RAIL TRANSPORT

Learning Objectives….outcomes
 At the end of the lesson, the students should be able
to
 List the different types of rail transport
 Describe on the advantages and constraints of rail
based system
 Explain on components of rail transport

 Describe on the rail services in Malaysia

 Explain on the regulations aspects of rail transport in

Malaysia
Introduction
 Train, LRT, MRT, Metro, Subway Commuter, Tubes, Tram,
Tramcar, Streetcar, Trolley car, Monorail, ERL, high
speed train
 Rail is the most efficient mode of transport in term of
number ringgit per output
 Train is the most sustainable mode of transport
 A train generates up to 10 times less carbon dioxide (CO 2)
than airplane
 Average emissions of high speed train in Europe is 17g per
passenger/km as compared 153g for airplane travel
Introduction
 Large quantity of freight & passengers
 LRT (four car-train) can carry 800 passengers per directions
 MRT Sg Buloh – Kajang is able to carry 20,000
passengers/hour/direction with frequency of 3.5 minutes
 Travels at reasonable speed
 72 hours travel time by rail is equivalent to five to seven
days by sea and three to four days by road
 High capital cost
 PUTRA LRT – RM5 billion
 MRT Sg Buloh – Kajang RM21 billion
 Introduction : United States
5

 Rail: dominant mode from 1850s to WW II

 Superior in both price and service quality to road
transport for most of this period
 Superior in service quality to water transport

 Development facilitated by standardization of

track gauge and rolling stock
 Pivotal role in U.S. economic development
 Great expansion in track mileage, post-1870s
 Financed by private capital
 Too much track mileage relative to demand
 Introduction : United States
6

 Domination begins to wane after 1920

 1929: rail carried 75% of freight ton-miles
 Today: carries about 43% of freight ton-miles
 Some reasons for relative decline
◼ Large-scale government construction programs for roads
and inland waterways
◼ Private financed construction for oil pipelines
◼ Government also helped develop air transport that
provided superior service for passengers and mail
 Operating and Service Characteristics
Constraints and Strengths
7

 Constraints on railroads
 Fixed rights-of-way impedes door-to-door service
 Strengths of railroads
 Large carrying capacity (few size or weight constraints)
enable low average cost operations
 Capable of handling almost any type of cargo
 Double-stack services – greatly improve productivity
Malaysia – Past and Present
 In Malaysia
 The first railway lines ran between Taiping and Port
Weld (Kuala Sepetang) in Perak for a distance of
13km
 Started operation 1 June 1885, mainly to transport tin

 The second line was opened 1886 linking Kuala Lumpur

and Klang (Port Swettenham)
Malaysia – Past and Present
 KTMB
 Keretapi Tanah Melayu (KTMB) Berhad or Malayan
Railways Limited is the main rail operator.
 Previously known as the Federated Malay States
Railways (FMSR) and the Malayan Railway
Administration (MRA)
 In 1962 changed to name Keretapi Tanah Melayu
(KTM). It changed the name again in 1991, when it was
corporatized in1992, to Keretapi Tanah Melayu
Berhad (KTMB)
 It is a loss making operation, except for freight services
KTMB
 KTMB is rich in assets but constant loss making operation resulted in
its higher debt.
 Auditor General’s Report 2018 – accumulated loss stood at RM2.83
billion
 Some routes are operating at loss but have to continue operation for
meeting social obligation
 KTMB is now under the purview of Ministry of Finance Inc.
 Another entity, Railway Assets Corporation (RAC) was established by
the government through the Railways Act 1991
 Currently, the KTMB is a rail operator and the RAC is the rail owner
 The move is to allow KTMB to focus on improving its railway services
without having to carry heavy debt burden.
 All KTMB’s RM2.1 billion debt are placed under the RAC, in addition
to that all KTMB’s RM34.5 billion of assets are also transferred to
RAC
Malaysia – Past and Present
 KTMB (continue)
 The decision to corporatize the KTM as KTMB was
made with the aim to reduce the former dependency
on the Government and also to improve efficiency.
 Previously poor services : behind schedule, late, slow

 The total length of the network is 1,677 km

KTM Passenger Services
 Intercity long distance services within cities in Peninsular
Malaysia
 KTM Intercity
 The Electric Train Service (ETS Service) is a intercity rail
service to the Northern or Southern states of Malaysia,
◼ The KL Sentral - Ipoh Line
◼ The Gemas - KL Sentral - Ipoh - Butterworth - Padang Besar Line.

