International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 12, No.

11, November 2021

Life Cycle Analysis of Milkfish Fingerlings Production in

Thailand
Prisna Pianjing and Jarunee Wites

 In Thailand, the data inventories about milkfish culture are

Abstract—This study revealed the results from a life cycle scarce. Thailand can produce the milkfish fry and fingerling
inventory of milkfish (Chanos chanos) fingerlings production in since 2002 by induction of eggs production in breeding
Thailand and a life cycle assessment (LCA). A scope of study cement tank. The Prachuap Khiri Khan Coastal Fisheries
was a gate -to-gate of milkfish fingerlings production. Life cycle
inventories were performed based on the production of
Research and Development Center which is a part of Thai
1,000,000 fingerlings. The assessments of environmental Department of Fisheries is the organization that produces the
impacts were global warming potential (GWP), acidification milkfish fry and supply the fingerlings [4]. The cultures of
potential (AP), eutrophication potential (EP). There were 5 milkfish in Thailand appear in the provinces that locate along
major stations of milkfish fingerlings production including the the coastal area. The Thai Department of Fisheries has used
brood stock, breeding, nursery, live feed, and support station. the marketing promotion to encourage consumption of
The brood stock station exhibited the highest GWP at 51,128.38
kg CO2 eq. The major source of GWP was from energy
milkfish by announcing that milkfish was the symbol fish of
consumption. The highest AP was from breeding station at Prachuap Khiri Khan province [4]. This could help to
12,794.75 kg SO2 eq. The major source was from energy used promote tourism and encourage tourists to try food prepared
for aeration and water pumping. The highest EP was from from milkfish [4]. The milkfish processing such as deboned
breeding station at 172,796.10 kg PO4 eq. The use of feeds that milkfish and fillet are produced by trained people in
contained lower fish meal and a good administration of feeding Prachuap Khiri Khan [4]. As for the initiative of the Thai
process could help to reduce the global warming potential. Department of Fisheries that the government attempts to
Application of alternative energy sources such as wind energy increase milkfish consumption, the need for milkfish fry and
could decrease global warming and acidification impact.
fingerlings will increase as a consequence. Therefore, the
Index Terms—Life cycle assessment, milkfish, fingerling sustainable production the fingerlings should be encouraged
production, Thailand. in order to prevent the environmental degradation from the
increase of fingerlings production.
Previous studies of environmental issues associated with
I. INTRODUCTION milkfish aquaculture in Philippine showed the significant
Milkfish (Chanos chanos) is one of the most important impacts relating to the high energy consumption and
aquaculture species among the countries in Asia including, nutrients releasing from the farms [5], [6]. However, from
Indonesia, Philippine, and Taiwan [1]. The cultivation of study of [5], the fries and fingerlings milkfish that were used
milkfish can contribute in marine, estuarine, or fresh water further for obtaining the adult milkfish were caught from
aquatic systems due to the fact it is the euryhaline fish that natural and the extensive fingerling production from
can survive in broad range of salinity of aquatic system [2]. man-made was not included. This reflects the need of
This provides the consistently increase in cultivations of man-made fingerlings production in order to decrease the
milkfish. The world production for milkfish has expanded capturing milkfish fries from natural sources and can be the
from 808.6 million tons in 2010 to 1041.4 million tons in alternative process that leads to the sustainable aquaculture.
2018 [3]. Culture of milkfish needs fingerlings that are Therefore, studying the environmental impact from milkfish
supplied from farms and catching the fries along the coastal fingerling production could be the useful data for
area [2]. However, the wild-caught milkfish fries have improvement of the missing gap of knowledge of milkfish
consistently decreased due to the decrease of natural brood aquaculture.
stocks [2]. Thus, productions of milkfish fries from farms However, there is no official data of milkfish production in
have increased in order to supply adequate fries for milkfish Thailand and there is no available data about life cycle
farming. The harvested milkfish are mostly marketed fresh, inventory of milkfish fingerlings production. The LCA is an
chill, deboned, smoked, and frozen. Philippine is the major important tool for evaluating environmental impact and
country that produces milkfish processing [2]. helping to identify the hot spot of environmental impacts
from the system. It is necessary to apply LCA to be a tool for
sustainable milkfish fingerlings production and represent the
data of milkfish inventory for further studies. This study was
Manuscript received February 13, 2021; revised May 31, 2021. This work aimed to evaluate the environmental impacts from the
was supported in part by the grant from National Research Committee Office production of milkfish fingerlings. The outcomes of this
of Thailand (NRCT). study can help to improve the fingerlings production system
P. Pianjing is with the College of Allied Health Science, Suan Sunandha
Rajabhat University, Bangkok, Thailand (e-mail: [email protected]). and reveal the point sources of significant environmental
J. Wites is with the School of Culinary Art, Suan Dusit University, impact.
Thailand (e-mail: [email protected]).

