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 8. Sometimes, atoms gain or lose particles. The loss of which of the following would result
in a change of overall electrical charge?
A) protons only
B) electrons only
C) neutrons only
D) protons or neutrons E)
protons or electrons F)
neutrons or electrons

9. The most common isotope of oxygen has 8 protons and an atomic mass of 16. How
many neutrons are present in the oxygen nucleus?
A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8
E) 10

10. The most common isotope of oxygen has 8 protons and an atomic mass of 16. How
many electrons are present in the orbitals around an atom of oxygen?
A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8
E) 10

11. The most common isotope of oxygen has an atomic mass of 16 (16O). An isotope with
an atomic mass of 18 (18O) is also stable. How many valence electrons are present in
18
O?
A) fewer than in 16O
B) more than in 16O
C) the same as in 16O
D) None of the other answer options is correct.

14
12. C is an isotope of carbon that possesses:
A) 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 2 electrons.
B) 6 protons, 8 neutrons, and 6 electrons.
C) 8 protons, 6 neutrons, and 2 electrons.
D) 6 protons, 2 neutrons, and 6 electrons.
E) 6 protons, 8 neutrons, and 2 electrons.

Page 2
13. Using the periodic table in Fig. 2.3, select the element that would be found in LEAST
abundance in a living cell.

A) hydrogen (H)
B) sodium (Na)
C) phosphorous (P)
D) zinc (Zn)
E) silicon (Si)

14. How many electron orbitals does a carbon atom possess?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 5
D) 6
E) 12

15. What differentiates isotopes of the same element?

A) protons
B) neutrons
C) electrons
D) charge

Page 3
16. You discover an isotope of an element that has 6 electrons in its second and outermost
shell, 8 protons, and 6 neutrons. What element is it?
A) fluorine (F)
B) carbon (C)
C) nitrogen (N)
D) oxygen (O)

17. What would happen to an atom's atomic mass and electric charge if it gained or lost a
proton, a neutron, or an electron?

18. The atom:

A) is the basic unit of matter.
B) is the unit of composition for elements.
C) contains protons, neutrons, and electrons.
D) has negatively charged particles circling around a positively charged nucleus.
E) All of these choices are correct.

19. The designation of a magnesium ion as Mg2+ indicates an atom that has:
A) two more protons than neutrons.
B) lost two electrons and is negatively charged.
C) lost two electrons and is positively charged.
D) gained two protons and is positively charged.
E) gained two protons and is negatively charged.

20. The basic unit of matter is referred to as a(n) _.

21. The negatively charged components of atoms are referred to as:

A) protons.
B) electrons.
C) anions.
D) neutrons.
E) cations.

22. For the first three rows of the periodic table, elements in the same row have the same
number and type of electron orbitals.
A) True
B) False

Page 4
23. Which one of the following pairs would be classified as isotopes of each other?
A) H and H+
B) Na + and Cl–
C) C and Si
D) 12C and 13C
E) H and H+, Na+ and Cl–, C and Si, 12C and 13C

24. Nitrogen and phosphorus are in the same column of the periodic table. They have
similar properties in bonding with other molecules because they have the same number
of:
A) electrons.
B) paired electrons.
C) valence electrons.
D) electron shells.

25. What percentage of carbon's orbitals is spherical in conformation?

A) 0%
B) 20%
C) 40%
D) 80%
E) 100%

26. Which one of the following contributes to the measurement referred to as atomic mass?
A) protons and electrons
B) electrons and neutrons
C) protons, electrons, and neutrons
D) protons and neutrons
E) neutrons only

27. Which component of an atom has the SMALLEST mass?

A) proton
B) neutron
C) electron
D) isotope
E) isomer

Page 5
28. Two elements within the same group:
A) occupy the same row on the periodic table of elements.
B) occupy the same column on the periodic table of elements.
C) have the same number of electrons in their outermost shell.
D) have different numbers of electrons in their outermost shell.
E) occupy the same column on the periodic table and have the same number of
electrons in their outermost shell.

29. Consider two carbon atoms, one represented as 14C and the other as 12C. Which of the
following statements is TRUE regarding these two atoms?
A) These carbon atoms have the same number of protons.
B) These carbon atoms have the same number of neutrons.
C) These carbon atoms have different numbers of electrons.
D) These carbon atoms have different numbers of protons.

30. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding elements?

A) Elements are composed of several different types of atoms.
B) Elements are only found in nature and cannot be created by humans.
C) Elements are still categorized according to Aristotle's early classifications.
D) Elements are composed of only one type of atom.
E) Elements are only found in inorganic substances and not in living organisms.

31. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding atomic mass?

A) The atomic mass is defined as the sum of electrons and neutrons in an atom.
B) The atomic mass can be used to differentiate between different isotopes of the
same element.
C) The atomic mass is synonymous with the atomic number.
D) The atomic mass is calculated by adding the total number of electrons, protons, and
neutrons in an atom.

32. Imagine that you have two different carbon atoms, one identified as 14C and the other as
13
C. These two carbon atoms:
A) are two different carbon isotopes.
B) have a different number of neutrons.
C) have a different number of protons.
D) are two different carbon isotopes and have a different number of protons.
E) are two different carbon isotopes and have a different number of neutrons.

Page 6
33. Where is the highest-energy electron found in an atom of hydrogen?
A) in the spherical orbital closest to the nucleus
B) in the second spherical orbital, a little farther from the nucleus
C) in the dumbbell-shaped orbital of the y-axis
D) in the dumbbell-shaped orbital of the x-axis
E) in the dumbbell-shaped orbital of the z-axis

34. Consider the two elements, sodium (Na) and magnesium (Mg), which occupy the same
row in the periodic table of elements. Sodium and magnesium atoms have:
A) a different number of orbitals.
B) the same atomic number.
C) different atomic masses.
D) the same number of electrons in their outermost orbitals.
E) different atomic masses and the same number of electrons in their outermost
orbitals.

35. Which of the following bonds rely on the attraction of positive and negative charges?
A) ionic bonds
B) covalent bonds
C) hydrogen bonds
D) ionic bonds and hydrogen bonds
E) ionic bonds and covalent bonds

Page 7
36. Refer to the periodic table, and decide which of the following molecules is held together
by ionic bonds.

A) NH3
B) CO2
C) KCl

Page 8
37. Refer to the periodic table, and decide which of the following molecules is held together
by polar covalent bonds.

A) NH3
B) CO2
C) KCl

Page 9
38. Refer to the periodic table, and decide which of the following molecules is held together
by nonpolar covalent bonds.

A) NH3
B) CO2
C) KCl

39. Of the following types of bonds between atoms, which is the STRONGEST?
A) ionic bond
B) hydrogen bond
C) covalent bond
D) van der Waals forces

40. A pair of atoms joined by a polar covalent bond:

A) has the charge spread evenly across both atoms.
B) has a slight positive charge on one atom and a slight negative charge on the other.
C) is unlikely to form hydrogen bonds with water.
D) mixes well with nonpolar solvents.

41. The ability of atoms to form bonds is due largely to electrons farthest from the nucleus.
These electrons are called electrons.

