6. 10. What is an ABAP data dictionary?- ABAP 4 data dictionary describes the logical structures of the objects used in application development and shows how. they are mapped to the underlying relational database in tables/views. What are domains and data element? - Domains: Domain is the central object for describing the technical characteristics of an attribute of an business objects. It describes the value range of the field, Data Element; It is used to describe the semantic definition of the table fields like description the field. Data element describes how a field can be displayed to end-user What Is foreign key relationship?- A relationship which can be defined between tables and must be explicitly defined at field level. Foreign keys are used to ensure the consistency of data. Data entered should be checked against existing data to ensure that there are now contradiction. While defining foreign key relationship cardinality has to be specified. Cardinality mentions how many dependent records or how referenced records are possible. Describe data classes.- Master data: It is the data which is seldomly changed ‘Transaction data: It is the data which is often changed. Organization data: It is a customizing data which is entered in the system when the system is configured and is then rarely changed. System data:It is the data which R/3 system needs for itself, What are indexes?- Indexes are described as a copy of a database table reduced to specific fields. This data exists in sorted form. This sorting form ease fast access to the field of the tables. In order that other fields are also read, a pointer to the associated record of the actual table are included in the index. Yhe indexes are activated along with the table and are created automatically with it in the database. Difference between transparent tables and pooled tables. - Transparent table Transparent tables in the dictionary has a one-to-one relation with the table in database. Its structure corresponds to single database field. Table in the database has the same name as in the dictionary. Transparent table holds application data Pooled tables. Pooled tables in the dictionary has a many-to-one relation with the table in database. Table in the database has the different name as in the dictionary, Pooled table are stored in table pool at the database level. What is an ABAP/4 Query?- ABAP/4 Query is a powerful tool to generate simple reports without any coding. ABAP/4 Query can generate the following 3 simple reports: Basic List: It is the simple reports. Statisties: Reports wi statistical functions like Average, Percentages. Ranked Lists: For analytical reports. - For creating a ABAP/4 Query, programmer has to create user group and a functional group. Functional group can be created using with or without logical database table. Finally, assign user group to functional group. Finally, create a query on the functional group generated. What is BDC programming?- Transferring of large/external/legacy data into SAP system using Batch Input programming. Batch input is a autor procedure referred to as BDC(Batch Data Communications).The central ‘component of the transfer is a queue file which receives the data vie a batch input programs and groups associated data into “sessions”. ‘What are the functional modules used in sequence in BDC? - These are the 3 functional modules which are used in a sequence to perform a data transfer successfully using BDC programming: BDC_OPEN_GROUP - Parameters Name of the client, sessions and user name are specified in this functional modules. BDC_INSERT - It is used to insert the data for one transaction into a session, BDC_CLOSE_GROUP - This is used to close the batch input session. What are internal tables?- Internal tables are a standard data type object which exists only during the runtime of the program. They are used to perform table ecalculations on subsets of database tables and for re-organising the contents of database tables according to users need. 1, What is ITS? What are the merits of ITS?- ITS is a Internet Transaction Server. ITS forms an interface between HTTP server and R/3 system, which converts screen provided data by the R/3 system into HTML documents and vice- versa. Merits of ITS: A complete web transaction can be developed and tested in R/3 system. All transaction components, including those used by the ITS outside the R/3 system at runtime, can be stored in the R/3 system. The advantage of automatic language processing in the R/3 system can be utilized to language- dependent HTML documents at runtime. 12, What is DynPro?- DynPro is a Dynamic Programming which is a combination of sercen and the associated flow logic Screen is also called as DynPro. 13. What are screen painter and menu painter? - Screen painter: Screen painter is a tool to design and maintain sereen and its elements, It allows user to create GUI screens for the transactions, Attributes, layout, filed attributes and flow logic are the elements of Screen painter, Menu painter: Menu painter is a tool to design the interface components. Status, menu bars, menu lists, F-key settings, functions and titles are the components of Menu painters. Screen painter and menu painter both are the graphical interface of an ABAP/4 applications. 14, What are the components of SAP scripts?- SAP scripts is a word processing tool of SAP which has the following components: Standard text. Iti like a standard normal documents, Layout sets. - Layout set consists of the following components: Windows and pages, Paragraph formats, Character formats, Creating forms in the R/3 system. Every layout set consists of Header, paragraph, and character string. ABAP/4 program. 15, What is ALV programming in ABAP? When is this grid used in ABAP? - ALV is Application List viewer. Sap provides a set of ALV (ABAP LIST VIEWER) function modules which ean be put into use to embellish the output of a report. This set of ALY functions is used to enhance the readability and functionality of any report output. Cases arise in sap when the output of a report contains columns extending more than 255 characters in length, In such cases, this set of ALV funetions can help choose selected columns and arrange the different columns from a report output and also save different variants for report display. This is a very efficient tool for dynamically sorting and arranging the columns from a report output. The report output can contain up to 90 columns in the display with the wide array of display options. 16, What are the events in ABAP/4 language?- Initialization, At selection-screen, Start-of-selection, end-of-selection, top-of-page, end-of-page, At line-selection, Atuser-command, At PF, Get, At New, AtLAST, AT END, AT FIRST. 17. What is CTS and what do you know about it?- The Change and Transport System (CTS) is a tool that helps you to organize development projects in the ABAP Workbench and in Customizing, and then transport the changes between the SAP Systems and clients in your system landscape. This documentation provides you with an overview of how to manage changes with the CTS and essential information on setting up your system and client landscape and deciding ona transport strategy, Read and follow this documentation when planning your development project. 18, What are logical databases? What are the advantages/ dis-advantages of logical databases?- To read data from a database tables we use logical database A logical database provides read-only access to a group of rel ABAP/4 program. Advantages: i)check functions which chef complete, correct,and plausible. ii) Meaningful data selectio authorization checks for database accesses. iv)good read ac Download while retaining the hierarchical data view determined by theadvantages: i)If you donot specify a logical database in the program attributes,the GET events never occur. ii)There is no ENDGET command,so the code block associated with an event ends with the next event statement (such as another GET or an END-OF-SELECTION) 19. What is a batch input session?- BATCH INPUT SESSION is an intermediate step between internal table and database table, Data along with the action is stored in session ie data for screen fields, to which screen it is passed, program name behind it, and how next screen is processed. 