doi: 10.18178/ijesd.2021.12.11.1358 332

 International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 12, No. 11, November 2021

II. METHODOLOGY C. Functional Unit

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is the common tool that can In general, the functional unit of aquacultures should be set
help to contribute to creating the sustainable aquaculture as weight of product such as 1 ton of fish or 1 kg of fish [9].
system [7]. The 4 frameworks of LCA include goal and scope However, for the fingerlings production, the functional unit
of the LCA, life cycle inventory (LCI) analysis, life cycle setting could not be set as weight of fingerlings. Due to the
impact assessment (LCAI) and interpretation [8]. fact that the fingerlings will be sold as live fish from hatchery
unit and the farmers will buy the fingerlings as number of live
A. Goal
fingerlings and they will rear them in ponds or net cages as
The goal of this study was to evaluate the information of the amount of live fish/area. The hatchery units of several
natural resources using, energy consumption and fish species export their products as live fish larvae per year.
environmental burden derived from the milkfish fingerlings For example, the seabream and seabass hatchery units in
production unit by using LCA method. The outcome of this Greece reported their annual production of seabream around
study could help to provide the information of natural 8.0 million larvae and 25.5 million larvae of seabass [10].
resources consumption and the data base from this unit could Therefore, the functional unit of this study was the
help for setting the guidelines for decreasing the production of milkfish fingerlings process for 1 cycle which
environmental burden derived from milkfish fingerlings took 1 year to finish the process and produced around
production system. However, this study is a gate-to-gate 1,000,000 fingerlings. Although the time period of fish larvae
approach which focuses on the inputs, outputs and production takes for 4 -7 months, the maintenance of
environmental issue of the milkfish fingerlings production adequate brood stock should take place in order to supply the
system. The impact categories of adult milkfish culturing and new batch of eggs and new breeders [10]. Therefore, the
milkfish processing products were not included. The lacking cycle of milkfish fingerling production should include the
of feed composition data was the limitation of this study maintenance process of brood stocks which takes for 1
which were considered to use reference data that was year-round of fingerlings production. This study did not
contributed in Thailand. focus on the FCR due to the fact that the milkfish fingerlings
B. Scope and System Boundary were very fragile. It is not practical to weight the fingerlings
that were produced for selling as live fish for studying the
The study area is a Thai government work agency which is
FCR which may cause the fish die or deteriorate the fish body.
called Prachuap Khiri Khan Coastal Fisheries Research and
Nevertheless, the appropriate way of FCR study may apply
Development Center. This research center is a part of the
by setting the unit that specific for studying the FCR of
Thai Department of Fisheries as shown in Fig. 1. This center
fingerlings.
is the only one center that produces the fingerlings of
milkfish in Thailand. This study focused on the fingerlings
production system in the center and the scope of this study is
shown in Fig. 2. The milkfish fingerlings production system
comprises 5 major stations including, the brood stock station,
live feed station, breeding station, nursery station, and
support station. The nursery station comprises post larvae
rearing unit and fry rearing unit. In this study, emissions from
administration office and the using of electricity for lighting
within the whole farm were excluded. The transportation of
fish feed was excluded due to the lack of reliable data of the
location of feed suppliers and the transportation method such
as types of vehicles and distance from the suppliers to the
center.

Fig. 2. System boundary of milkfish fingerlings production.

D. Life Cycle Inventory Analysis (LCI)

In this study, a gate-to-gate inventory data were derived
from several sources and conducted based on ISO 14040 [11].
The primary data of sea water supply, type of fish feeding,
the amount of feeding, time spending for aeration, and water
pumping obtained from interviewing the officers on the site
during 2018 - 2019. The water parameters were collected
from effluent in each unit 3 times in wet and dry seasons
during 2018-2019. The data of nitrate, ammonia, and
phosphate concentrations were analyzed at the laboratory of
the Environmental Center of Suan Dusit University in
Fig. 1. The area of LCA of milkfish fingerlings production. Bangkok, Thailand.