Page 10
42. Which one of the following elements would MOST likely have bonding properties
similar to nitrogen (N)? Consult the periodic table in Fig. 2.3 if necessary.
A) carbon (C)
B) silicon (Si)
C) phosphorus (P)
D) sulfur (S)
E) oxygen (O)

43. Which of the following accurately describes a polar covalent bond?

A) the interaction of a hydrogen atom connected to an atom with a high
electronegativity, and an electronegative atom of another molecule
B) the interaction of an atom with very high electronegativity, and an atom with very
low electronegativity
C) the unequal sharing of electrons between an atom with a partial positive charge,
and an atom with a partial negative charge
D) the equal sharing of electrons between atoms of identical or similar
electronegativities
E) None of the other answer options is correct.

44. Which one of the following is maintained during a chemical reaction?

A) the number of atoms present in the reactants
B) the identity of the atoms present in the reactants
C) the arrangement of chemical bonds present in the reactants
D) the number and identity of the atoms present in the reactants
E) the number and identity of the atoms, and the arrangement of chemical bonds
present in the reactants.

45. A pair of shared valence electrons is referred to as a(n):

A) ionic bond.
B) hydrogen bond.
C) van der Waals interaction.
D) covalent bond.
E) hydrophobic effect.

46. The ability of atoms to attract electrons is referred to as:

A) van der Waals attraction.
B) potential energy.
C) hydrophobicity.
D) cohesion.
E) electronegativity.

Page 11
47. An ionic interaction, such as the interaction between Na+ and Cl–, is considered a
covalent bond.
A) True
B) False

48. A(n) is a substance composed of two or more atoms.

49. The valence electrons of an atom are at the lowest energy level because their increased
distance from the nucleus reduces their attraction to the atom's protons.
A) True
B) False

50. The of a chemical reaction are transformed into different molecules called .
A) reactants; products
B) reactants; isomers
C) products; compounds
D) products; reactants
E) compounds; products

51. A polar bond is due to:

A) equal sharing of valence electrons.
B) an attraction of opposite charges.
C) uneven sharing of electrons in a covalent bond.
D) the interaction between an ion and a non-ionic atom.
E) None of the other answer options is correct

52. Hydrogen bonding is ultimately due to differences in between two atoms.

53. Which one of the following elements is likely to form exactly three non-ionic
interactions with hydrogen?
A) phosphorus
B) oxygen
C) carbon
D) sulfur
E) chlorine

Page 12
54. The structural formula for hydrogen gas (H2) is represented as H⎯H. Here, the dash
(⎯) represents a(n):
A) product.
B) reactant.
C) chemical reaction.
D) chemical bond.
E) electronegative bond.

55. Which of the following statements regarding an atom with high electronegativity is
TRUE?
A) It will have fewer protons than an atom with low electronegativity.
B) It will have a tendency not to attract electrons.
C) It will most likely be located on the left-most side of the periodic table of elements.
D) None of the other answer options is correct.

56. When two atoms form a covalent bond, they share electrons from all of their orbitals.
All of their orbitals, in turn, combine to form a single molecular orbital.
A) True
B) False

57. A young girl is staring at the raindrops running down her window. She notices that the
raindrops remain more or less intact, even as they cascade down the windowpane. This
is a result of:
A) covalent bonds between water molecules.
B) oxygen bonds between water molecules.
C) polar covalent bonds between water molecules.
D) hydrogen bonds between water molecules.
E) ionic bonds between water molecules.

58. Which of the following is an example of a hydrogen bond?

A) the bond that forms between a hydrogen and oxygen atom within the same water
molecule
B) the bond that forms between two hydrogen atoms within the same water molecule
C) the bond that forms between hydrogen and oxygen atoms within different water
molecules
D) the bond that forms between two hydrogen atoms within different water molecules
E) the bond that forms between two oxygen atoms within different water molecules

Page 13
59. A molecule of common table salt, or NaCl, is the result of bond forming between
a sodium (Na) atom and a chlorine (Cl) atom.
A) an ionic
B) a covalent
C) a polar covalent
D) a hydrogen
E) either an ionic or a polar covalent

60. An ionic bond is really a modified polar covalent bond, because two atoms ―share‖
electrons when one atom steals a valence electron from the other.
A) True
B) False

61. A woman's doctor tells her to gargle with salt water. She stirs a tablespoon of salt into a
cup of warm water and watches it dissolve. Why does the salt dissolve in water?
A) The positive hydrogen atoms in water molecules are attracted to chlorine ions.
B) The positive hydrogen atoms in water molecules are attracted to sodium ions.
C) The negative oxygen atoms in water molecules are attracted to chlorine ions.
D) The negative oxygen atoms in water molecules are attracted to sodium ions.
E) The positive hydrogen atoms in water molecules are attracted to chlorine ions, and
the negative oxygen atoms in water molecules are attracted to sodium ions.

62. Part of the reason why salt dissolves in water is that hydrogen bonds form between
water molecules and chlorine ions.
A) True
B) False

63. What is the chemical basis for water's role as the universal solvent?
A) Because water is polar, it disrupts most covalent bonds.
B) Because water is polar, it disrupts hydrogen bonds.
C) Because water is polar, it disrupts ionic bonds.
D) Because water is polar, it disrupts both covalent and hydrogen bonds.
E) Because water is polar, it disrupts both hydrogen and ionic bonds.

64. What is the chemical basis for water's role as the universal solvent?

Page 14
65. Several chemical properties make water uniquely suited for its role as a central
―molecule of life.‖ Which of the following is FALSE?
A) Hydrogen bonding leads to high cohesiveness between water molecules.
B) Water resists temperature changes.
C) Water molecules are always polar.
D) The structure of a water molecule is stabilized by hydrogen bonds.
E) Water is a good solvent of polar molecules and ions.

66. Describe three chemical properties of water that make it uniquely suited for its role as a
central ―molecule of life.‖

67. The association of individual water molecules with other water molecules is called
and occurs through bonds between water molecules.
A) adhesion; polar covalent
B) cohesion; polar covalent
C) cohesion; hydrogen bonds
D) adhesion; hydrogen bonds

68. The unique properties of water are due to the _ of water molecules and the ability
of water to form with other water molecules and with other polar molecules.
A) electronegativity; polar covalent bonds
B) polarity; polar covalent bonds
C) polarity; hydrogen bonds
D) hydrophobicity; hydrogen bonds

69. You have an aqueous solution with a pH of exactly 7.0. What would you add to make
the solution more acidic?
A) hydrogen chloride (HCl)
B) sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
C) sodium chloride (NaCl)
D) deionized water (dH2O)

70. You have an aqueous solution with a pH of 6.0. What would you add to make the
solution more basic?
A) Hydrogen chloride (HCl)
B) Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
C) Sodium chloride (NaCl)
D) Deionized water (dH2O)

Page 15
71. You have an aqueous solution with a pH of 8.0. You add sodium chloride to a
concentration of 1 gram per 100 milliliters. What happens to the pH?
A) It goes up.
B) It goes down.
C) It stays the same.
D) It depends on the temperature.

72. Complete the matching exercise below by choosing the CORRECT description of each
bond type in aqueous solution.

1. covalent bond
2. hydrogen bond
3. ionic bond

A. an interaction of a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom

B. an interaction between oppositely charged ions
C. electrons shared by atoms

73. Complete the matching exercise below by choosing the CORRECT strength of each
bond type in aqueous solution. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at
all.