20. How to upload data using CATT ?- These are the steps to be followed to Upload data through CATT: Creation of the CATT test case & recording the sample data input. Download of the source file template. Modification of the source file. Upload of the data from the source file. 21. What is Smart Forms?- Smart Forms allows you to create forms using a graphical design tool with robust functionality, color, and more, Additionally, all new forms developed at SAP will be created with the new Smart Form solution. 22. How can I make a differentiation between dependent and independent data? - Client dependent or independent transfer requirements include client specific or cross client objects in the change requests. Workbench objects like SAPscripts are client specific, some entries in customizing are client independent. If you display the object list for one change request, and then for each object the object attributes, you will find the flag client specific. If one object in the task list has this flag on, then that transport will be client dependent. What is the difference between macro and subroutine? - Macros can only be used in the program the are defined in and only after the definition are expanded at compilation / generation, Subroutines (FORM) can be called from both the program the are defined in and other programs . A MACRO is more of less an abbreviation for some lines of code that are used more than once or twice. A FORM isa local subroutine (which can be called external). A FUNCTION is (more or less) a subroutine that is called external. Since debugging a MACRO is not really possible, prevent the use of them (I’ve never used them, but seen them in action). If the subroutine is used only local (called internal) use a FORM. If the subroutine is called external (used by more than one program) use a FUNCTION. How we format the data before before write statement in report ? We can format the reports output by using the loop events like: Lat first 2.at new 3.at last etc check docu What is the difference between Table and Template? table is a dynamic and template is a static ‘When do we use End-of-selection? End-of-selection event are mostly used? when we are writing HR-ABAP code. In the HR-ABAP code, data is retrived in the Start-of-selection event and Printing on the list and all will be? done in End-of-selection event. In events start-of-selection is default event. When we have to use explicitly? Why? The default event in the ABAP is Start-of-slection. We have to call films BLM WAAL (exe when you are writing other than ths event? , that is when you write SCREEN EVENTS OR INITIALIZATION EVENT etc,you have to the Start-of-selection event while you are writing the logicBefore these events called ,all the code you have written come into this default Start-of- selection screen event. What is the differences between ABAP and OOABAP. In which situation we use OOABAP? OOABAP is used to develop BSP/PCUI applications and also anthing involved object oriented like BADIs, SmartForms..cte.where as ABAP is used to develop traditional programs in R/3. What is table buffer’? Which type of tables used this buffer? buffer is nothing but a memory area. table is buffered means that table information is available on application server. when you call data from database table it will come from application server. transperent and pooled tables are buffered. cluster tables can not buffered. What is the use of pretty printer 2 Exactly where can we link the functional module to abap coding. Pretty Printer is used to format the ABAP Code we write in ABAP Editor like KEY WORDS in Capitals and remaining are in small letters which is also depend on system settings. We can call the function module in the ABAP Code .Press the Pattern button on Appl. tool bar then u will get box where u write the function module NAME which u want to call in the code by selecting the radio button CALL FUNCTION. In this way we link function module to ABAP Code. What is the difference between SAP memory and ABAP memory? Answerl: data sending between main sessions using get parameter and set parameter is sap memory data sending between internal sessions using import or export parameters is abap memory Answer2: sap memory is a global memory whereas abap memory is local memory. For example, we have four programs in abap memory and assigned some varibles to a particular program in abap memory then those varibles can't be used by anyother program in abap memory ice., the variables are only for that program and also local to that memory,whereas sap memory can access all the abap memory or else it can perform any kind of modifications. Answer3: SAP memory is available to the user during the entire terminal session, ABAP memory is available to the user during? life time? of? external session. What is the difference between Type and Like? Answerl: TYPE, you assign datatype directly to the data object while declaring. LIKE, you assign the datatype of another object to the declaring dat is referenced indirectly.the existing properties of already existing data object. Answers: type refers the existing data type like refers the existing data object What is Tcode SE16. For what is it used. Explain briefly? Answerl: SE16 is a T-code for object browser. Generally used to search the fields of SAP Tables . and respective data. Answer2: se16 is a data browse and it is used to view the contents of the table and we cannot change or append new fields to the existing structure of the table as we cannot view the structure level display using the se16 What are different ABAP/4 editors? What are the differences? The 2 editors are se38 and se80 both have the abap editor in place. In se38 you can go create programs and view online reports and basically do all thedevelopmet of objects in this editor. In se80 ( object navigator) there are additional features such as creating packages.module pool , function group ,classes, programs ( where you can create ur programs) and BSP applications What is difference between dialog program and a report? Report is a excecutable program Dialog is a module pool program.It has to be executed via a transaction only. Dialog programming is used for customization ofscreens How do you connect to the remote server if you are working from the office for the client in remote place. WAS web application server or ITS are generally used for this purpose. If you are sitting at your office with a server which is in the system and the other server is at the clients, place you can generate IDOC, intermidiate documents which carry the data you want to transfer or the documents you want to transfer, these IDOC are interpretted by the system at the recieving end with the message class with which it is bound with. If you want to logon a system which is very distant..then remote login can be used this depends on the internet speed, Explain about roll area , Dispatcher, ABAP-Processor. Answerl: Roll area is nothing but memory allocated by work process. It holds the information needed by R/3 about programs execution such as value of the variables. Dispatcher :All the requests that come from presentation server will be directed first to dispatcher. Further dispatcher sends this requests to work process on FIFO(First In and First Out) basis. Answer2: Dispatcher recieves the request from client and assigns the request to one of the work process Roll area: Each workprocess works in a particular memory that memory is known as Role Area, which consists of User context and session data. ABAP- Processor :is an interpretor which can execute logic Which one is not an exit comand ? (Exit, cencle, stop, back) STOP.Effect :The statement STOP is only to be used in executable programs EXIT. Effect :If the EXIT statement is executed outside of a loop, it will immediately terminate the current processing block. : This statement positions the list cursor on the first position of the first line in a logical unit. So "Canele" is not an exit command What is Field symbol ? Answerl: You can use field symbols to make the program more