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US DESTROYERS
GERMAN U-BOATS
The Atlantic 1941–45

MARK LARDAS
 US DESTROYERS
GERMAN U-BOATS
The Atlantic 1941–45

MARK LARDAS
CONTENTS
Introduction 4
Chronology 7
Design and Development 9
The Strategic Situation 20
Technical Specifications 27
The Combatants 44
Combat 54
Analysis 71
Aftermath 76
Further Reading 78
Index 80
 INTRODUCTION
Between September 1941 and May 1945, United States Navy destroyers fought
German Kriegsmarine (“War Navy”) Unterseeboote – the U-boats. The battle opened
on September 4, 1941, when USS Greer (DD-145), a Wickes-class flush-deck
destroyer converted to anti-submarine warfare (ASW) duty, exchanged fire with
U-652, a Type VIIC U-boat. The encounter took place in the western approaches to
Iceland and was initiated when an RAF Coastal Command Lockheed Hudson
maritime patrol bomber dropped depth charges on U-652. The U-boat’s skipper,
Oberleutnant zur See Georg-Werner Fraatz, unable to detect the Hudson, assumed
Greer had been the attacker; Greer had in fact been tracking U-652 on its sonar. In
retaliation, U-652 fired a torpedo at Greer, which then depth-charged the U-boat.
The final encounter occurred on May 6, 1945, the day after Germany surrendered.
U-881, a Type IXC/40 U-boat, was attempting to line up a shot at the Casablanca-
class escort carrier USS Mission Bay (CVE-59) when it was detected by USS Farquhar
(DE-139), an Edsall-class destroyer escort screening Mission Bay. Farquhar attacked at
04:41:00, sinking U-881.
In between, there were thousands of encounters between US Navy destroyers and
German U-boats, and between destroyer escorts and U-boats when the former began
to operate in the Atlantic in April 1943. For ASW, destroyers and destroyer escorts can
be considered interchangeable. Most encounters, like the combat between Greer and
U-652, ended harmlessly, with neither side suffering damage. Others, like U-881’s
encounter with Farquhar, had fatal consequences.
The U-boat was not inevitably the loser, however. The last US Navy warship sunk
in the Battle of the Atlantic was USS Frederick C. Davis (DE-136), an Edsall-class
destroyer escort that had survived three years of war, including a stint off the invasion
4 beaches at Anzio on the western coast of Italy where it acted as a decoy for radio-
controlled glide bombs. On April 24,
1945 Frederick C. Davis was tracking a
U-boat contact, U-546, a Schnorchel-
equipped Type IXC/40, which turned the
tables on the destroyer escort, hitting it
with a single acoustic torpedo. Hit at
08:40:00, Frederick C. Davis sank
15 minutes later. It was soon joined by
U-546, attacked by the remaining eight
destroyers in the hunter-killer group that
Frederick C. Davis had been
operating with.
Once or twice, an encounter proved
fatal to both combatants. The Clemson-
class flush-deck destroyer USS Borie
(DD-215) served in the Neutrality Patrol
in 1941. In 1943, along with several
other sister ships converted for ASW
duty, Borie was part of the destroyer
screen for the Bogue-class escort carrier
USS Card (CVE-11) hunting U-boats in
the mid-Atlantic. On November 1, 1943,
having detected the submerged U-405,
Borie launched a depth-charge attack that
forced the U-boat to the surface.
U-405, a Type VIIC U-boat, surfaced
so close to Borie that the old four-piper
could not depress its four 4in and one 3in
guns sufficiently to engage the U-boat.
U-405 opened up on Borie with its deck guns. Borie responded with what it could – Kriegsmarine U-bootsmänner
small-arms fire. Finally Borie rammed U-405, which sent the U-boat to the bottom. sweating out a depth-charge
Borie damaged its bow when it rammed, however, and the battle was fought in a attack. The U-boat had to remain
silent to evade detection and
storm. Too badly damaged to tow to port, Borie was scuttled the next day.
destruction; so did the crew.
These were typical of the encounters that occurred during the 45 months US Navy These men survived. Most depth-
destroyers and destroyer escorts battled U-boats in the North Atlantic and surrounding charge attacks were
waters. These battles, however, tended not to fit the common stereotype of battles unsuccessful, but a U-boat only
fought between Allied destroyers and German U-boats. Novels like Nicholas had to be unlucky once. (AC)
Monsarrat’s The Cruel Sea (1951), C.S. Forester’s The Good Shepherd (1955), and
Lothar-Günther Buchheim’s Das Boot (1973) describe the battles fought on the North
Atlantic’s northern convoy routes. These involved convoys traveling between North
America and Britain, or more rarely, between Britain and Gibraltar.