1. covalent bond in aqueous solution

2. hydrogen bond in aqueous solution
3. ionic bond in aqueous solution

A. weak
B. strong

74. Which of the following is NOT a property of water?

A) contracts during freezing
B) floats when solid
C) is a good solvent
D) adheres to polar compounds
E) is a polar molecule

Page 16
75. Which statement BEST describes an effect of the low density of frozen water in a lake?
A) When water freezes, it contracts, decreasing the water level in the lake.
B) Water in a lake freezes from the bottom up, killing most aquatic organisms.
C) When water in a lake freezes, it floats, providing insulation for organisms below
the ice.
D) Water removes thermal energy from the land around a lake, causing the lake to
freeze.

76. Which one of the following represents the pH of a solution with the HIGHEST
concentration of hydrogen ions?
A) 1.0
B) 4.5
C) 7.0
D) 9.1
E) 11.5

77. In a solution that has pH = 7.0, the ratio of protons (H+) to hydroxide ions (OH–) equals
A) 70
B) 7
C) 1
D) 1/7
E) 1/70

78. A water molecule contains what type of bond?

A) hydrogen
B) ionic
C) polar covalent
D) van der Waals interactions

79. Which of the following statements about water is CORRECT?

A) Water is the most abundant molecule in living cells.
B) Water is a polar molecule.
C) Water has good solvent properties.
D) Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with other polar molecules.
E) All of these choices are correct.

Page 17
80. Which one of the following properties of water is primarily responsible for the ability of
trees to draw water up from the roots to the leaves?
A) polarity
B) density
C) solvent capability
D) cohesion
E) pH neutrality

81. Water is able to dissolve many compounds as a result of which of the following?
A) the fact that water molecules are polar
B) the fact that water molecules are nonpolar
C) the fact that the hydrogen atoms in water molecules have a slight negative charge
D) the fact that most nonwater molecules are hydrophobic
E) the fact that water molecules are polar, and that the hydrogen atoms in water
molecules have a slight negative charge

82. Which of the following statements about water is CORRECT?

A) Ice is less dense than liquid water.
B) Ice forms on top and sinks to the bottom of lakes and rivers.
C) Ice is more dense than liquid water.
D) Bodies of water freeze from the bottom up.
E) Water molecules in ice demonstrate a disorganized, non-lattice arrangement.

83. Water is neither hydrophilic nor hydrophobic, because these terms only define the
interaction of other molecules with water molecules.
A) True
B) False

84. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding a polar molecule?

A) A polar molecule is hydrophobic.
B) A polar molecule is hydrophilic.
C) A polar molecule will dissolve in water.
D) A polar molecule will not dissolve in water.
E) A polar molecule is hydrophilic and it will dissolve in water.

Page 18
85. Imagine you are looking at a bottle of salad dressing containing oil, vinegar, and water.
You notice that the oil sits on ―top‖ of the other liquids. This is due, in part, to the fact
that:
A) water is hydrophobic.
B) oil is hydrophilic.
C) vinegar is hydrophobic.
D) oil is hydrophobic.
E) water is hydrophobic and oil is hydrophilic.

86. A researcher has measured the pH of a solution, and found that the pH is 10. This
solution is , and has more compared with .
A) basic; protons; hydroxide ions
B) basic; hydroxide ions; protons
C) acidic; protons; hydroxide ions
D) acidic; hydroxide ions; protons
E) neutral; hydroxide ions; protons

87. Evidence exists that atmospheric CO2 has increased over the last several decades due to
human activities. How do increased CO2 levels affect the pH of Earth's waters?
A) It does not affect the pH of Earth's waters, because atmospheric CO2 is not located
in oceans.
B) Due to the formation of carbonic acid, increased CO2 levels decrease the pH of
Earth's waters.
C) Due to the formation of carbonic acid, increased CO2 levels increase the pH of
Earth's waters.
D) Due to the formation of carbonic acid, increased CO2 levels cause Earth's waters to
become neutral.

88. A man heats water in a teakettle while drinking a glass of water at room temperature.
The water molecules in the teakettle are moving _ the water molecules in the glass.
A) faster than
B) slower than
C) at the same speed as

89. As water is heated, the temperature rises before any hydrogen bonds between water
molecules are broken.
A) True
B) False

Page 19
90. A man has ordered a glass of soda in a restaurant. When his drink arrives, he notices
that quite a bit of ice is floating at the top of the glass. Why does the ice float?
A) The water molecules in ice are arranged in a lattice pattern, causing ice to float.
B) The water molecules in the soda are arranged in a lattice pattern, providing a ―net‖
on which ice can sit.
C) The water molecules in the soda are more densely packed compared to the water
molecules in the ice.
D) The water molecules in the ice are more densely packed compared to the water
molecules in the soda.
E) The water molecules in ice are arranged in a lattice pattern, and the water
molecules in the soda are more densely packed compared to the water molecules in
the ice, causing ice to float.

91. If hydrogen bonds between water molecules were, collectively, not as strong as they are,
how would this affect plant height?
A) As hydrogen bonds impede the movement of water through plant vasculature,
plants would be able to grow taller.
B) As hydrogen bonds are responsible for the movement of water through plant
vasculature, plants would be shorter.
C) As plants actively transport water through their vasculature, weaker hydrogen
bonds would have no effect on plant height.
D) As hydrogen bonds cause water to stick to the sides of plant vasculature, plants
would be able to grow taller.
E) As hydrogen bonds increase the amount of sugar that plants can transport through
their vasculature, plants would be able to grow taller.

92. Water readily dissolves compounds that are referred to as:

A) hydrophobic.
B) solvent.
C) nonpolar.
D) hydrophilic.
E) aqueous.

93. The tendency of nonpolar molecules to self-associate in water instead of dissolve

individually is called the hydrophobic effect.
A) True
B) False

Page 20
94. Which one of the following statements about pH is INCORRECT?
A) An acidic solution has a higher concentration of protons than of hydroxide ions.
B) Physiological pH is defined as the pH of pure water, 7.0.
C) Some cellular compartments have different pH values than others.
D) The pH of a solution can range from 0 to 14.
E) A solution of pH 5 has a proton concentration 100 times greater than a solution of
pH 7.

95. Some species of insects are able to walk across liquid water because:
A) of the high surface tension of water due to the hydrophobic effect.
B) insects have a low center of gravity.
C) of the higher density of liquid water compared to solid water.
D) water has high surface tension due to ionic bonding.
E) of the high surface tension of water due to its cohesion.

96. Which of the following ranks the elements carbon, sodium, calcium, and iodine in order
of decreasing number of electrons?
A) C Na Ca I
B) I Ca Na C
C) I C Ca Na
D) C Ca Na I

97. Rank the elements carbon, sodium, calcium, and iodine in order of decreasing number
of electrons.

98. Which of the following ranks the elements carbon, sodium, calcium, and iodine in order
of decreasing abundance in living organisms?
A) C a Ca I
B) I Ca Na C
C) I C Ca Na
D) C Ca Na I

99. Rank the elements carbon, sodium, calcium, and iodine in order of greatest abundance
in living organisms.

Page 21
100. Rank the elements carbon, phosphorus, calcium, and iodine in order of decreasing
number of electrons.
A) C P Ca I
B) I Ca P C
C) I P C Ca
D) P C Ca I

101. Rank the elements carbon, phosphorus, calcium, and iodine in order of decreasing
number of electrons.

102. Rank the elements carbon, phosphorus, calcium, and iodine in order of greatest
abundance in living organisms.
A) P C Ca I
B) I Ca P C
C) I P C Ca
D) C P Ca I

103. Rank the elements carbon, phosphorus, calcium, and iodine in order of greatest
abundance in living organisms.

104. Single covalent bonds between carbon atoms:

A) allow free rotation of the carbon atoms around the bond.
B) are strong enough to support long chains of carbon atoms.
C) allow a molecule to twist and turn into many different arrangements.
D) All of these choices are correct.