dynamic. In this example the name of a table control is substituted by a field symbol. Thus you cal call the form with any internal table, using the name of the table control as a parameter. Example form insert_row using p_te_name. field-symbols type extab_control. "Table control a sign (p_te_name) to * insert 100 lines in table control -lines = 100. Answer2: fieldsymbol has the same concept as pointer in e, fieldsymbol don't point to a data type like char, num instead of that it points to the memory block. the syntax for fieldsymbol is. FIELD-SYMBOL . EG. FOR FIELD SYMBOL. DATA: DAT LIKE SY-DATUM, TIM LIKE SY-UZEIT, CHAR(3) TYPE C VALUE 'ADF' FIELD-SYMBOL : . MOVE DAT TO . WRITE:/ . MOVE TIM TO . WRITE:/ . MOVE CHAR TO . WRITE:/ . The output will be Today's date current time What is lock object ? LockObjects used to synchornize access of several users using same data. Why BAPI need then BDC ? BAPI'S provide the standard interface to other applications apart from SAP and withindiffernt vesions of SAP too. Also it is OOD bases so dosen"t depends on screen flow BDC gets failed if we make changes for screen changes through IMG customization What are the advantages and disadvantages of using views in ABAP programming ? advantages: view is used to retrieve the data very fastly from the database tables *memory wastage is reduced *faster than joins to retrieve the data from database tables disadvantages: view is not a container,it will not hold the data *yiew memory is not permanent memory How data is stored in eluster table? A cluster table conatins data from mulitple DDIC tables. It stores data as a name value pair ( varkey, vardata) Have you used performance tuning? What major steps will you use for these? First of all tunning can be done In three ways: disk i/o .sql tunning , memory tunning, Before tuning u have to get the status of your database using Oracle utility called statpack , tkprof, then you should go for tunning How to create client independent tables? client independent tables: the table in which the first field is not mandt is the client independent tables *mandt is the field with mandt as the data element *automatically client which we login is populated to mandt What type of user exits have you written? there are four types 1 function exit 2.menu ixit 3.screen exit, A.field exit. these are the user exits What is a View ? = A view is a logical grouping of one or more tables. A view on one or more tables i.e, the data from a view is not actually physically stored instead being derived from one or more tables. A view can be used to summarize data which is distributed among several tables How are the types of Views? Database View (SE11) Database views are implement an inner join, that is, only records of the primary table (selected via the join operation) for which the corresponding records of the secondary tables also exist are fetched. Inconsistencies between primary and secondary table could, therefore, lead to a reduced selection set. In database views, the join conditions can be formulated using equality relationships between any base fields. In the other types of view, they must be taken from existing foreign keys. That is, tables can only be collected in a maintenance or help view if they are linked to one another via foreign keys. Help View (SES4) Help viows are used to output additional information when the online help system is called. When the F4 button is pressed for a sereen field, a check is first made on whether a matchcode is defined for this field. If this is not the case, the help view is displayed inwhich the check table of the field is the primary table, Thus, for each table no more than one help view can be created, that is, a table can only be primary table in at most one help view. Projection View Projection views are used to suppress or mask certain fields in a table (projection), thus minimizing the number of interfaces. This means that only the data that is actually required is exchanged when the database is accessed. A projection view can draw upon only one table, Selection conditions cannot be specified for projection views. Maintenance View ( SES4 ) Maintenance views enable a business-oriented approach to looking at data, while at the same time, making it possible to maintain the data involved. Data from several tables can be summarized in a maintenance view and maintained collectively via this view. That is, the data is entered via the view and then distributed to the underlying tables by the system. What is Locking ? - When two users simultaneously attempt to access the same data record, this is synchronized by a lock mechanism. When dialog transactions are programmed, locks are set and released by calling certain function modules. These function modules are generated automatically from the definition of so-called lock objects in the ABAP/4 Dictionary. To synchronize the access to a table by setting and removing locks, a Lock object has to be defined in the ABAP/4 Dictionary. Activating the lock object automatically creates #funetion modules for setting and removing locks. These function modules must be included when programming interactive transactions Lock Mechanism To set locks, a lock object must be defined in the ABAP/4 Dictionary. In this lock object, those tables in which data records are to be locked by calling a lock are determined. All tables included in a lock object must be connected to each other via foreign keys. The key fields of the tables in a lock object form the Lock arguments for the tables. The lock arguments are the basis for formulating the logical condition for identifying the records to be locked. When activating this lock object. two function modules with the names ENQUEUE_ and DEQUEUE_are generated. Example : Problem: ou wish to prevent a user from being able to change the name of a course or the name of the professor with responsibility for the course at a time when another user is editing the course description (which contains this information) Solution: The problem described above can be solved by defining a lock object E_UKURS. This is done by defining primary and secondary tables in the lock object. Table UKURS is check table of table UKRSB, so UKURS should be selected as primary table and UKRSB as secondary table of the lock object, The Lock argument in this case is the field combination FABNR, KRSNR, and SPRAS (i.e Primary Key Combination) The Lock mode Shared is to be selected here. This allows several users to access the data simultaneously in display mode, The lock mode in the generated function modules for setting (ENQUEUE_E_UKURS) and releasing (DEQUEUE_E_UKURS) locks is therefore set to shared as default, but can be overridden by calling the function modules. If the function module ENQUEUE_E_UKURS is called with FABNR = ‘1’ and KRSNR =*3',the record for course 3 in faculty | is locked in table UKURS. Furthermore, all the course descriptions for this course are locked in table UKRSB since field SPRAS was notspecified when the function module was called. In such cases, the lock is made generically for a field which is not defined. If the function module DEQUEUE_E_UKURS is now called with FABNR = ‘1’, KRSNR = °3' and SPRAS = ‘D’, the German course description is unlocked. All other course descriptions remain locked, What is database utility ? Database utility is the interface between the ABAP/4 Dictionary and the underlying the SAP system. The database utility is the interface between the ABAP/4 Dictionary and the relational database underlying the SAP system. You can call the database utility from the initial screen of the ABAP/4 Dictionary with Utilities ® Database utility. The database utility allows you to create, delete and convert objects from the ABAP/4 Dictionary in the database. MODULARIZATION What is Modularization and its benefits? If the program contains the same or similar blocks of statements or it is required to process the same function several times, we can avoid redundancy by using modularization techniques. By modularizing the ABAP/4 programs we make them easy to read and improve their structure, Modularized programs are also easier to maintain and to update. 