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The percentage of fish feed nutrition including protein, and the equivalent factors of CO2 and NOx were 1 and 310
lipid, fiber and moisture were collected from labels on the respectively.
packaging of fish feed. The fish feed used in the center
showed only types of ingredients and percentage of nutritive TABLE II: NUTRITIVE VALUES OF FEED
Nutritional This study (%) Reference [12] (%)
values contained in the fish feed as shown in Table I. There
content
were several brands of commercial feeds using in this center protein 35 35
due to the fact that there is no specific fish feed for milkfish in Lipid 4 6
Thailand. Farmers usually use the commercial herbivorous Fiber 4 2.5
Moisture 11 Not available
fish feed or catfish feed to rear the milkfish. Therefore, the
Ash Not available 12
amounts of raw materials of fish feed were calculated based
on [12] which reported the data of shrimp feed that were TABLE III: PARAMETERS OF DRAINAGE SEA WATER OBTAINED FROM
produced in Thailand. The nutritive values of fish feed in this LABORATORY ANALYSIS
Parameters Station
study comprise protein 35%, lipid 4%, fiber 4% and moisture (mg/L±SD) Brood stock Breeding Nursery Live
11% as shown in Table II. It was similar to commercial feed
shrimp feed that was evaluated by the report of [12] as shown Suspended 126.56±3.15 140.33±0.950 149.00±6.575 -
in Table II. Reference [12] revealed that shrimp feed of 1 kg solid
NO3 0.930±0.050 0.025±0.005 0.000±0.00 -
contained protein 35%, lipid 6%, and fiber 2.5%. Based on PO4 0.001±0.000 0.005±0.002 0.005±0.001 -
[12], the feed emitted methane 0.0015 kg, carbon dioxide NH3 1.620±0.090 1.870±0.146 3.360±0.544 -
1.29 kg, nitrogen 0.0455 kg, and phosphorus 0.00199 kg.
Therefore, this study will calculate the outputs parameters of The amount of CO2, N2O, and CH4 emissions from
fish feed at the same rate of [12]. liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) combustion were calculated
The quantities outputs of total suspended solid, nitrate following the IPCC 2006 guideline [16]. The emission
(NO3), phosphate (PO4) and ammonia (NH3) were collected factors of CO2, N2O, and CH4 of LPG were 56100 kg CO2/TJ
from effluent in each unit for 3 times which were related to fuel, 0.1 kg N2O/TJ fuel, 1 kg CH4/TJ fuel respectively. The
the activities of each unit. The outputs of nutrients emissions low heating value (LHV) of LPG was 47.3 TJ/Gg [14]. The
were calculated based on the laboratory analysis results global warming potential from LPG combustion was
regarding the amounts of sea water discharged from each calculated according to equation (1) (2) and (3) as follows:
station. The concentrations of the parameters obtained from
laboratory analysis were shown in Table III. CO2 eq emission = CO2 emission + (N2O emission x 310)
+(CH4 emission x 21) (1)
E. Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)
The CML Baseline 2002 was used for impact assessment Gas emission = Σ(AD fuel x gas emission factor)/1,000,000(2)
method [13]. The impact categories were considered based
on a study of [7], [14]. The selected impact categories in this The AD fuel refers to the amounts of fuel that are burned to
study were global warming potential (GWP100; unit: kg CO2 be energy source (TJ/yr) and the AD fuel can be calculated as
eq), acidification potential (AP; unit: kg SO2 eq), and follow:
eutrophication potential (EP; unit: kg PO4 eq). These
categories have been reported to be the main environmental AD fuel = LPG used (kg/yr) x LHV (TJ/Gg) (3)
impacts of the aquaculture [7]. However, based on [14] the Note: TJ = Terajoule
net primary production (NPP) assessment was excluded due
to the lack of the fish weight and the specific value of carbon The acidification equivalent factors in term of kg SO2 eq
content in milkfish fingerlings. were considered based on [14]. The equivalent factors of SO2,
NOx were 1, and 0.5 respectively [14].
TABLE I: FEED INGREDIENTS
This study Reference [12] The eutrophication equivalent factors in terms of kg PO4
Fish meal Fish meal (34.19%) eq were considered based on [17] and the equivalent factors
By product from poultry Poultry meal (2.78%) of PO4, NO3, NH3, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were 1,
By product from sea food Cuttle fish meal (4.78%) 0.13, 0.35, 0.42 and 3.06 respectively.
Wheat flour Baked shellfish (0.34%)
Soy bean Shrimp shell meal (2.10%)
Fish oil Soy bean (17.12%)
Maize Wheat flour (28.78%) III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Broken rice Broken rice (0.34%)
Casava Rice bran extract (0.74%) Production of milk fish fingerlings in the Prachuap Khiri
Vitamin Kelp meal (0.74%) Khan Coastal Fisheries Research and Development Center
Mineral Wheat gluten (0.01%) usually ends within a year. The breeding process and
Food preservative Particle (8.08%) hatchery process took 5-6 months for production of
Water (0.74%)
fingerlings. However, rearing of brood stocks and some of
The emission factors (EF) of CO2, SO2 and NOx from unsold fingerlings remain continuously. Therefore, the inputs
electricity using were 589.25 g/kWh, 0.43 g/kWh and 1.28 and outputs parameters of each unit relating to fingerlings
g/kWh respectively [15]. The global warming equivalent production were determined based on 1 year duration.
factors in term of kg CO2 eq were considered based on [16] The five stations for production of milkfish fingerlings in
Thailand are as shown in Fig. 2. The data of selected water