105. Three carbon atoms are linked by single covalent bonds such that they form the shape of
a V. All of the unshared electrons form covalent bonds with hydrogen. How many
hydrogen atoms does this molecule contain?
A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8
E) 10

Page 22
106. Which of the following ranks the elements carbon, sodium, calcium, and iodine in order
of decreasing number of protons?
A) C Na Ca I
B) I Ca Na C
C) I C Ca Na
D) C Ca Na I

107. Rank the elements carbon, sodium, calcium, and iodine in order of decreasing number
of protons.

108. Rank the elements carbon, phosphorus, calcium, and iodine in order of decreasing
number of protons.
A) C P Ca I
B) I Ca P C
C) I P C Ca
D) P C Ca I

109. Rank the elements carbon, phosphorus, calcium, and iodine in order of decreasing
number of protons.

110. The structural diversity of carbon-based molecules is determined by which of the

following properties?
A) the ability of carbon to form four covalent bonds
B) the ability of those bonds to rotate freely
C) the orientation of those bonds in the form of a tetrahedron
D) All of these choices are correct.

111. Which one of the following statements about a carbon-carbon double bond is
CORRECT?
A) Each of the two carbons is capable of bonding to three other atoms.
B) The double bond allows free rotation of the molecule at the bond position.
C) The double bond is longer than a corresponding carbon-carbon single bond.
D) Double bonds are often found in cyclical structures.
E) None of the other answer options is correct.

Page 23
112. Which of the following CORRECTLY lists the five most abundant elements found in
living organisms?
A) carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus
B) sodium, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus
C) magnesium, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
D) carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, iron

113. List the five most abundant elements found in living organisms. For each of the
following, indicate the biologically important molecules in which they are MOST
important.

114. Which of the following ranks the elements carbon, sodium, calcium, and iodine in order
of decreasing number of valence electrons?
A) C Na Ca I
B) I Ca Na C
C) I C Ca Na
D) C Ca Na I

115. Rank the elements carbon, sodium, calcium, and iodine in order of decreasing number
of valence electrons.

116. Which of the following ranks the elements carbon, sodium, calcium, and iodine in order
of decreasing number of energy shells/levels?
A) C Na Ca I
B) I Ca Na C
C) I C Ca Na
D) C Ca N I

117. Rank the elements carbon, sodium, calcium, and iodine in order of decreasing number
of energy shells/levels.

118. Rank the elements carbon, phosphorus, calcium, and iodine in order of decreasing
number of valence electrons.
A) C P Ca I
B) I Ca P C
C) I P C Ca
D) P C Ca I

Page 24
119. Rank the elements carbon, phosphorus, calcium, and iodine in order of decreasing
number of valence electrons.

120. Rank the elements carbon, phosphorus, calcium, and iodine in order of decreasing
number of energy shells/levels.
A) C P Ca I
B) I Ca P C
C) I P C Ca
D) P C Ca I

121. Rank the elements carbon, phosphorus, calcium, and iodine in order of decreasing
number of energy shells/levels.

122. Which one of the following elements is found in every organic molecule?
A) carbon
B) phosphorus
C) nitrogen
D) oxygen
E) sulfur

123. Isomers are defined as:

A) elements with the same number of electrons in the outer shell.
B) molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures.
C) atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
D) molecules with the same general three-dimensional structures but different
chemical formulas.
E) molecules with different chemical formulas but similar biological functions.

124. are molecules with identical chemical formulas but different three-dimensional
structures.

125. Organic molecules are those molecules that contain .

Page 25
126. Consider the following two statements about structural representations of molecules,
and select the CORRECT response.

1. In a ring structure, an unlabeled atom at the angle where two lines join is assumed to
be a carbon atom.
2. Unlabeled atoms joined to carbon atoms, which are not directly part of a ring
structure, are assumed to be oxygen atoms.
A) Statements 1 and 2 are both true.
B) Statements 1 and 2 are both false.
C) Statement 1 is true; statement 2 is false.
D) Statement 1 is false; statement 2 is true.

127. Which one of the following statements about carbon is CORRECT?

A) Each of carbon's three valence electrons shares a bond with another atom.
B) Carbon-carbon single bonds allow for free rotation around the bond; carbon-carbon
double bonds do not allow for free rotation around the bond.
C) The spatial orientation of carbon's bonds results in a carbon atom resting in the
center of a three-dimensional structure referred to as a hexahedron.
D) Carbon is not only the most abundant element on Earth, but it is believed to be the
most abundant element in the universe.
E) Single bonds between carbon atoms are typically shorter than double bonds
between carbon atoms.

128. Earth's elemental composition is a good reflection of the elemental composition of the
universe.
A) True
B) False

129. Humans are often referred to as ―carbon-based‖ life forms. Given that humans breathe
oxygen, shouldn't humans be referred to as ―oxygen-based‖ life forms?
A) Yes, because oxygen is the most abundant element in human cells, not carbon.
B) Yes, because humans inhale oxygen.
C) No, because carbon is the most abundant element in human cells, not oxygen.
D) No, because humans exhale carbon dioxide.
E) No, because oxygen is not an organic molecule.

Page 26
130. Recall that a carbon atom behaves as if it possesses four valence electrons. Given this
information, what is the MOST likely structural formula for carbon dioxide (CO2)?
A) O C O
B) O=C=O
C) O=C O
D) O C=O

131. What unique property of carbon enables this element to be ―life's chemical backbone‖?
A) Carbon can form double bonds.
B) Carbon has four electrons.
C) Carbon behaves as if it has four valence electrons.
D) Carbon can form double or single bonds.
E) Carbon is the most abundant element in the universe.

132. Could silicon-based life ever exist within the universe?

A) Yes, although it is unlikely given the interaction between silicon and oxygen.
B) Yes, because silicon is in the same family as carbon, and these elements have
similar properties.
C) No, because silicon has a different atomic number than carbon, and these elements
have dissimilar properties.
D) No, because silicon is remarkably rare in the universe.
E) Yes, because silicon is in the same family as carbon, and these elements have
similar properties, although it is unlikely given the interaction between silicon and
oxygen.

133. Imagine that you have a (simplified) structural diagram of an organic molecule depicted
as \ /\ /\ /\ , with no letters included. What
can you deduce?
A) The molecule is composed of carbon only.
B) The molecule is composed of hydrogen only.
C) The molecule may contain any element and needs to be labeled.
D) The molecule contains only carbon and hydrogen.
E) The molecule contains only oxygen and carbon.

134. Which of the following molecules is classified as an organic molecule?

A) NH3 (ammonia)
B) H2O (water)
C) NaCl (sodium chloride or salt)
D) O2 (oxygen gas)
E) None of the other answer options is correct.