 KTM Komuter
 Provide greater Klang Valley routes
 Two routes Batu Caves – Tampin serving 26 stations and
Tanjung Malim – Port Klang serving 34 stations, with
interchange Stations at KL Sentral, Kuala Lumpur, Bank
Negara and Putra
KTM Passenger Services
 Skypark Link Route
 The Skypark Link began operations in May 2018
 Provides rail passengers transport service KL Sentral -
Subang Jaya Station - Terminal Skypark (Subang
Airport) with two reserve stations along the tracks.
KTM Freight Services
 Multi-modal Freight
 Own Multi-Modal Freight Sdn. Bhd. (MMF), which
provide road freight container haulage services,
warehousing, depot & container yard, freight
forwarding
KTM Freight Services
 KTM Cargo
 KTMB runs 37 freight train services daily of which
about 80% were concentrated in the northern sector.
 A total of 80 TEUS/40 wagons of cargo can be moved
per trip, with an average of 4,500 TEUS monthly.
◼ Containerized Cargo Services
◼ Conventional Cargo Services – Cement, Fertilizer, Sugar

 Hinterland covers up to northern Thailand

KTM Freight Services
 KTM Distribution Sdn Bhd (KTMD) provides door-to-
door delivery of parcels and documents, station-to-
station delivery of parcels and documents, courier
service, transportation of motorcycles, flowers and
perishables, as well as other special projects.
 Freight revenue contributes to the positive cash flow
to the KTMB
KTM Cargo Landbridge Route Map
Malaysia – Past and Present
 In Sabah
 Sabah State Railway runs between Tanjung Aru to Tenom,
Beuford Sabah
 Distance 134 km

 The Bukit Bendera Train Services

 The state government run the Penang Hill Funicular Railway
 Used by residents living in the hill and to ferry tourists

 Can ferry 100 passengers at one go or maximum work

load of 7,500kg
 The line total length approximately 1,996m
Malaysia – Past and Present
 Light Rail Transit (LRT), Monorail & Express Rail Link (ERL)
 The first the light rail transit system (LRT) system, the STAR LRT,
was introduced in 1994
 STAR-LRT runs between Ampang – Titiwangsa Station; Bukit Jalil –
Titiwangsa Station
 1995 the Projek Usahasama Transit Aliran Ringan (PUTRA – LRT)
started operation plying Kelana Jaya – Taman Melati, Gombak
 2003 the Monorail begun operation within the KL city centre.
 ERL started operation in 2002 connecting KL Sentral and KLIA
main terminal building for a 57km distance. Maximum speed 176
km/hr
Malaysia – Past and Present
 MRT
 Proposed 3-line of 150km MRT
◼ Sungai Buloh – Kajang (SBK) Line
◼ 31 stations, total length 51km
◼ Phase 1 Sungai Buloh – Semantan Opened 16 December 2016
◼ Phase 2 Semantan – Kajang Opened 17 July 2017
◼ End to end journey time 84 minutes
◼ Estimated daily ridership 400,000 passengers/day
◼ Sungai Buloh – Serdang – Putrajaya (SBSP) Line
◼ 37 stations (11 underground/ 13.5km); 52.2km
◼ Expected date of completion Q2 2022
◼ End to end journey time 85 minutes
◼ Estimated daily ridership 533,000 passengers/day
◼ MRT Circle Line
◼ 26 stations (19 underground, elevated 7), Line length 40km
The Railway Assets Corporation (RAC)
Perbadanan Asset Keretapi

 A federal statutory body under the Ministry of Transport.