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parameters analysis were shown in Table III. The activities in fingerlings with the size of 2-3 cm long that can be subjected
each unit, inputs, and outputs data are described below. to be cultured in ponds or sold to farmers. However, some of
Brood stocks of adult milkfish were reared in ponds that the residual fingerlings were cultured in the net cages in pond
were separated from the hatchery station. The milkfish that for 6 months and then they were moved out from net cages
are older than 1 year were selected to be reared in this unit and cultured in brood stock ponds. Due to the fact that there
until they were 3-5 years old which prompt to be the breeders was no precise data to report on how much the fingerlings
for production of new generation of milkfish. There were 3 were sold for each cycle, this study will assume that all of the
ponds in this unit each of which approximately contained 200 fingerlings were sold out. It took 7 months to culture the
adult milkfish, and 1 pond for storage the sea water. The larvae, fries and fingerlings until the last batch of eggs
average of each milkfish body weight was 2 kg. The activities production. The farmers who came to buy the fingerlings at
of this unit were pumping of sea water into the pond and the research center took the milkfish fries to hatch in net
using surface aerators for oxygen supply. The milkfish were cages in ponds. In Thailand, most of juvenile milkfish are
fed twice daily with the feed that contain 35% of protein at cultured in combination with shrimp culture. The co-culture
the rate of 3% of body weight. The 80 kg/day of fish feed of milkfish and shrimp gives the advantage of water quality
were used for the whole unit. The volumes of sea water in all improvement in shrimp pond. However, until now, there is
ponds were 1,147,000 liters. The sea water in the ponds was no available data of the number of farmers who culture
discharged at 50% of the whole volume in each week. The milkfish with shrimp and there is no data of the milkfish
inputs data of this unit are summarized in Table IV. production in Thailand.
A live feed station supported the production of rotifer and Breeding, nursery and live feed stations received the water
green algae for the larvae of milkfish. The activities of this supply and aeration from the supporting units. The energy
unit were boiling the water for culturing the plankton, supply for water pumping machines and aerators came from
pumping water into the unit and using aerators for supplying the electricity from power plants that located outside the
oxygen. The inoculation room in this unit was contributed in research center. There were 11 centrifugal water pumping
the air conditioning room. A 20,000 BTU air condition was machines which were used for several points to bring sea
installed in the inoculation room and used for 8 hours/day. water into the process. The sea water used in the center came
The electricity and water in this unit were supplied by the from natural ditch that brings sea water from Prachaup Khiri
supporting unit. The drainage of used water in this station Khan Bay. Before supplying the sea water to breeding and
was recycled for another unit. Therefore, there was no data nursery stations, the water treatment processes including
of parameters derived from sea water drainage such as nitrate, precipitation and disinfection were contributed. The 20 g of
phosphate and ammonia. The 15 kg cylinder containing oxytetracycline/ton of water was used as the disinfected
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) was used for heating the water. chemical. However, we excluded the environmental impact
The 30 kg of LPG/month were used for production and of using this chemical due to the fact that it was too low in
seeding of the plankton. In 1 day, the larvae of milkfish comparison with the other input parameters. The inventories
consumed 100 g of water containing rotifer and green algae data from the supporting unit were evaluated by aggregating
and they consumed the plankton for 10 – 15 days. the activities with other units.
The hatchery activities comprised breeding station, larvae, The commercial catfish feed was the major feed used in
and fry nursery units. The 300 mature milkfish that were 5 this center. The feeds were bought from several suppliers and
years old were taken to be reared in the cement tanks as the there was no precise time of ordering and there were no
breeders. The average body weight of each brood stock was precise methods of transportation to the center. The empty
around 2 kg. In 1 cycle of fingerlings production, the mature feed bags were sold for recycling and they were moved out
milkfish bred during March – June and spawned the eggs from the research center by several buyers. Therefore, this
during mid night. The 3,200,000 eggs were produced and the study excluded the transportation of feed and the amount of
survival rate after hatching out was 40%. It took 28-30 hours solid waste occurring from the using of feed.
for the eggs to hatch out. The 1,000,000 fingerlings were The environmental impact of milkfish fingerlings
produced in 1 cycle of production. The mature milkfish were production is shown in Table V. The brood stock and
cultured for 8 years; after that the new mature milkfish would breeding stations exhibited the high level of environmental
be taken to the breeding unit. This unit drained the sea water impact in comparison with nursery and live feed stations.
every day and the new sea water from supporting units was According to the Table V and Fig. 3, the brood stock station
supplied. The mature milkfish were fed at the rate of 3 % of exhibited highest global warming potential at 37.57%. The
body weight twice a day. In this unit the aerators were used highest impact of acidification was found to be at 37.95%
to supply oxygen for the fish. from breeding unit. The highest eutrophication impact was
During the spawning period, the fish eggs were found to be at 89.02 % from breeding unit.
consistently collected and moved to nursery tanks for the The nursery station and live feed station showed lower
hatchery process. The hatched eggs were reared in the cement environmental impacts in all categories. The major activities
tanks until they became the fries and fingerlings. The larvae in the brood stock station and breeding station were the using
were fed with rotifers and green algae for 10 days as already energy for aerators and water pumping. The major causes of
mentioned. After 10 days, the larvae became the fries and GWP and AP in this study were from energy consumption.
they were fed with fish feed that was specific for fish fries. The marine fish hatchery unit is a very intensive system that
The milkfish fries were fed 3-4 times/day at the rate of 100 needs high amount of energy demand in order to contribute to
g/day. It took 30 days of fries culturing to become the the optimum environmental condition such as oxygen supply