Page 27
135. An organic molecule MUST contain which of the following elements?
A) oxygen
B) helium
C) carbon
D) nitrogen
E) phosphorous

136. Recall that isoleucine and leucine can both be written as C6H13O2N1; however, the
structures of these two molecules are not identical (Fig. 2.16). Thus, isoleucine and
leucine are:
A) polar molecules.
B) isotopes.
C) isomers.
D) reactants.
E) proteins.

137. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding carbon?

A) Carbon atoms can only form single covalent bonds with other carbon atoms.
B) Double bonds that form between carbon atoms are only found in ―ring‖ molecules.
C) Isomers of carbon-containing compounds always have the same structure but
different chemical formulas.
D) When a carbon atom forms a molecule, it acquires four dumbbell-shaped orbitals.
E) None of the other answer options is correct.

138. Imagine that a few centuries from now, scientists discover life on a new planet. This life
will MOST likely be based on:
A) silicon.
B) magnesium.
C) oxygen.
D) carbon.
E) None of the other answer options is correct.

Page 28
139. Because of hydrogen bonding, water is uniquely suited for its central role in life. Many
hydrophilic molecules interact freely with water, but a number of hydrophobic
molecules are important for life, too. How does the interaction between water and
hydrophobic molecules help to organize biological systems?
A) Because cells are not pure water (they have many substances dissolved within
them), the hydrophilic/hydrophobic effect has a limited role in biological
organization.
B) The ionic bonds between water molecules cause hydrophobic molecules to
associate with each other and not with water molecules.
C) Because water molecules preferentially associate with each other, they force
hydrophobic molecules to associate with each other and not with water molecules.
D) None of the other answer options is correct.

140. How does the interaction between water and hydrophobic molecules help to organize
biological systems?

141. Which of the following are covalent bonds?

A) peptide bonds
B) glycosidic bonds
C) phosphodiester bonds
D) All of these choices are correct.

142. Name the specific types of bonds that hold the monomers together in proteins, nucleic
acids, and complex carbohydrates.

143. In general, colder temperatures reduce the fluidity of the membrane, so cells will
produce different molecules to maintain the proper degree of fluidity. How would the
membrane change in response to colder temperatures?
A) The amount of saturated triacylglycerols would increase.
B) The amount of unsaturated fatty acids would increase.
C) The length of the fatty acid side chains in the phospholipids would increase.
D) The amount of unsaturated fatty acids would decrease.
E) The amount of saturated triacylglycerols would decrease.

144. If a cell is placed in a cooler environment, the fluidity of the membrane can decrease.
What change could the cell make in the membrane composition to restore the normal
level of fluidity?

Page 29
145. Consider the structure and function of DNA. Which of the following statements is
TRUE?
A) Because DNA contains carbohydrates, it provides structural support to the cells.
B) The phosphodiester bonds that stabilize the association of the two strands are easily
broken and reformed.
C) If the sequence of one DNA strand is known, then the sequence of the other strand
can be determined.
D) Because DNA is made of phosphate groups that are ionized, it could easily pass
through a cell membrane.

146. If one strand of the DNA double helix is known, explain how the other strand can be
determined.

147. In DNA molecules, complementary base pairs always include one purine nucleotide and
one pyrimidine nucleotide. In the DNA of certain bacterial cells, 16% of the nucleotides
are adenine nucleotides. What are the percentages of the other nucleotides in the
bacterial DNA?
A) 16% thymine, 34% guanine, 34% cytosine
B) 34% uracil, 16% guanine, 16% cytosine
C) 34% thymine, 34% guanine, 16% cytosine
D) 34% thymine, 16% guanine, 34% cytosine
E) None of the other answer options is correct.

Page 30
148. Samples of three different triacylglycerols were tested to determine the melting point of
each one. The results of the tests are shown in the graph.

The length of the fatty acids A, B, and C is the same. Which of the three triacylgcerols
is likely to have the MOST double bonds in the fatty acids?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) There is no way of knowing based on the information available.

Page 31
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 “He sang in the storm. Darkness covered him—there was ice on
the oars as they lifted and fell. There was no light on the coast. The
wind rose and the seas were pitiless, but he sang—John Howland.”
“What did he sing?”
“That I can not tell. I think that he sang the Psalm that we sing to
the words

‘God is the refuge of his saints,

Though storms of sharp distress invade.’

Let us sing that now. The storm that tossed the shallop of the
Mayflower broke; the clouds lifted. So it will be at Valley Forge. Knit
and sing.”
And the knitters sang. The storm rose to a gale. Shutters banged,
and there was only the tavern lights to be seen across the black
green.
Suddenly a strange thing happened.
Peter opened the door, hat in hand.
“Madam Trumbull,” said he, “may I speak to you?”
“Yes, Peter, boy; what have you to say?”
“I saw a strange man at Valley Forge. He was young—a
Frenchman.
“One cold night he was standing near Washington in the marquee,
and Washington, the great Washington, put his own cloak about
him, and the two stood under the same cloak, and some officers
gathered around him. And I heard him say, the young Frenchman:
‘When you shall hear the bugles of Auvergne, the cause of liberty
will have won the battle of the world.’ What did he mean?”
“I do not know,” said Madam Robinson; “it seems like a prophecy;
like John Howland, the pilgrim, singing in the night-storm on the
shallop of the Mayflower. The bugles of Auvergne!—the words seem
to ring in my ears. What was the young Frenchman’s name?”
 “Lafayette.”
The next day Peter went to Dennis and related the same story,
and said:
“America will be free when she shall hear the bugles of Auvergne.”
“So she will; I feel it in my soul she will—the bugles of Auvergne!
That sounds like a silver trumpet from the skies. But where are the
bugles of Auvergne?”
“I do not know, but we will hear them—Lafayette said so.”
“But who is that same Lafayette?”
 CHAPTER XI
THE SECRET OF LAFAYETTE