1, What guarantees the integration of all application modules? The R/3 basis system guarantees the integration of all application modules. The R/3 basis s/w provides the run time environment for the R/3 applications ensures optimal integration, defines a stable architectural frame for system enhancements, and contains the administration tools for the entire system.One of the main tasks of the basis system is to guarantee the portability of the complete system. 2. What are the central interfaces of the R/3 system? Presentation Interface. Database Interface. Operating system Interface, 3. Which interface controls what is shown on the p.c.? Presentation Interface. 4. Which interface converts SQL requirements in the SAP development system to those of the database? Database Interface. 5. What is SAP dispatcher? SAP dispatcher is the control agent that manages the resources for the R/3 applications. 6. What are the functions of dispatcher? Equal distribution of transaction load to the work processes. Management of buffer areas in main memory Integration of the presentation levels. Organization of communication activities7. What is a work process? A work process is where individual dialog steps are actually processed and the work is done. Each work process handles one type of request. 8, Name various work processes of R/3 system? Dialog or Online (processes only one request at a time), Background (Started at a specific time) Update (primary or secondary) Enque (Lock mechanism) Spool (generated online or during back ground processing for printing). 9. Explain about the two services that are used to deal with communication. Message Service: Used by the application servers to exchange short internal messages, all system communications. Gateway Service: Enables communication between R/3 and external applications using CPL-C protocol, 10. Which work process triggers database changes? Update work process. 11, Define service (within R/3)? A service is a process or group of processes that perform a specific system function and often provide an application-programming interface for other processes to call. 12. What are the roll and page areas? Roll and page areas are SAP R/3 buffers used to store user contexts (process requests). The SAP dispatcher assigns process requests to work processes as they are queued in the roll and page areas. Paging area holds data from the application programs. Roll area holds data from previous dialog steps and data that characterize the user. 13. What are the different layers in R/3 system? Presentation Layer. Application Layer. Database Layer, 14. What are the phases of background processing? Job Scheduling. Job Processing.Job Overview. 15. What components of the R/e system initiate the start of background jobs at the specified time? The batch scheduler initiates the start of background job. The dispatcher then sends this request to an available background work process for pro 16. Define Instance. An instance is an administrative unit in which components of an R/3 systems providing one or more services are grouped together. The services offered by an instance are started and stopped at random. All components are parameterized using a joint instance profile. A central R/3 system consists of a single instance in which all-necessary SAP services are offered. Each instance uses separate buffer areas. 17. From hardware perspective, every information system can be divided into three task areas Presentation, Application Logic and Data Storage. The R/3 Basis software is highly suitable for use in multi-level client/server architectures. 18. What are R/3 Basis configurations? A central tem with centrally installed presentation software. Two-level client/server system with rolled out presentation software. Two-level client/server system. Presentation and Application run on the same computer. Three-level client/server system. Presentation, Application and database each run on separate computers. 19. What is a Service in SAP terminology? A service refers to something offered by a s/w component 20. What is Server in SAP terminology? A component can consist of one process or a group and is then called the server for the respective service. 21. What is a client in SAP terminology? A S/W component that uses the service (offered by a s/w component) is called a Client. At the same time these clients may also be servers for other services. 22.What is a SAP system? The union of all s/w components that are assigned to the same databases is called as a SAP system. 23. What is the means of communications between R/3 and external applications? via the CPI-C The means of communication between R/2,R/3 and external application: handler or SAP Gateway, using the CPI-C Protocol. 24. What is the protocol used by SAP Gateway process? The SAP Gateway process communicates with the clients based on the TCP/IP Protocol.25. Expand CPI-C. Common Program Interface Communication. 26. What is a Spool request? Spool requests are generated during dialog or background processing and placed in the spool database with information about the printer and print format. The actual data is places in the Tem Se (Temporary Sequential objects). 27. What are different types of Log records? V1 and V2. V1 must be processed before V2. But, we can have more than one V2 logs. 28, What are the types of Update requests? An update request can be divided into one primary (V1) and several Secondary update components (V2). Time-critical operations are placed in V1 component and those whose timing is less critical are placed in V2 components. Ifa V1 update fails, V2 components will not be processed. 29. Dialog work processes perform only one dialog step and then available for the next request. 30. Explain what is a transaction in SAP terminology. In SAP terminology, a transaction is series of logically connected dialog steps. 31. Explain how SAP GUI handles output sereen for the user. The SAP front-end s/w can either run on the same computer or on different computers provided for that purpose. User terminal input is accepted by the SAP terminal program SAP GUI, converted to SAP proprietary format and sent to the SAP dispatcher. The dispatcher coordinates the information exchange between the SAP GUIs and the work processes. The dispatcher first places the processing request in request queues, which it then processes. The dispatcher dispatches the requests one after another, to the available work process. The actual processing takes place in the work process. When processing is complete, the result of a work process is returned via the dispatcher to the SAP GUI. The SAP GUI interprets the received data and generates the output screen for the user. BDC 1. What is full form of BDC Session? Batch Data Communication Session. 2. What are the steps in a BDC session? The first step in a BDC session is to identify the screens of the transaction that the program will process. Next step is to write a program to build the BDC table that will be used to submit the data to SAP. The final step is to submit the BDC table to the system in the batch mode or as a single transaction by the CALL TRANSACTION command. 3. How do you find the information on the current screen? The information on the current screen can be found by SYSTEM 4 STATUS command from any menu.4. How do you save data in BDC tables? The data in BDC tables is saved by using the field name ‘BDC_OKCODE? and field value of */11" 5. What is the last entry in all BDC tables? In all BDC tables the last entry is to save the data by using the BDC_OKCODE and a field value of */1 6. What is a multiple line field? A multiple line field is a special kind of field which allows the user to enter multiple lines of data into it. 7. How do you populate data into a multiple line field? To populate data into a multiple line field, an index is added to the field name to indicate which line is to be populated by the BDC session (Line index). 8, Write the BDC table structure. BDC table structure FIELD TYPE DESCRIPTION Program CHAR (8) Program name of transaction, DynPro CHAR (4) Screen number of transaction. DynBegin CHAR (1) Indicator for new screen. Fnam CHAR (35) Name of database field from sereen, Fval CHAR (80) Value to submit to field. 