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and good water quality for the fish larvae [10]. The uses of The effect from fish feed was found to be at 42.56% for
aerators and water pumping machines were the causes of GWP. The highest global warming impact from the feed was
greenhouse gases emissions. In this study, energy found in the brood stock station due to the using of highest
consumption caused 57.44% for GWP and the highest energy amount of feed when compared to other stations. This finding
consumption was from the breeding unit. This unit is similar to the reports of [9] and [18] which indicated that
consumed high energy for water pumping and aerator. The fish feed was the main cause of environmental impact from
high energy consumption can cause the high cost of fish Nile tilapia farming. Types of feed ingredients affect the
production as well as environmental burden. The cleaner environmental impact due to the different production
technology of energy supply for milkfish fingerlings such as processes and raw material sources [9]. Several studies have
wind and solar energy should be addressed in order to indicated that the main global warming impact from fish feed
decrease the environmental impact. were contributed by major composition including fish meal
and soy bean [9], [14], [18]. Several studies have suggested
replacing the fish meal by using soy bean or protein from
plants in order to decrease carbon emission [14], [18]-[20].
However, a study of [14] proposed that substitution of fish
derived composition with plant ingredients does not improve
significant global warming impact. Reference [14] suggested
using by-products from fish meal instead of standard fish
meal for more significant improvement of global warming
impact. However, using of fish by-products can lead to
increase eutrophication impact due to high content of dietary
phosphorus in fish by-products [14]. Therefore, it is
important to remind that replacing of some ingredients in fish
feed may not give advantage in all impact categories. Hence,
Fig. 3. Impact contributions from the process of production of 1 cycle of substitution of major ingredient by new materials should
milkfish fingerlings. consider all aspects of environmental impact.
TABLE IV: INPUTS AND OUTPUTS PARAMETERS INVENTORY AT MILKFISH The eutrophication impact found in this study were
FINGERLINGS PRODUCTION CENTER contributed by the NO3, PO4 and NH3 discharged from each
parameters stations unit. These nutrients are the most common water parameters
of aquafarm that are monitored in all regions [21]. The
Brood Breeding Nursery Live breeding station exhibited the highest eutrophication impact
stock feed
which was related to the highest amount of releasing the sea
Inputs water. NH3 discharged from the breeding station was the
Sea water 1,147,000 1,200,000 20,000 10,000 main cause of eutrophication impact. The fish feed is the
storage/unit main import nutrients to the farming system and exhibited
(liter)
significant impact to eutrophication effect [21]. With regard
Adult milkfish 600 300 - -
(Number of fish in
to studies of [9] and [18], it might be assumed that the
unit) eutrophication impact in this study was mainly contributed
by fish feed. However, using of nutrients concentrations from
Fish eggs - 3,400,000 - -
water analysis as the parameters for eutrophication
Fingerlings - - 1,000,00 - determination may lead to the unreliable result due to the fact
(Number of fish) 0
that the parameters from water analysis exhibit the high
Fish feed (kg/yr.) 29,200 14600 21 - variation in sampling technics and analysis methods which
Electricity (kWh) 12,718 29,711 17,692.5 18,177 require validation and regular water sampling from the study
site [21]. Using of nutrient-balance based model as proposed
LPG (kg/yr.) - - - 360 by [21] may give the alternative result of nutrients emission.
The proposed model suggested using a calculation method
Oxytetracyclin 21.9 1.095
(kg/yr.) which was related to the contents of P, N, digested nutrient in
feed and using the ambient NH3 as well as river flow
Outputs characteristic to determine nutrient emission. However, this
Sea water drainage 29.822 146 5.84 0.12
study did not use the nutrient-balance method due to the fact
(Million liter/yr.)
that the result of data inventory cannot take the reliable feed
Suspended solid 3,774.27 21,754 2.24 - compositions, feed consumed rate, FCR and the flow of
(ton/yr.)
water in the ditch. However, further studies on the nutrient
NO3 (kg/yr.) 27,913.39 14.6 0.4 - balance base should be addressed for the eutrophication
determination in order to contribute the alternative method
PO4 (kg/yr.) 29.82 730 0.08 - for impact assessment.
The using of high volume of sea water in each unit
NH3 (kg/yr.) 48,311.64 490,560 29.92 -
reflected the high demand of good quality of sea water and
the high level of water pollution emission. Hence, recycling