THE STORY OF THE WHITE HORSE

Lafayette was born on September 6, 1757, in the province of
Auvergne, now Cantal, Puy-de-Dôme, and Haute-Loire. His
birthplace was the Château de Chavagnac, situated some six miles
from ancient Brionde.
Auvergne was celebrated for men of character and honor rather
than wealth and distinction—men who deserved to outlive kings, and
whose jewels were virtues. It became a proverb that the men of
Auvergne knew no stain, and hence the ensigns and escutcheons of
the rugged soldiers of the mountain towns were associated with the
motto, “Auvergne sans tache.”
These soldiers kept this motto of their mountain homes ever in
view; they would die rather than violate the spirit of it.
Lafayette was of noble family, and appeared at court when a boy.
But the gay court did not repress the spirit of Auvergne which lived
in him, and grew. He was of noble family, and his father fell at the
battle of Minden. The battery that caused his father’s death was
commanded by General Phillips, against whom Lafayette fought in
the great Virginia campaign.
At the age of sixteen, the spirit of the mountaineers of Auvergne
rose within him. He became an ardent advocate of the liberties of
men, and he seemed to see the star of liberty rising in the Western
world, and he was restless to follow it. He heard of the American
Congress as an assembly of heroes of a new era—the new Senate of
God and human rights. Princes, after his view, should not violate the
law of the people.
The heart of the King of France, while France at first professed
neutrality in the American struggle, was with the patriots; so was the
sympathy of the gay French court. The boy Lafayette knew this; he
longed to carry this secret news to America.
He came to America, as we have described, with this secret in his
heart.
The capture of Burgoyne in October, 1777, delighted France. The
clock of liberty had struck; it only needed the aid of France to give
independence to the Americans.
Lafayette became more restless. He had married into a noble
family, but the companionship of a beautiful and true woman could
not stifle this patriotic restlessness. He saw that he might be an
influence in bringing France to the aid of America. To do this became
his life.
The Queen espoused the cause of America; let us ever remember
this, notwithstanding that there are so many unpleasant things
about her to remember. Then the American cause seemed to fail in
the Jerseys and France to lose her interest in it.
Young Lafayette’s heart was true to America in these dark hours.
He knew that France could be aroused to action. He espoused the
cause of America in her darkness, and doubtless dreamed of being
able to convey to Washington a secret, that few other men so clearly
saw. France would espouse the cause of America when events
should open the way.
Never such a secret crossed the sea as young Lafayette bore in his
bosom to Washington. It came, as it were, out of Auvergne; it was
borne against every allurement of luxury and self; it was an inborn
imperative. When a new world was to be revealed, Columbus had to
sail; when liberty was to be established among men, Lafayette, the
child of destiny, had to face the west; where was there another race
of liberty-loving men like those of the Connecticut farmers? In
Auvergne. Who of all men could represent this spirit of liberty in
America? Lafayette.
He won the heart of America; even the British respected him. His
true sympathy was the cause of his great popularity; his heart won
all hearts.
In the terrible winter of 1778 the American army with Washington
and Lafayette were at Valley Forge; the British were in Philadelphia,
spending a gay winter reveling.
No pen can describe the destitution and suffering of the 5,000 or
more patriots at Valley Forge. The white snows of that winter in the
wilderness were stained with the blood of naked feet. Famine came
with the cold.
The men were “hutted” in log cabins. “The general’s apartment is
very small,” wrote Mrs. Washington; “he has a log cabin built to dine
in, which has made our quarters much more tolerable than they
were at first.”
There was no fresh meat there; no sufficient salted provisions.
There were no cattle in the neighboring towns or States that could
be spared for the army.
But they suffered in silence. They went half-clothed and hungry,
but they did not desert.
“Nothing can equal their sufferings,” wrote one of an examining
committee. Even the cannon was frozen in, and bitten by the frost
were the limbs of those who were commissioned to handle them.
Had General Howe, whose army was dissipating at Philadelphia,
led out his troops against the famine-stricken army in the Valley,
what might have been the fate of the American cause?
The dissipations of the English army was one cause of its
overthrow. That army had been reveling when surprised at Trenton.
With his men wasting and dying around him, shoeless, coatless,
foodless, what was Washington to do?
 At one of the dismal councils of his generals there came a counsel
that made the hearts all quicken.
“Send to Connecticut for cattle. Let us appeal to Brother Jonathan
again; he has never failed us.”
“I never made an appeal to Brother Jonathan but to receive help,”
said the great commander.
The appeal was made. In his letter to Governor Trumbull,
Washington said:
“What is still more distressing, I am assured by Colonel Blaine,
deputy purchasing commissary for the middle district,
comprehending the States of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and
Maryland, that they are nearly exhausted, and the most vigorous
and active exertions on his part will not procure more than sufficient
to supply the army during this month, if so long. This being the
case, and as any relief that can be obtained from the more southern
States will be but partial, trifling, and of a day, we must turn our
eyes to the eastward, and lay our account of support from thence.
Without it, we can not but disband. I must, therefore, sir, entreat
you in the most earnest terms, and by that zeal which has eminently
distinguished your character in the present arduous struggle, to give
every countenance to the person or persons employed in the
purchasing line in your State, and to urge them to the most vigorous
efforts to forward supplies of cattle from time to time, and thereby
prevent such a melancholy and alarming catastrophe.”
Read these words twice: “Without it the army must disband.”
As soon as Governor Trumbull had received the letter he called
together the Council of Safety. He read it to them. They wept.
“An army of cattle might save the cause,” said one.
“Our suffering brothers shall have the army of cattle,” said Brother
Jonathan.
He at once aroused the farmers of Connecticut. Horsemen dashed
hither and thither, away from Hartford and from the war office to the
hillside farms.
“Cattle! cattle!” they cried. “Our army is perishing. Washington has
appealed to Brother Jonathan!”
At the head of these alarmists rode Dennis O’Hay, awakening the
villages with his resonant brogue:
“It is cattle, an army of cattle, that Washington must have now!
His men are going barefooted in the snow. Oh, the shame of it! His
men have no meat to warm their veins in the cold. Oh, the shame of
it! They fever, they wither, they are buried in clumps and clods. Oh,
the shame of it! Arouse, or the heavens will fall down on you! Cattle!
Cattle!”
The thrifty hillside farmers had made many sacrifices already, but
they responded.
An army of cattle began to form. It increased. Nearly every farm
could spare one or more beeves, armed with fat flesh and warm
hides.
So it started, armed, as it were, with horns, Dennis leading them
under officers.
Three hundred miles it marched, gathering force along the way.
It entered at last the dreary wilderness of the suffering camp. The
men saw it coming. There went up a great shout, which ran along
the camp, and went up from even the hospital huts:
“The Lord bless Brother Jonathan!”
The officers hailed the cattle-drivers.
“Should we win our independence,” said an officer, “what will we
not owe to Brother Jonathan and his army of cattle from the
provision State!”
Dennis froze with the others that winter.
In the spring he returned, moneyless, fameless. Half of his face
was black, and one hand had gone. The explosion of a powder-
wagon which he had been forcing on toward Washington’s army had
caused the change in his appearance, but it was rugged work that
Dennis O’Hay had done during that past winter for the army.
The Governor heard his story.
“Dennis O’Hay,” said he, “when America achieves her liberty, and
her true history shall be written, the inspired historian will see in
such as you the cause of the mighty event. It is men who are willing
to suffer and be forgotten that advance the welfare of mankind; it is
not wealth or fame that lifts the world: it is sacrifice, sacrifice,
sacrifice! That means you, Dennis O’Hay.
“Dennis, did you know that they once offered me the place of the
colonial agent to London? They did, and I refused for the good of
my own people at home. That is a sweet thing for me to remember.
The only thing that a man can have in this world to last is righteous
life. This is true, Dennis: that the private soldier who seeks all for his
cause and nothing for himself is the noblest man in the annals of
war, unless it be a Washington.”
“And you, Governor Trumbull.”
Dennis took off his hat and bowed low.
The Governor also took off his hat and bowed twice, and the
people who had gathered around took off their hats and shouted.
“The stars will hear ye when ye shout for Brother Jonathan,” said
Dennis O’Hay. “I have brought home a secret with me.”
“What may it be?” asked many.
“It would not be a secret were I to tell it.”
Dennis, after driving his army of cattle, with underdrivers, had
entered lustily the place of the halted army of desolation. He had
remained there until spring. He was greeted there one day by two
men, one a tower of majestic manhood, the other a glittering young
man of warm heart and enthusiasm; they were Washington and
Lafayette.
 “Your army will save us, my good friend,” said the man of majestic
presence.
“This army will save the cause,” said the younger officer.
There was a look of hope in his face that revealed to Dennis that
he had some secret ground for this confidence.
Washington moved away to his marquee.
Dennis, hat in hand, said to Lafayette:
“May I detain you a moment, your Honor?”
“Yes, my honest man; what would you have? I hope that it may
be something that I can grant.”
“Do you remember that day when you spoke of a body of men as
the bugles of Auvergne?”
“Yes, my good friend, and how do those words impress you?”
“I can never tell. They are words within words. What I want to ask
of you is—pardon my bluntness, I was not bred in courts, as you see
—couldn’t you induce those men who blow the bugles of Ovan to
come here and give us a lift? My heart tells me that they would be
just the men we would need. I don’t so much hear words as the
spirit of things, and the heart knows its own.”
“I will think of these things, my good friend of the honest heart. I
do think of them now. I will entrust you, a stranger, with a secret.
Will you never tell it until the day that makes it clear arrives?”
“Never, never, never—oh, my heart dances when I hear good