 It was established under the Railways Act 1991 (Act 463)
 The formation of the RAC was incorporated in the Railways Act
1991
 It became fully operational on Aug 1, 1992, the same time the
Malayan Railway Administration (KTM) was corporatised and known
as Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad (KTMB).
 Through the Act, the KTM was dissolved, and all its property and
assets, as well as railway land under the Federal Land Commissioner
were vested in the RAC, while the railway service operations were
taken over by KTMB.
 Apart from being the manager and administrator of railway assets,
the RAC also took over all KTM’s assets and liabilities to enable the
KTMB to operate without having to carry the burden of past debts.
 Rail Network Access Agreement 2016
(RNAA)
 Rail Network Access Agreement 2016 (RNAA)
signed between KTMB and RAC allows for multi-
railway operators (MROs) to run on KTMB’s tracks
 30-year deal
 RNAA allows other interested party to utilize the
existing KTMB’s railway track
 The Railwaymen Union of Malaya (RUM) (KTMB’s
Staff Union) opposed the RNAA
 The issue still unresolved
Regulatory Aspects
 Railways Act 1991 (Act 463) – Akta Keretapi 1991
 Replaces Railways Ordinance 1948
 An act of Parliament aims to provide regulatory framework on
administrative, authority, policies, licenses, construction, reporting
and safety aspects of rail transport
◼ The Act specifies the power of the Minister of Transport and the
Director General of Railways
◼ No railway shall be constructed in Malaysia without the approval of
the Minister of Transport
◼ Any application shall contain the following information
◼ the type and system of the proposed railway;
◼ the general routes and terminal points of the proposed railway system;
◼ the safety aspects of the proposed railway system;
◼ the proposed fare or freight structure; and
◼ such other matters deem necessary by the Minister of Transport
Regulatory Aspects
 Once completed, Minister of Transport to issue license to
operate
 Decision is based on a written report by an engineer appointed
by the Director General who has conducted thorough inspection
of the railways to confirm on the safety of the railway does not
endanger passengers and goods
 Requirement to submit related information
 Within three months after the end of each financial year of a
railway company, the directors of the railway company shall
deliver to the Director General
◼ (a) a report of its operation during that financial year containing such
information as is necessary to enable the Director General to assess
the railway company; and
◼ (b) its audited annual balance sheet, profit and loss account, together
with any notice thereon, and the reports of its auditor and directors
Regulatory Aspects
 The duty of railway company to keep record on
time tables and fares
 Every railway company shall keep, at every railway
station, a copy of the time-tables for the time being in
force on the railway, and a list of the general fares
chargeable for travelling from the station where the
lists are posted to every place for which tickets are
ordinarily issued to passengers at that station, and shall
allow all persons to inspect it free of charge at all
reasonable hours.
Regulatory Aspects
 The duty to report for an accident
 Whenever an accident occurs upon a railway, the
railway officer in charge of a station nearest to the
place at which the accident occurs shall, without
unnecessary delay but in any case not later than twenty
four hours after the occurrence of the accident, give
notice of the accident in writing or by any form of
telecommunication to the officer in charge of the
nearest police station; and send written notice of the
accident to the Director General.
Regulatory Aspects
 Changes in the fares structure
 Any railway company licensed under this Act shall prepare and
submit to the Director General a memorandum for any change in
the existing structure of fares, rates or charges, for the approval
of the Minister, and where no reply is received from the Minister
within six months of its submission, the change in the existing
structure of fares, rates or charges shall take effect on the
expiration of such period.
 The railway company shall, as soon as practicable, publish the
change in the existing structure of fares, rates or charges in not
less than two national newspapers, one of which shall be in the
national language.
 The Director General shall, as soon as practicable, make the
necessary notification in the Gazette in respect of the change in
the existing structure of fares, rates or charges.
Regulatory Aspects
 Special power during emergency
 The Yang di-Pertuan Agong may, on the occurrence of