The battles fought on the routes taken by the British-bound SC and HX or the
America-bound ON and ONS convoys were among the biggest and most important
fought during the Battle of the Atlantic, but they were not typical of the battles in
which the US Navy participated. This was not absolute: on October 31, 1941 the
Clemson-class destroyer USS Reuben James (DD-245) was torpedoed and sunk by the 5
 Type VIIC U-boat U-552 while
escor ting HX 156 from
Newfoundland to Iceland. However,
this was during the period of the
Neutrality Patrol.
After the United States entered
World War II in December 1941, the
battlefield changed. The Battle of
the Atlantic was no longer confined to
the eastern North Atlantic, but
instead included the western Atlantic
Ocean, the North American seaboard,
the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean
Sea, and the waters off South America.
Moreover, the US Navy suddenly had
massive naval commitments in the
Pacific Ocean, against Japan.
A crewman from the Clemson- US Navy destroyers were largely withdrawn from the northern convoy routes.
class destroyer USS Borie Eventually, the US presence in these convoys was limited to the US Coast Guard,
(DD-215) is hoisted aboard the often manning vessels equivalent to destroyers, including destroyer escorts lent to the
Bogue-class escort carrier USS
US Coast Guard. The Royal Canadian Navy assumed responsibility for convoys on
Card (CVE-11) via a breeches
buoy on November 3, 1943. Borie the western half of those routes while Britain’s Royal Navy took charge of the eastern
sank in a storm due to damage half. US warships tended to operate under the command of British or Canadian
incurred ramming and sinking leaders. The Good Shepherd’s Commander Ernest Krause was a rare (and fictional)
U-405. (AC) exception.
Instead, the US Navy initially patrolled the waters along the North American coast,
the Caribbean, and the Gulf of Mexico. After November 1942 they took responsibility
for the convoys taking the central North Atlantic routes, between Norfolk, Virginia
and Gibraltar, and on into the Mediterranean. The US Navy was fighting a different
type of war against U-boats than that being fought by the Royal Navy or Royal
Canadian Navy – geography dictated it.
The US Navy rarely fought “wolf packs,” which could only be engaged in areas
relatively close to French and Norwegian U-boat bases and in areas with large convoys,
namely the northern convoy routes. Wolf packs could have been deployed against
US–Gibraltar convoys in the approaches to Gibraltar, but these were heavily patrolled
by Allied maritime patrol aircraft and therefore best avoided by U-boats. That meant
most US destroyer and destroyer-escort encounters with U-boats were typically with
individual U-boats.
Another difference was US destroyers and destroyer escorts were more frequently
used offensively against U-boats than defensively protecting convoys. Although 1942
destroyer sweeps hunting U-boats were helter-skelter, by 1943 destroyers and destroyer
escorts were used in hunter-killer groups centered around escort carriers. The escort
carriers’ aircraft would hunt out U-boats, with the destroyers sent to sink the U-boats
that submerged before aircraft could sink them.
This book presents those battles, and highlights what made them unique. While in
6 1942 it appeared the U-boats were invincible, by 1944 they were on the run.
CHRONOLOGY
1935 December 7 United States attacked by Japan at
June 18 Anglo-German Naval Agreement Pearl Harbor and other locations in
signed, permitting Germany to the Pacific.
build U-boats. December 11 Germany declares war on United
June 29 Kriegsmarine commissions Type IIA States.
SM U-1, its first U-boat.
1942
1941 January 12 Operation Paukenschlag, the first
September 4 Greer Incident. Greer and U-652 attack by U-boats on the American
exchange fire. coast, begins when Type IXB U-123
October 17 Kearny torpedoed by U-568. sinks the unescorted British cargo
October 31 Reuben James sunk by U-552. steamship Cyclops.
February 28 Jacob Jones sunk off the Delaware
Capes by Type VIIC U-578.
February  German U-boats begin using the
four-rotor Enigma cipher machine.
The Allies can no longer read U-boat
radio traffic.
April 14 U-85 sunk by Roper, the first U-boat
sunk by US Navy destroyers.
May 28 U-568 sunk off Torbruk by Royal
Navy warships.
August  US Navy depth charges modified to
allow 600ft depth settings.
November 16 Gleaves-class destroyers USS Woolsey
(DD-437), USS Swanson (DD-443),
and USS Quick (DD-490) sink
U-173 as it attempts attacking
Operation Torch shipping.