9. Does the CALL TRANSACTION method allow multiple transactions to be processed by SAP? No. The CALL TRANSACTION method allows only a single transaction to be 10. Does the BDC-INSERT function allow multiple transactions to be processed by SAP? Yes. 11. What is the syntax for ‘CALL TRANSACTION"? CALL TRANSACTION trans [using bdetab MODE mode] Three possible entries are there for MODE. A = Show alll screens. E = Show only sereens with errors. N . Show no screens.What are the layers of data description in R/3? . The external layer. . The ABAP/4 layer. . The database layer. Define external layer? The external layer is the plane at which the u: and interacts with the data, that is, the data format in the user interface. This data format is independent of the database system used. Define ABAP/4 layer? The ABAP?/4 layer describes the data formats used by the ABAP/4 processor. Define Database layer? The database layer describes the data formats used in the database. What is a Data Class? The Data class determines in which table space the table is stored when it is created in the database. What is a Size Category? The Size category describes the probable space requirement of the table in the database How many types of size categories and data classes are there? There are five size categories (0-4) and 11 data classes only three of which are appropriate for application tables: + APPLO- Master data (data frequently accessed but rarely updated) . APPL1I- Transaction data (data that is nged frequently). + APPL2- Organizational data (customizing data that is entered when system is configured and then rarely changed). The other two types are: . USR . USR1 - Intended for customer’s own developments. What are control tables? The values specified for the size category and data cl values via control tables. are mapped to databs What is the function of the transport system and workbench organizer?The function of the transport system and the Workbench Organizer is to manage any changes made to objects of the ABAP/4 Development Workbench and to transport these changes between different SAP systems What is a table pool? A table pool (or pool) is used to combine several logical tables in the ABAP/4 Dictionary. The definition of a pool consists of at least two key fields and a long argument field (VARDATA). What are pooled tables? These are logical tables, which must be assigned to a table pool when they are defined. Pooled tables can be used to store control data (such as screen sequences or program parameters). What is a table cluster A table cluster combines several logical tables in the ABAP/4 Dictionary. Several logical rows from different cluster tables are brought together in a single physical record. The records from the cluster tables assigned to a cluster are thus stored in a single common table in the database. How can we access the correction and transport system? Each time you create a new object or change an existing object in the ABAP/4 Dictionary, you branch automatically to the Workbench Organizer or correction and transport system. Which objects are independent transport objects? Domains, Data elements, Tables, Technical settings for tables, Secondary indexes for transparent tables, Structures, Views, Matchcode objects, Matchcode Ids, Lock objects How is conversion of data types done between ABAP/4 & DB layer? Conversion between ABAP/4 data types and the database layer is done within the database interface, How is conversion of data types done between ABAP/4 & external level? Conversion between the external layer and the ABAP/4 layer is done in the SAP dialog manager DYNP. What are the Data types of the external layer? ACCP, Char, CLNT, CUKY, CURR, DATS, DESC, FLTP, INT1, INT2, INT4, LANG, LCHR, LRAW, NUMC, PREC, QUAN, RAW, TIMS, UNIT,VARC. What are the Data types of the ABAP/4 layer? Possible ABAP/4 data types: C: Character. D: Date, format YYYYMMDD. F: Floating-point number in DOUBLE PRECISION (8 bytes).I: Integer. N: Numerical character string of arbitrary length. P: Amount of counter field (packed; implementation depends on h/w platform), S: Time Stamp YYYYMMDDHHMMSS. V: Character string of variable length, length is given in the fi ‘st two bytes. X: Hexadecimal (binary) storage. How can we set the table spaces and extent sizes? in specify the extent sizes and the table space (phy’ ise) in which a transparent table is to be stored by s al storage area in the ting the size category and data ‘What is the function of the correction system? The correction system manages changes to internal system components. Such as objects of the ABAP/4 Dictionary. What are local objects? Local objects (Dev class$TMP) are independent of correction and transport system. What is a Development class? Related objects from the ABAP/4 repository are assigned to the same development class. This enables you to correct and transport related objects as a unit What is a data dictionary? Data Dictionary is a central source of data in a data management system. Its main function is to support the creation and management of data definitions. It has details about . what data is contained? . What are the attributes of the data? . What is the relationship existing between the various data elements What functions does a data dictionary perform? Ina data management system, the principal functions performed by the data dictionary are . Management of data definitions. . Provision of information for evaluation, . Support for s/w development. . Support form documentation. Ensuring that the data definitions are flexible and up-to-date. What are the features of ABAP/4 Dictionary? The most important features are: . Integrated to aABAP/4 Development Workbench. . Active in the runtime environment. ‘What are the uses of the information in the Data dictionary? The following information is directly taken from the Data dictionary: . Information on fields displayed with FI help. . Possible entries for fields displayed with F4 help. . Matcheode and help views search utilities, What are the basic objects of the data dictionary? . Tables : Domains = Data elements . Structures . Foreign Keys What are the aggregate objects in the data dictionary? = Views: . Match codes : Lock objects. In the ABAP/4 Dictionary Tables can be defined independent of the underlying database (TIP). True. ABAP/4 Dictionary contains the Logical definition of the table. A field containing currency amounts (data type CURR) must be assigned to a reference table and a reference field. Explain, Asa reference table, a system containing all the valid currencies is assigned or any other table, which contains a field with the currency key format, This field is called as, reference field. The assignment of the field containing curreney amounts to the reference field is made at runtime. The value in the reference field determines the currency of the amount. A field containing quantity amounts (data type QUAN) must be assigned to a reference table and a reference field. Explain?As areference table, a system table containing all the valid quantity units is assigned or any other table, which contains a field with the format or quantity units (data type UNIT). This field is called as reference field. The assignment of the field containing quantity amounts to the reference field is made at runtime. The value in the reference field determines the quantity unit of the amount. What is the significance of Technical settings (specified while creating a table in the data dictionary)? By specifying technical settings we can control how database tables are created in the database. The technical settings allows us to . Optimize storage space requirements . Table access behavior. . Buffering required, : Changes to entries logged What is a Table attribute? The table’s attributes determine who is responsible for maintaining a table and which types of access are allowed for the table. The most important table attributes are: . Delivery class. : Table maintenance allowed. : Activation type. What is the significance of Delivery Clas . The delivery class controls the degree to which the SAP or the customer is responsible for table