic mass: C: 12, O: 16, Ca: 40]
[Jisim atom relatif: C: 12, O: 16, Ca: 40]
[Molar volume at room condition: 24 dm3]
[Isipadu molar pada keadaan bilik: 24 dm3]
CaCO3 (s) ⟶ CaO (s) + CO2 (g)
CaCO3 (p) ⟶ CaO (p) + CO2 (g)
(a) If the carbon dioxide produced is collected at room conditions, what is its volume?
Sekiranya karbon dioksida yang terhasil dikumpulkan pada suhu bilik, berapakah
isipadunya?
(b) Calculate the mass of calcium oxide produced.
Hitung jisim kalsium oksida yang dihasilkan.
Answer / Jawapan:

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 64
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： CHAPTER 3

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 65
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： CHAPTER 3

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 66
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： CHAPTER 3

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 67
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： CHAPTER 3

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 68
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： CHAPTER 3

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 69
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： CHAPTER 3

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 70
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： CHAPTER 3

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 71
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： CHAPTER 3

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 72
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： CHAPTER 3

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 74
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： CHAPTER 3

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 75
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： CHAPTER 3

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 76
启蒙教育补习学院 日期： CHAPTER 3

Prepared by: Mr. Eden (2021)

F4 Chemistry KSSM 77