1943
March 5 A hunter-killer group, with the escort
carrier Bogue and five flush-deck
destroyers, departs Norfolk,
becoming the first US Navy task
group to hunt U-boats.
March 13 Type VIIC U-575 becomes the first
U-boat to be sunk by US Navy
Two U-bootsmänner in the control room of a U-boat. They are operating the
depth controls that determined the depth at which the U-boat should be. (AC) destroyers in the Mediterranean.
7
 April First destroyer escort enters service in July 5 Type XB U-233 is forced to the
the Battle of the Atlantic. surface by Cannon-class destroyer
August 1  Zaunkönig (Wren) acoustic homing escorts USS Baker (DE-190) and
torpedo enters service. It is called USS Thomas (DE-102) and sunk by
GNAT (German Naval Acoustic gunfire, becoming the only Type XB
Torpedo) by the Allies. U-boat sunk by US Navy escort
November 1  U-405 rammed and sunk by Borie. warships.
The destroyer is scuttled the next day.
December 24 Wickes-class destroyer USS Leary 1945
(DD-158), hit by a Zaunkönig April 24  Frederick C. Davis sunk by U-546,
torpedo fired by Type VIIC U-275, which is subsequently sunk by six
becomes the last US Navy destroyer destroyer escorts.
sunk by U-boats. April 30 Karl Dönitz succeeds Adolf Hitler as
head of the Third Reich.
1944 May 4 Dönitz orders the Kriegsmarine to
February 16 Destroyer escorts accompany an cease all offensive action.
escort carrier hunter-killer task force May 5 Dönitz orders the Kriegsmarine to
for the first time. cease all hostilities.
March 17 Gleaves-class destroyer USS Corry May 6  Farquhar sinks U-881 – the last
(DD-463) and Cannon-class U-boat sunk by the US Navy.
destroyer escort USS Bronstein (DE- May 8 Germany surrenders. War in Europe
109) sink Type IXC/40 U-801, the (and Battle of the Atlantic) ends.
first time a destroyer escort May 23 Third Reich dissolved by the Allies.
participates in sinking a U-boat. Dönitz is arrested.
May 5 Buckley-class destroyer escort USS May 29 Blackout in Atlantic Ocean ends.
Fechteler (DE-157), torpedoed and Ship navigation lights again used.
sunk by Type VIIC/41 U-967 while August 17 Type VIIC U-997, the last U-boat
escorting a convoy in the still at sea, arrives in Argentina and
Mediterranean, becomes the first surrenders.
US Navy destroyer escort sunk by
U-boats.
May 6 In a wild battle involving a boarding
action by German U-bootsmänner,
Buckley rams and sinks
Type IXC U-66.
May 19 Gleaves-class destroyers USS Niblack
(DD-424) and USS Ludlow
(DD-438) sink Type VIIC U-960,
the last U-boat sunk by US Navy
destroyers in World War II.
May 29  U-549 sinks Block Island, and is
subsequently sunk by Eugene
Although torpedoes were rarely used by destroyers and destroyer
E. Elmore.
escorts against U-boats, they were fired on occasion against surfaced
June 4 Four destroyer escorts from TG 22.3 U-boats. No U-boat was sunk by torpedoes fired by a US Navy surface
force U-505 to the surface and warship, although one, U-537, was torpedoed and sunk by the Gato-class
capture it. submarine USS Flounder (SS-251) on November 10, 1944 in the South
8 China Sea. This is a torpedoman aboard a destroyer escort. (AC)
DESIGN AND
DEVELOPMENT
A U-boat plows through open
water in the North Sea. This view
is from the bridge, looking
forward. (AC)
THE DESTROYER AND THE
DESTROYER ESCORT
The destroyer emerged between 1892 and 1894 to counter the
threat torpedo boats presented to large warships. This torpedo-
boat destroyer was built to drive off torpedo boats. An oceangoing
warship, it could keep up with the battle fleet and was fast
enough to engage and sink torpedo boats before they endangered
the battle line. The torpedo-boat destroyer, large enough to carry
torpedoes and a better sea boat than the smaller torpedo boat,
soon replaced the latter type. The name “torpedo-boat destroyer”
was shortened to “TBD” or simply “destroyer.”
The first generation of destroyers had coal-fired, reciprocating
steam engines. Their maximum speeds ranged from 25 to 31kn;
they displaced between 350 and 600 tons, and they carried two
torpedo tubes, one or two guns between 65mm and 88mm in
caliber, and two to four light guns between 20mm and 50mm.
Second-generation destroyers arrived between 1904 and
1912, incorporating steam turbines and oil fuel. Turbine engines
provided greater power per unit weight than the triple-expansion 9
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