maintenance. : Whether SAP provides the table with or without contents, . Determines the table type. . Determines how the table behaves when it is first installed, at upgrade, when it is transported, and when a client copy is performed What is the max. no. Of structures that can be included in a table or structure. Nine. What are two methods of modifying SAP standard tables? . Append Structures and . Customizing Includes. What is the difference between a Substructure and an Append Structure? . In case of a substructure, the reference originates in the table itself, in the form of a statement include. . In case of an append structure, the table itself remains unchanged and the reference originates in the append structure.To how many tables can an append structure be assigned. One. Ifa table that is to be extended contains a long field, we cannot use append structures why? Long fields in a table must always be located in the end, as the last field of the table. Ifa table has an append structure the append line must also be on the last field of the table. Can we include customizing include or an append structure with Pooled or Cluster tables? No. What are the two ways for restricting the value range for a domain? . By specifying fixed values. . By stipulating a value table. Structures can contain data only during the runtime of a program (T/F) True. What are the aggregate objects in the Dictionary? . Views . Match Code. . Lock Object. What are base tables of an aggregate object? The tables making up an aggre aggregate object. te object (primary and secondary) are called The data of a view is not physically stored, but derived from one or more tables (Uf) True. What are the 2 other types of Views, which are not allowed in Release 3.0? . Structure Views . Entity Views. What is a Match Code? Match code is a tool to help us to search for data records in the system. Match Codes. are an efficient and user-friendly search aid where key of a record is unknown. What are the two levels in defining a Match Code? . Match Code Object. . Match Code Id.‘What is the max no of match code Id’s that can be defined for one Match code object? A match code Id is a one character ID that can be a letter or a number. Can we define our own Match Code ID's for SAP Matchcodes? Yes, the number 0 to 9 are reserved for us to create our own Match Code Ids for a SAP defined Matchcode object. What is an Update type with reference to a Match code ID? IF the data in one of the base tables of a matchcode ID changes, the matehcode data has to be updated. ‘The update type stipulates when the matchcode is to be updated and how it is to be done. The update type also specifies which method is to be used for Building matchcodes. You must specify the update type when you define a matcheode ID. Can matchcode object contain Ids with different update types? Yes. What are the update types possible? The following update types are possible . Update type A: The matcheode data is updated asynchronously to database changes. . Update type S: The matchcode data is updated synchronously to database changes . Update type P: The matchcode data is updated by the application program. . Update type I: Access to the matcheode data is managed using a database view. . Update type L: Access to the matchcode is achieved by calling a function module. What are the two different ways of building a match code object? A match code can be built in two different wi . Logical structure: The matcheode data is set up temporarily at the moment when the match code is accessed, (Update type I, k). . Physical Structure: The match code data is physically stored in a separate table in the database. (Update type A, S, P). ‘What are the differences between a Database index and a match code? . Match code can contain fields from several tables whereas an index can contain fields from only one table. . Match code objects can be built on transparent tables and pooled and cluster tables. ‘What is the function of a Domain? . A domain describes the technical settings of a table field.: A domain defines a value range, which sets the permissible data values for the fields, which refers to this domain. . A single domain can be used as basis for any number of fields that are identical in structure. Can you delete a domain, which is being used by data elements? No. What are conversion routines? . Non-standard conversions from display format to sap internal format and vice- versa are implemented with so called conversion routines. What is the function of a data element? A data element describes the role played by a domain in a technical context. A data clement contains semantic information. Can a domain, assigned to a data element be changed? Yes. We can do so by just overwriting the entry in the field domain, Can you delete data element, which is being used by table fields. No. Can you define a field without a data element? Yes. If you want to specify no data clement and therefore no domain for a field, you can enter data type and field length and a short text directly in the table maintenance, What are null values? If the value of a field in a table is undefined or unknown, it is called a null value. What is the difference between a structure and a table? Structures are constructed the almost the same way as tables, the only difference using that no database table is generated from them. What is a view? A view is a logical view on one or more tables. A view on one or more tables ice., the data from a view is not actually physically stored instead being derived from one or more tables. How many types of Views are there? . Database View . Help View . Projection View * Maintenance ViewWhat is Locking? When two users simultaneously attempt to access the same data record, this is synchronized by a lock mechanism. What is database utility? Database utility is the interface between the ABAP/4 Dictionary and the underlyi SAP system. ‘What are the basic functions of Database utility? The basic functions of database utility are: . Create database objects. . Delete database objects. . Adjust database objects to changed ABAP/4 dictionary definition. What is Repository Info. Systems? Itis a tool with which you can make data stored in the ABAP/4 Dictionary available. Does every ABAP/4 have a modular structure? ‘Yes. What is Modularization and its benefits? If the program contains the same or similar blocks of statements or it is required to process the same function several times, we can avoid redundancy by using modularization techniques. By modularizing the ABAP/4 programs we make them easy to read and improve their structure, Modularized programs are also easier to maintain and to update. Name the ABAP/4 Modularization techniques. Source code module. . Subroutines. . Functions. How can we create callable modules of program code within one ABAP/4 program? By defining Macros. : By creating include programs in the library. M is the attribute type of the module program. Is it possible to pass data to and from include programs explicitly? No. If it is required to pass data to and from modules it is required to use subroutines or function modules. What are subroutines?Subroutines are program modules, which can be called from other ABAP/4 programs or within the same program. What are the types of Subroutines? Internal Subroutines: The source code of the internal subroutines will be in the same ABAP/4 program as the calling procedure (internal call). External Subroutines: The source code of the external subroutines will be in an ABAP/4 program other than the calling procedure. Itis not possible to create an ABAP/4 program, which contains only Subroutines (T/F). False. A subroutine can contain nested form and endform blocks. (T/F) False. Data can be passed between calling programs and the subroutines using Parameters. What are the different types of parameters? Formal Parameters: Parameters, which are defined during the definition of subroutine with the FORM statement. Actual Parameters: Parameters which are specified during the call of a subroutine with the PERFORM statement. How can one distinguish between different kinds of parameters? Input parameters are used to pass data to subroutines. Output parameters are used to pass data from subroutines What are the different methods of passing data? Calling by reference: During a subroutine call, only the address of the actual parameter is transferred to the formal parameters. The formal parameter has no memory of its own, and we work with the field of the calling program within the subroutine. If we change the formal parameter, the field contents in the calling program also changes. Calling by value: During a subroutine call, the formal parameters are created as copies of the actual parameters. The formal parameters have memory of their own. Changes to the formal parameters have no effect on the actual parameters. Calling by value and result: During a subroutine call, the formal parameters are created as copies of the actual parameters, The formal parameters have their own memory space. Changes to the formal parameters are copied to the actual parameters at the end of the subroutine. ‘The method by which internal tables are passed is By Reference. 