any industrial unrest, strike, lock out or any other event
which gives rise to an emergency or in the interest of
public order or safety, authorize the Minister to
◼ take temporary possession of any railway or railway service
or facility established, maintained or worked by a railway
company;
◼ withdraw, partially or totally, the use of any railway service
or facility from any person or class of persons or from the
public at large.
Motive Power
 Motive power
 The train has evolved from been powered by the steam
(locomotives) by using the coals to diesel-powered
engine and electric-powered train.
 The motive power determines the speed of the
vehicle/unit of carriage travel. However it must be
supported by the railway track/the way on which the
vehicle travel
◼ Beforethe upgrading of KTMB track prior to double
track/electrification project, the KTM locomotives speed
could not travel to it maximum speed due to unsupportive
track.
Motive Power
 The electric train travels faster than steam and diesel
locomotive because the use of magnetic levitation
 Maglev (Magnetic Levitation)
 trains will float over a guideway using the basic principles of
magnets repulsion. Each magnet has two poles -opposite poles
attract and like poles repel each other.
 The magnetic that pushes the train
 The basic principle behind electromagnetic propulsion.
◼ Less noise and fast because there is lesser contact between the train
wheel and the way/track
 High speed rail
◼ Shanghai Maglev 430km/hour
◼ Harmony CRH 380A 380km/hour
◼ E5 Shinkansen Hayabusa 320km/hour
◼ TGV, France 320km/hour
◼ AGV Italo 360km/hour
How Maglev Works
Source : https://www.energy.gov/articles/how-maglev-works
Hyperloop Technologies
 Superfast Train
 By emptying the tube with vacuum pumps, it removes air
resistance. To remove the friction between the train and the
tracks, a capsule that levitates on air bearings, and by using
some linear induction motors for superfast movement.
◼ https://www.thestar.com.my/tech/tech-news/2018/10/03/first-
hyperloop-passenger-capsule-unveiled/
◼ https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/what-is-the-hyperloop/
◼ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O_FyOBCVGWE
◼ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zcikLQZI5wQ
Motive Power
 Motive power
 In Malaysia, the diesel engine was introduced in 1948,
in stages replacing the steam locomotives. By 1970 all
train used diesel engine
 KTM Komuter has started using electric trains since
1995
 Then, the Kuala Lumpur – Ipoh double tracking and
electrification project completed and started operation
in 2010
The Way
 The Way
 The railway lines consist dedicated of 2 parallel steel
rails which are laid upon sleepers (or cross ties) that are
embedded in ballast to form the railroad track.
◼ Sleeper, a railroad tie, or cross tie, is a rectangular object
used as a base for railroad tracks.
◼ Traditionally, ties have been made of wood, but steel has
also been used and concrete is now widely used.
 The rail is fastened to the ties with rail spikes, lag
screws or clips
Sleeper
Ballast
The Way
 Railway Tracks
 The tracks allow the trains to be significantly longer
compared to road transport.
 Vibration monitoring is essential to ensure the stability
of the train, rails, and the rail foundations.
 The railway track geometry should be carefully
analyzed before the laying of rails and the railway
sleepers. The foundation ground is likely to be settled
with the passage of time, and also due to the heavy
vehicle weight.
The Way
 Rail tracks are normally laid on ballast
 Ballast
◼ Track ballast, consisting of gravel, cinders or other
aggregate, forms the trackbed upon which railroad ties (US)
or railway sleepers (UK) are laid.
◼ It is used to facilitate drainage of water, and to create an
even running surface.
◼ This also serves to hold the track in place as the trains roll
by.
The Track
Gauge
The distance
between the
two parallel
steel rails
Track Gauge
Standard Gauge
 Also known as Stephenson gauge (George Stephenson), UIC
gauge, International gauge, normal gauge)
 Approximately 60% of the lines use this gauge
 The distance between the inside edges of the rails is
1,435 mm or 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in North America
 KTMB uses the 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) gauge railway
network in Peninsular Malaysia.
 The width of the gauge is importance to connect railways
lines to the other country’s railway lines allowing inter-
connectivity and inter-operability
 Proposal to have train services from Singapore to Kunming China
has to consider the harmonization of the gauge width
The Way
 Double track
 Normally to separate incoming and outgoing trains
 Improve the journey times and safety