things of the cause of these people struggling so mightily for their
liberties—no, no, the tail goes with the kite; I will never tell.”
“I am now writing to the court of France. If I get good news, I will
ask for the French mountaineers whose banner is Auvergne sans
tache!”
“May the heavens all take off their hats to ye and the evil one
never get ye. I can see them coming now, a kind o’ vision, with their
banners flying. I have second sight, and see good things. Why do
not people see good things now, like the prophets of old, and not
witches and ghosts? To Dennis O’Hay the passing clouds are angels’
chariots. Oh, I will never forget you, and I would deem it an honor
above honors if you will not forget Dennis O’Hay.”
“One thing more, good Dennis, I have to say to you before we
part. If a French ship should come to Norwich from Lyons, you may
learn more about Auvergne, which is the Connecticut of France.”
“Then you must be like the Governor, who is so all wrapped up in
the cause that he has forgotten to grow old.”
The young French officer drew his cloak about him, and touched
his hat and went to the marquee.
Dennis laid down to rest among some wasted men of the army by
a fire of fagots. He dreamed, and he saw French ships sailing in the
air. He had read the success of the cause amid all these miseries in
the heart of young Lafayette.
“That boy general has the vision of it all,” said he.
The Irishman as a bearer of despatches from Governor Trumbull
was not without importance.
Dennis lingered to rest by the marquees of the officers under the
moon and stars. He listened for words of hope. One night Lafayette
talked. He engaged all ears.
“I was born at Auvergne, in the mountain district of France,” said
he, “and the soldiers of Auvergne are sons of liberty. They are
mountaineers. I would that I could induce France to send an army of
those mountaineers to America. They are rugged men; they believe
in justice, and equal rights, and equal laws, and for this cause they
are willing to die. They have a grand motto, to which they have
always been true. It is ‘Auvergne sans tache’—Auvergne without a
stain. I love a soldier of Auvergne, a mountaineer of the glorious air
in which I was born.”
His mind seemed to wander back to the past.
 “‘Auvergne sans tache,’” said he. “‘Auvergne sans tache’—these
words command me, they have entered into my soul. Would these
men were here, and that I could lead them to victory!”
Dennis caught the atmosphere.
“And sure, your Honor, people find what they seek, and all good
dreams come true sometime, and you will bring them here some
day. I seem to feel it in my soul.”
The officers shouted.
“And it is from Connecticut I am.”
The young Frenchman may never have heard of the place before.
“And brought despatches to General Putnam from Brother
Jonathan.
“May I ask what were these words of the French mountaineers
who are just like us—‘Auvergne sans tache’? I wonder if this poor
head can carry those words back to Lebanon green—Ovan-saan-
tarche! The words ring true, like a bell that rings for the future. I
somehow feel that I will hear them again somewhere. Ovan-saan-
tarche, Ovan-saan-tarche! I will go now. I must tell the Governor
and all the people about it on the green—Ovan-saan-tarche! What
shall I tell the people of the cedars?”
“Tell the people of the cedars that there is a young French officer
in the camp here that thinks that he carries in his heart a secret that
will give liberty to America; that aid will come from a district in
France that grows men like the cedars.”
Now the secret of Lafayette haunted the mind of Dennis.
“A spandy-dandy boy told me something strange,” said he to the
Governor, on his return. “He was a Frenchman, with a shelving
forehead and red hair, and Washington seemed to be hugging his
company, as it were; the General saw something in him that others
did not see. I think he has what you would call a discerning of
spirits. I thought I saw the same thing.”
 “Washington, it is likely, relies on this officer, because the young
Frenchman believes in him and in the cause,” said the Governor.
“Washington is human, and he must have a lonesome heart, and he
must like to have near him those who believe in him and in the
cause. That is natural.”
There was to be a corn-roast in the cedars—a popular gathering
where green corn was roasted on the ear by a great fire and
distributed among the people.
Had Lebanon been nearer the sea there would have been a
clambake, as the occasion of bringing together the people, instead
of a corn-roast.
At the clambakes bivalves and fish were roasted on heated stones
under rock-weed, sea-weed, and a covering of sail-cloth, the latter
to keep down the steam.
The people gathered for the corn-roast, bringing luscious corn in
the green husks, new potatoes, apples, and fruit. The women
brought pandowdy, or pot-pies, made of apples baked in dough,
which candied in baking, and also brown bread, and rye and Indian
bread, and perhaps “no cake,” all of which was to be eaten on the
carpet of the dry needles of the great pines that mingled among the
cedars.
This was to be a lively gathering, for a report had gone abroad
that Dennis had seen a prophet and had received great news from a
young French officer, and that he would tell his story among the
speeches on that day.
It was in the serene and sunny days of September. The locusts
made a silvery, continuous music in the trees. The birds were
gathering for migrations. The fields were full of goldenrod and wild
asters, and the oaks by the wayside were here and there loaded
with purple grapes.
The people came to the cedar grove from near and from far, and
every one seemed interested in Dennis.
 The Irishman towered above them all, bringing deadwood for the
fires.
The feast was eaten on the ground, and the people were merry,
all wondering what story Dennis, who had been to the army and
seen the great Washington himself, would have to tell.
The people watched him as he brought great logs on his shoulders
to feed the fire where the corn was roasted.
Brother Jonathan and his good wife came to the goodly gathering.
The people arose to greet him, and the children gathered around
him, and looked up to him as a patriarch. He was then some sixty-
seven years old.
After the feast he lifted his hands and spoke to the people. The
cedar birds gathered around him in the trees, and one adventurous
crow came near and cawed. Dennis threw a stick at the crow, and
said:
“Be civil now, and listen to the Governor!”
After the Governor had spoken, “Elder” Williams spoke. But it was
from Dennis that the people most wished to hear.
They called upon the village esquire to speak.
He was a portly man. He arose and said:
“I will not detain you long. It is Dennis for whom you are waiting.”
He said a few words, and then called:
“Dennis? Dennis O’Hay?”
“At your service,” said Dennis, drawing near, hat in hand.
“Dennis, they say that you met a prophet in the army.”
“That I did, sir, and I mind me the secret of the skies is in his
heart.”
“How did he look?”
 “Oh, he was a skit of a man, with a slanting roof to his forehead,
and lean-to at the back of it. He was all covered with spangles and
bangles, and he followed the great Washington here and there, like
as if he was his own son. That is how it was, sir.”
The people wondered. This was not the kind of a prophet that
Elder Williams had preached about in the Lebanon pulpit for
twoscore years.
The elder stood up, and said: “Be reverent, my young man.”
“That I am, sir. I answered the esquire after the truth, sir.”
“And what made you think that such a frivolous-looking man as
that could be a prophet? Prophets are elderly men, and plain in their
dress and habits, and grave in face. Why did you think that this gay
young man was a prophet?”
“Because, your reverence, I could see that Washington believed in
him—the great Washington, and the man prophesied, too.”
“To whom did he prophesy?”
“To me, to your humble servant, sir.”
The people laughed in a suppressive way, but wondered more
than ever.
“What did he say, Dennis?”
“That I can never tell, sir. He has a woman’s heart, sir, and she
has a man’s heart, sir, and both have the people’s heart, sir; and one
day there will be fleets on the sea, sir, and strange armies will
appear on our shores, sir. They may come here, sir, and encamp in
the cedars, sir. Oh, I am an honest man, and seem to see it all, sir.”
“How old is your prophet, Dennis?”
“I would think that he might be twenty, sir; no, a hundred; no, as
old as liberty, sir, with all his bangles and spangles.”
“That is very strange,” said the esquire. “I fear that you may have
wheels in your head, Dennis—were any of your people ever a little
touched in mind?”
“No, never; they had clear heads. An’ why do I believe that this
young man carries a secret in his heart that will deliver America?
Because he has the heart of the mountaineers of God. He belongs to
the sons of liberty in France, and little he cares for his bangles and
spangles.”
“But he is too young.”
“No, no; pardon me, sir, he has an ardent heart, that he has. It is
all on fire. Wasn’t David young when he took up a little pebbly rock
and sent the giant sprawling? Wasn’t King Alfred young when he put
down his foot and planted England? Wasn’t Samuel young when he
heard a voice?”
The people began to cheer Dennis.
“The true heart knows its own. Washington’s heart does.
“You may laugh, but I have met a prophet. The gold lace on him
does not spoil his heart. He comes out of the past, he is going into
the future; he loves everybody, and everybody that meets him loves
him. Laugh if you will, but Dennis O’Hay has seen a prophet, and
you will see what is in his heart some day.
“He has a motto. What is his motto, do you ask? Ovan-saan-
tarche!—Ovan without a stain. That is the motto of the soldiers of
the place where he was born. That place is like this place, I mind
me. He says: ‘America will be free when she shall hear the bugles of
Ovan.’”
“What is his name?” asked the esquire.
“His name? Bother me if I can remember it now. It is the same as
the boy said. But you will come to know it some day, now heed you
this word in the cedars. Lafayette—yes, Lafayette—that is his name.
It is written in the stars, but bother me, it flies away from me now
like a bird from a wicker-cage. But, but, hear me, ye good folks all,
receive it, Governor, believe it, esquire—that young man’s heart
holds the secret of America. There are helpers invisible in this world,
and the heavens elect men for their work, not from any outward
appearance, but from the heart. This is the way God elected David
of old.”
A blue jay had been listening on a long cedar bough stretched out
like an arm.
She archly turned her head, raised her crown and gave a trumpet-
call, and flew over the people.
The men shouted, and the women and children cheered Dennis,
and the grave Governor said:
“Life is self-revealing, time makes clear all things, and if our good
man Dennis has indeed discovered a prophet, it will all be revealed
to us some day. Elder Williams, pray!”
The old man stood up under the cedars; the women bowed. Then
the people went home to talk of the strange tidings that Dennis had
brought them.
Was there, indeed, some hidden secret of personal power in the
heart of this young companion of Washington, who had made honor
his motto and liberty his star?
 CHAPTER XII
LAFAYETTE TELLS HIS SECRET