16. How can an internal table with Header line and one without header line be distinguished when passed to a subroutine’ Itab [] is used in the form and endform if the internal table is passed with a header line.What should be declared explicitly in the corresponding ABAP/4 Statements to access internal tables without header lines & why? Work Area. This is required as the Work Area is the interface for transferring data to and from the table. A subroutine can be terminated unconditionally using EXIT. (T/F) True. A subroutine can be terminated upon a condition using CHECK Statement. Function Modules are also external Subroutines. (T/F). True. What is the difference between the function module and a normal ABAP/4 subroutine? In contrast to normal subroutines function modules have uniquely defined interface. Declaring data as common parts is not possible for function modules. Function modules are stored ina central library. What is a function group? A function group is a collection of logically related modules that share global data with each other. All the modules in the group are included in the same main program. When an ABAP/4 program contains a CALL FUNCTION statement, the system loads the entire function group in with the program code at runtime. Every function module belongs to a function group. What is the disadvantage of a call by reference? During a call by reference damage or loss of data is not restricted to the subroutine, but will instantly lead to changes to the original data objects A function module can be called from a transaction screen outside an ABAP/4 program. (TIF). True. What is an update task? Itis an SAP provided procedure for updating a database. What happens if a function module runs in an update task? The system performs the module processing asynchronously. Instead of carrying out the call immediately, the system waits until the next database update is triggered with the ‘COMMIT WORK’ command. The function modules are created and stored in the Function Library When a function module is activated syntax checking is performed automatically. (Y/N) True. ‘What is the use of the RAISING exception?The raising exception determines whether the calling program will handle the exception itself or leave the exception to the system. What is the difference between internal tables and extract datasets? The lines of an internal table always have the same structure, By using extract datasets, you can handle groups of data with different structure and get statistical figures from the grouped data, You have to define the structure of the internal table at the beginning. You need not define the structure of the extract dataset, In contrast to internal tables, the system partly compresses exact datasets when storing them. This reduces the storage space required. : Internal tables require special work area for interface whereas extract datasets do not need a special work area for interface. Itis possible to assign a local data object defined in a subroutine or function module to a field group. (T/F). False. What is the difference between field-group header and other field groups? The header field group is a special field group for the sort criteria. The system automatically prefixes any other field groups with the header field group. Cana filed occur in several field groups Yes, But it leads to unnecessary data redundaney. When sorting the extract dataset the fields used as default sort key lie in the Header field group. What does the insert statement in extract datasets do? It defines the fields of a field group What does the extract statement do in extract datasets? The data is written to virtual memory by extract commands. A field-groups statement or an insert statement reverses storage space and transfers values. (T/F) False. While using extract datasets it is required to have a special workarea for interface (T/F) False. The LOOP-ENDLOOP on extract datasets can be used without any kind of errors (T/F) False, It causes runtime errors. ‘The Maximum no of key fields that can be used in a header is 50. While sorting field groups we cannot use more than one key field (T/F). ——————False While sorting, if the main storage available is not enough, the system writes data to an external help file. The SAP profile parameter, which determines this help file, is DIR_SORTTMP. 43. The extract statements in field groups can be used before or afer processing the sort statements. (T/F) PALSE. REPORT GENERATION ~ FORMATTING The alignment of a type ‘e” field in a report is left Aligned. In the statement Write:/15(10) Ofal-lifnr. what do the number 15 and 10 stand for 15 stand for the offset on the screen and 10 stands for the field length displayed. 3. Specify the default alignment for the following field types: *-Left. “D’ — Left, ‘F’-Right, ‘N’-Left, ‘I’-Right, ° Ifs_time has the value 123456” how would you get an output of 12:34:56 with a single “Write:’ statement. Write:s_time using edit mask In order to suppress the leading zeroes of a number field the keywords used are NO- ZERO. The total no of date formats that can be used to display a date during output is MM/DD/YY, DD/MM/YY, DD/MM/YYYY, MM/DD/YYYY, MMDDYY, DDMMYY, YYMMDD. ‘The UNDER Command allows for vertical alignment of fields one below the other. In order to concatenate strings only for output purposes the command NO-GAP can be used in conjunction with the “Write” statement. The no of decimal places for output can be defines within a write statement. (T/F). TRUE. Write:/ decimals 2 Data can be moved from one field to another using a ‘Write:* Statement and stored in the desired format. (T/F). TRUE. Write: Date_1 to Date_2 format DD/MM/YY. In the statement Write:/15(10) Ifal-lifir. The values 15 and 11 can also be defined by variables (T/F). False. Differentiate between the following two statements if any. ULINE. Write: sy-uline.No-difference, Except that uline is used outside the ‘Write’ Statement In order to skip a single line the number of lines need not be given as an assignment (T/F) TRUE. The “SKIP TO LINE line number” is dependent on the LINE-COUNT statement included in the report statement of the program. In order to skip columns the command used is POSITION . In order to have boldfaced text as output the command used is Write:INTENSIFIED. Background and foreground colors can be interchanged using the command Format Inverse. In order to restore the system defaults for all changes made with the format statement is Format Reset. Like ULINE the statement VLINE is used to insert vertical lines. (I/F). False. 20, Suppressing the number signs (+/-) is carried out using the addition NO-SIGNS to the Write statement. (T/F). False. If SY- ‘EIT has the value 6:34:45 it can be displayed as 063445 using No Edit Mask. If the variable “Text” has the value ‘ABCDEF? the output for the statement “Write:/Text+2(3)” will be “CDE” The fields specified by select-options and parameters statement cannot be grouped together in the selection screen. (T/F). False When calling an external report the parameters or select-options specified in the external report cannot be called. (T/F) FALSE, Selection Texts in the text elements of the program helps in changing the displayed names of variables in the parameters statement. Type F datatype cannot be used to define parameters. 