 Avoid train to stop at a station to allow incoming train

to pass through
Railway Signaling
 Is a system used on railways to control traffic safely
 Operation according to timetable
 Trains can only operate in pre-arranged time periods
 Block signalling
 Railway lines are divided into sections known as blocks
& only one train is normally allowed in each block at
one time.
The Terminal
 Refers to the stations where the train stops to embark and
disembark passengers along the railway lines; destination
stations
 The terminal must
 have adequate informative information to the travelling public
and to those waiting for the passengers such as arrival and
departure times
 have facilities such as adequate toilet, comfortable waiting areas,
telecommunication signal and booth, eateries, lifts or escalators,
etc
 have pertinent safety features, such as the yellow line, signs for
person with disability
 be connected to other public transport services
 be accessible to the travelling public
The Terminal
 The terminal are owned by the transport organization itself
or by the private party
 Currently not just viewed as a transit point for passengers
but also as a profit centre.
 Rental of shops, office, parking spaces
 Advertising
 Rental of space to the other transport operators
 The location of terminal is importance to attract passengers
using the public transport, ease of mobility and accessibly
 Transit-oriented-development (TOD) supplies passengers to
the public transport
 Houses or offices are built next to rail stations
The Terminal
 Integrated terminal
 Terminal with at least serving two modes of transport
◼ KL Sentral – LRT, ERL, KTM Komuter, KTM EMS, KTM Intercity,
Bus services to LCCT, Taxi services
 The design must minimize the walking distance and time
taken to the other mode of transport
The Terminal
 KTMB Terminal
 Previously within a short distance whereby each town has
the train stations
 During pre and post independent, rail services connecting
the nations
◼ Advantage : wider coverage
◼ Disadvantage : slow services, sometimes need to stop longer at a
station
 Early 1990 the KTMB has closed those small stations –
improve the journey time, and expenses by reducing a
number of station masters and supporting staffs at each
station
The Terminal
 Putra LRT
 Elevated, at-grade and underground terminal
 Pasar Seni, Kg Baru, KLCC and Ampang Park stations
are underground stations
 Installed Ticket Vending Machines (TVM)
The Terminal
 Avoid bottlenecks at the terminal
 The design has to ensure a smooth passengers movement in
and out the terminal. These include the platform, the exits,
no. of gates, safety considerations, the information on the
directions to platform, exits, amenities etc.
◼ Find the average peak hours passengers using the terminal
 Adequate and functioning TVM.
◼ Avoid long queue
◼ Simplify the steps in issuing tickets
 Customer service counter to assist passengers
◼ Friendly and helpful customer service assistants(CSAs)
◼ Lost and Found
The Terminal
 Safety at the terminal
 CCTV to monitor the passengers movement
 Luggage and uncollected bags/materials should be handled
with care
 Yellow-line to separate the waiting area before the train
fully stop for boarding
 Adopt Technology
◼ Terminal’s door to open parallel with the opening of the train’s
doors
◼ to detect the illegal intrusion to electrified railway track
◼ PUTRA-LRT detects thing that falls on the track automatically signals
the coming train to stop.
The Terminal
 Parking bays
 Adequate parking bays particularly at the suburban
terminals/stations to attract more people using the train
services
 Park n Ride

 Issues
◼ Inadequate parking bays
◼ Inaccessible parking bays
◼ Exorbitance parking charges
◼ Safety and security of the passengers and the vehicles
Transport Carrying Unit
 The vehicle, wagon, trolley, transit unit, carriage, car,
coach, rolling stock
 Are the means by which the traffic – that is, the passengers
or freight – is carried
 The passenger car differs from freight wagon
◼ Types of freight trains
◼ Container trains
◼ Boxcar
◼ Piggy-back
◼ Low loader wagon
◼ Refrigerator cars
◼ Open-topped wagons
◼ Hopper wagons
Transport Carrying Unit
 The cars or wagons can be added or coupled to
accommodate more freight or passengers
 The KTMB train will be operating with more coaches
during festive seasons and during school holidays
 More flatbed trailer is added to carry more container

 The PUTRA-LRT originally a two-car train. Due to

increase ridership, the train is coupled to become a two
two-car train (2x2 cars train)
Transport Carrying Unit
 The suppliers of rolling stocks and the system
 Bombardier, Canada,
 Siemens, Germany

 Hyundai, Korea
China Railway Map
China High Speed Train
Shinkansen
Tokaido Shinkansen
 Tokaido Shinkansen

Safety 0 fatal accidents since line opened

Average per-train delay of

Reliability
just 24 seconds

Up to 285 km/h (2 hours 22 minutes

Speed
between Tokyo and Shin-Osaka)

Frequency Average of 365 services per day

Passengers Around 452,000 each day

432 services each day during August

Peak service
Obon holiday

Compiled by Nippon.com based on 2017 data from the Central Japan Railway Company annual report.
Tokaido Shinkansen

No accidents resulting in fatalities or injuries to passengers onboard since operations

commenced in 1964.
· Personnel are highly-skilled in safety awareness through comprehensive training
· Train control system with sophisticated technology, continuous safety-related investment
(including countermeasures for derailment and deviation for further anti-earthquake
measures) in addition to reinforcement of infrastructures
TGV Network