There is one part of the career of young Lafayette that has never
been brought into clear light, and that part was decisive in the
destinies of America. It was his letters home. From the time of his
commission as an officer in the American army he was constantly
writing to French ministers, asking them to use their influence to
send aid to America.
He had the favor of the court, and the heart of the popular and
almost adored Queen. He felt that his letters must bring to America
a fleet. He poured his heart into them.
The surrender of Burgoyne brought about a treaty between France
and the United States. It was one of alliance and amity. France
recognized the United States among the powers of the world, and
received Dr. Benjamin Franklin as minister plenipotentiary to the
court.
 The surrender of Burgoyne.

For this great movement the letters of Lafayette had helped to

prepare the way.
His heart rejoiced when he found that this point of vantage had
been gained.
He was the first to receive the news of the treaty.
He went with the tidings to Washington. It revealed to the strong
leader the future.
Washington was a man of silence, but his heart was touched; a
sense of gratitude to Heaven seemed to inspire him.
“Let public thanksgivings of gratitude ascend to Heaven,” he said.
“Assemble the brigades, and let us return thanks to God.”
The brigades were assembled. The cannon boomed! Songs of joy
arose and prayers were said.
Then a great shout went up that thrilled the young heart of
Lafayette.
“Vive le roi!—Long live the King of France!”
 That thanksgiving set the bells of New England to ringing, and
was a means of recruiting the army everywhere.
Lafayette heard the news with a full heart, and he himself only
knew how much he had done silently to renew the contest for
liberty.
Congress began to see his value. They honored him, and that
gave him the influence to say:
“I came here for the cause. I must return to France for the cause.”
He said of this crisis, and we use his own words here:
“From the moment I first heard the name of America, I began to
love her; from the moment I understood that she was struggling for
her liberties, I burned to shed my best blood in her cause, and the
days I shall devote to the service of America, whatever and
wherever it may be, will constitute the happiest of my life. I never so
ardently desired as I do now to deserve the generous sentiments
with which these States and their representatives have honored me.”
He obtained from Congress permission to return to France in the
interest of the cause of liberty.
It was 1778. He had arrived on the American shores a mere boy
and a stranger. Now that he returned to France, the hearts of all
Americans followed him. He was twenty-two years of age. He was
carrying a secret with him that he was beginning to reveal and that
the world was beginning to see.
In serving the cause of the States he felt that he was promoting
the cause of the liberty of mankind. France might one day feel its
reaction, burst her old bonds, and become a giant republic.
France arose to meet him on his return. Havre threw out her
banners to welcome his ship. He was acclaimed, feasted, and lauded
everywhere, until he longed to fly to some retreat from all of this
adoration of a simple young general.
 The Queen, Marie Antoinette, admired him, and became his
patron. She received him and delighted to hear from him about
America and the character of Washington. Lafayette delighted the
Queen with his story of Washington.
After these interviews, in which Lafayette saw that he had secured
her favor for the American cause, the Queen had an interview with
Dr. Franklin.
“Do you know,” said the Queen to Franklin, “that Lafayette has
really made me fall in love with your General Washington. What a
man he must be, and what a friend he has in the Marquis!”
The court opened its doors to meet him. The King welcomed him.
All Paris acclaimed him. The people of France were all eager to hear
of him.
What an opportunity! Lafayette seized upon it. He was not moved
by the flattery of France. Every heart-beat was full of his purposes to
secure aid for America.
This he did.
“I will send a fleet to America,” said the King.
The young King was popular then, and this decision won for him
the heart of liberty-enkindled France.
Lafayette’s heart turned home to the heroic mountaineers.
“If it can be done,” he said to the military department, “let there
be sent to America the soldiers of Auvergne, they of the banners of
‘Auvergne sans tache.’”
Two hundred young noblemen offered their services to Lafayette.
He left France for America. Banquet-halls vied with each other in
farewells.
But the night glitter of the palaces were as nothing to the words
of the young King: “You can not better serve your King than by
serving the cause of America!”
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