27. Rounding off of values can be carried out using the write statement. (I/F). TRUE How would you define the exponents for a type ‘f” field? Exponent , How would you format the output as left, centered or right-justified using the write statement. Left-justified, Centered, Right-justified. If the same formatting options were used for a WRITE statement that follows the FORMAT statement, which settings would take precedence The settings in the Write Statement.For each new event, the system resets all formatting options to their default values (T/F) TRUE. A\ll formatting options have the default value OFF. (T/F). TRUE. How would you set the formatting options statically and dynamically within a report? Statically: FORMAT [ON|OFF].... Dynamically: FORMAT = =... The page footer is defined using the statement END-OF-PAGE. The processing block following END-OF-PAGE is processed only if you reserve lines for the footer in the LINE-COUNT option of the REPORT statement. (T/F) TRUE. To execute a page break under the condition that less than a certain number of lines is left on a page is achieved by RESERVE n lines ‘The RESERVE statement only takes effect if output is written to the subsequent page No blank pages are created and it defines a block of lines that must be output as a whole. (TIF). TRUE. To set the next output line to the first line of a block of lines defined with the RESERVE statement the statement BACK is used. What is the limit for the length of a page if the page length is not specified in the report statement, 60,000 lines. How would you start the printing process from within the program while creating a list? NEW-PAGE PRINT ON. ‘You can change the width of pages within list levels triggered by page breaks. (T/F). FALSE, Hotspots are special areas of an output list used to trigger events. (T/F) TRUE. To designate fields as hotspots at runtime, use FORMAT HOTSPOT = . Horizontal lines created with ULINE and blank lines created with SKIP can be formatted as hotspots. (T/F). FALSE. How would you suppress the display of a parameter on the selection sere Parameters

No-Display. Can you assign a matchcode object to a parameter? If so how? Yes. PARAMETERS

....... MATCHCODE OBJECT .. For each SELECT-OPTIONS statement, the system creates a selection table. (T/F) TRUE.To position a set of parameters or comments on a single line on the selection screen, you must declare the elements in a block enclosed by SELECTION-SCREEN BEGIN OF LINE. SELECTION-SCREEN END OF LINE How can Symbols or R/3 icons be output on the screen? WRITE AS SYMBOL. WRITE AS ICON. In the standard setting, you cannot create empty lines with the WRITE statement alone. (T/F). TRUE. REPORTING ~ GENERAL The system field, whi SY-SUBRC. \licates success or failure of a SQL operation, ible name at runtime in SELECT stat What is the syntax for specifying databa ent. NAME = ‘SPFLI°. SELECT * FROM (NAME). ENDSELECT. How do you read selected lines of database table into an internal table in packages of predefined size. SELECT * FROM INTO TABLE PACKAGE SIZE. Where n is variable. Name the WILDCARD characters which are used for comparisons & numeric strings. °%" and ‘= character strings In SELECT statements can you specify a variable in WHERE condition or a part of the condition, if so what is the syntax. SELECT * FROM [FROM ][FROM ].... TO MEMORY ID . The ID , which can be up to 32 characters long, identifies the data in memory. What are DATA CLUSTERS? You can group any complex internal data objects of an ABAP/4 program together in data clusters and store them temporarily in ABAP/4 memory or for longer periods in databases. You can store data clusters in special databases of the ABAP/4 Dictionary. These databases are known as ABAP/4 cluster databases and have a predefined structure Storing a data cluster is specific to ABAP/4. Although you can also access cluster databases using SQL statements, only ABAP/4 statements are able to decode the structure of the stored data cluster. Statements used to delete data objects in ABAP/4 memory FREE MEMORY [ID ]. How will you create a file on application server. Open dataset for output. ABAP/4 statement for opening a file on application server for reading Open dataset for input, How will you transfer data into a file in application server? Data fname(60) value ‘mY FILE” Data num type i. Open dataset fname for output. Do 10 times. Num = Num +1, Transfer num to fname. Enddo, —...,...ete. ‘Name the function modules to write data from an Internal Table to the Presentation Server. DOWNLOAD and WS_DOWNLOAD. Name the function module that ean be used to give information about files on Presentation Server and about its Operating System.WS_QUERY, Name the ABAP/4 key word, which is used to clear the Headerline of an Internal Table. CLEAR, Name the function modules to read data from Presentation Server into an Internal Table, UPLOAD and WS_UPLOAD. Name the ABAP/4 keywords to initialize an Internal Table with and without headerline. REFRESH . How to determine the attributes of an internal table? DESCRIBE TABLE [LINES ] [OCCURS ]. Name the ABAP/4 key word for searching a string in an Internal Table. SEARCH FOR The different options () for the search in an internal table are: ABBREVIATED Searches tablefor a word containing the character string specified in , where other charaeters might separate the characters. The first letter of the word and the string must be the same STARTING ATslinI> Searches table for , starting at line . <\linI> can be a variable. ENDING AT Searches table for upto line, can be a variable. AND MARK If the search string is found, all the characters in the search string (and all the characters, in between when using ABBREVIATED) are converted to upper case. What are the different attributes that can be assigned to a variant? The different attributes that can be assigned to a variant are. Description Enter a short, meaningful description of the variant. This may be upto 30 characters long, Background only Specify whether you want to use the variant in background processing only, or in online environment as well. Protected variant. Mark the field if you want to protect your variant against being changed by other users.Do not display variant. Mark this field if you want the variant name to be displayed in the catalog only, but not in the F4 value list. For the selections you cover in a variant, you can enter the following attributes: Type The system displays whether the field is a parameter or a select option. Protected Mark this field for each field on the selection screen you want to protect from being overwritten, Values that you mark this way are displayed to the users, but they cannot change them, that are they are not ready to accept input. Invisible If you mark this column, the system will not display the corresponding field on the selection screen the user sees when starting the report program. Variable Mark this column if you want to set the value for this field at runtime. Is it possible to create new dynamic programs during runtime of an ABAP/4 program? If so how? To create new dynamic programs during the runtime of an ABAP/4 program, you must use an internal table, For this purpose, you should create this internal table with one character type column and a line width of 72. You can use any method you like from Filling Internal Tables to write the code of your new program into the internal table. Especially, you can use internal fields in which contents are dependent on the flow of the program that you use to create a new one, to influence the coding of the new program dynamically. The following example shows how to proceed in principal: DATA CODE (72) OCCURS 10 APPEND ‘REPORT ZDYNI.” TO CODE. APPEND “WRITE/"Hello, | am dynamically created!”.? TO CODE. Two lines of a very simple program are written into the internal table CODE. In the next step you have to put the new module, in the above example it is a report, into the library. For this purpose you can use the following statement: Syntax INSERT REPORT FROM .