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appreciate the kindness of the Director of Prachuap Khiri February 2005.
Khan Coastal Fisheries Research and Development Center
for providing the accommodation and we appreciate the Copyright © 2021 by the authors. This is an open access article distributed
under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted
kindness of all the officers in the research center for their
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original
advices and helping to collect the data. work is properly cited (CC BY 4.0).

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 International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 12, No. 11, November 2021

Prisna Pianjing was born in Thailand. She is an Jarunee Wites was born in Thailand. She is an
assist. prof. of public health program, College of instructor of home economics program, School of
Allied Health of Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University. Culinary Art, Suan Dusit University. She graduated
She graduated with her master degree in with her Master degree in home economics from
environmental science from Kasetsart University and Kasetsart University, Thailand.
graduated with her Ph.D in environmental engineering She started to work as an instructor in 2012 at
and management from Asian Institute of Technology, School of Culinary Art, Suan Dusit University. She
Thailand . Dr. Pianjing received the ADB scholarship focuses on research about contribution of new menus
from Chulabhorn Research Institute for studying for her Ph.D. from fish and investigates the nutritive value. She
She started her career after graduating with Ph.D at the environmental also is interested in milkfish processing and she has expertise in deboned
science program in Suan Dusit University in 2012. She moved to Suan milkfish. Her latest article is “Development of Thai Food Recipes from
Sunandha Ratjabhat University in 2017. She is interested in environmental Milkfish (Chanos chanos (Forskal, 1775))” published in Journal of Home
issues such as LCA, ecology, environmental toxicology, health risk Economic, Volume 62, Number 3, September – December 2019. She
assessment, food and nutrition. She has received the research grants from received the research grants from NRCT about Development of Thai
NRCT every year since 2012 to 2020. Desserts from Nile tilapia, Development Thai Food from Milkfish, and
Development of Soft Drinks Using Stevioside to Substitute for Sugar in 2012,
2017 and 2018 respectively.

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