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LP - Lecture 8 (10)

Bio Class 10

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Raghav Chaudhry
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2 views

LP - Lecture 8 (10)

Bio Class 10

Uploaded by

Raghav Chaudhry
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LIFE PROCESSES

(LECTURE - 8)

RAMIT Sir – BIOLOGY X (SAP)


NUTRITION IN HUMAN BEINGS

▪ The process of breaking down of large food particles into smaller, water-soluble
particles, which can be easily absorbed by the blood plasma is termed as
digestion
▪ Digestion is done with the help of biological catalysts called enzymes
▪ Human digestive system comprises the alimentary canal and various digestive
glands
▪ The alimentary canal is a muscular tube, which extends from the mouth to the
anus
▪ Rhythmic contraction and relaxation of muscles in the lining of the alimentary
canal helps to push the food forward through it and is referred to as peristalsis
▪ These movements occur all along the gut
PARTS OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL/DIGESTIVE TRACT
1. MOUTH/BUCCAL CAVITY
▪ Food starts its journey from the mouth or
the oral cavity
▪ There are many other organs that
contribute to the digestion process
including teeth, salivary glands, and tongue
▪ Teeth are designed for grinding food
particles into small pieces
▪ There are 3 pairs of salivary glands which
secrete saliva
▪ The food is mixed thoroughly with saliva
and moved around the mouth while
chewing by the muscular tongue
▪ The saliva contains an enzyme called
salivary amylase that breaks down starch
which is a complex carbohydrate into
Simple sugars
ACTIVITY 5.3

AIM - To demonstrate the action of saliva on starch


MATERIAL REQUIRED - Two test tubes, 1% starch solution, dilute iodine solution,
saliva
METHOD –
1. Take 1 mL of starch solution (1%) in two test tubes A and B
2. Add 1 mL of saliva to test tube A and leave both test tubes undisturbed for 20-30
minutes
3. Add a few drops of dilute iodine solution to both the test tubes
OBSERVATION - Blue –black color appears in test tube B but does not appear in test
tube A
CONCLUSION - In test tube A, salivary amylase present in saliva breaks down starch
into soluble sugar (iodine solution gives blue black color only in the presence of
starch). So in test tube B blue back color is seen
2. OESOPHAGUS

▪ Oesophagus - From the mouth, the food is taken to the stomach through the food-
pipe or oesophagus
3. STOMACH

▪ The stomach is a large organ which expands when food enters it. The muscular
walls of the stomach help in mixing the food thoroughly with more digestive
juices
▪ The digestion in stomach takes place by the gastric glands present in the wall of
the stomach. These release hydrochloric acid, a protein digesting enzyme called
pepsin, and mucus
▪ The hydrochloric acid creates an acidic medium which facilitates the action of
the enzyme pepsin
▪ The mucus protects the inner lining of the stomach from the action of the acid
under normal conditions
▪ The exit of food from the stomach is regulated by a sphincter muscle which
releases it in small amounts into the small intestine
SECTION THROUGH THE STOMACH WALL
4. SMALL INTESTINE

▪ From the stomach, the food now enters the small intestine
▪ This is the longest part of the alimentary canal which is fitted into a compact
space because of extensive coiling
▪ The small intestine is the site of the complete digestion of carbohydrates,
proteins and fats
▪ The walls of the small intestine contain glands which secrete intestinal juice. It
also receives the secretions of the liver and pancreas
▪ The inner lining of the small intestine has numerous finger-like projections
called villi which increase the surface area for absorption
▪ The villi are richly supplied with blood vessels which take the absorbed food to
each and every cell of the body where it is utilized for obtaining energy, building
up new tissues and repair of old tissues
SECTION THROUGH THE SMALL INTESTINE
5. LIVER

▪ The food coming from the stomach is acidic and


has to be made alkaline for the pancreatic
enzymes to act
▪ Bile juice from the liver accomplishes this in
addition to acting on fats
▪ Fats are present in the intestine in the form of
large globules which makes it difficult for
enzymes to act on them.
▪ Bile salts break them down into smaller globules
(emulsification) increasing the efficiency of
enzyme action
6. PANCREAS

▪ The pancreas secretes


pancreatic juice which contains
enzymes like trypsin for
digesting proteins and lipase for
breaking down emulsified fats

▪ In the small intestine the


enzymes finally convert the
proteins to amino acids,
complex carbohydrates into
glucose and fats into fatty acids
and glycerol
7. LARGE INTESTINE

▪ The unabsorbed food is


sent into the large
intestine where its wall
absorbs more water from
this material

▪ The rest of the material is


removed from the body via
the anus. The exit of this
waste material is regulated
by the anal sphincter
Section of large intestine
1. Why is the length of small intestine more in herbivores as compared to carnivores ?

The length of the small intestine differs in various animals depending on the food they
eat Herbivores eating grass need a longer small intestine to allow the cellulose to be
properly digested. Meat is easier to digest, hence carnivores like tigers have a shorter
small intestine

2. What is the function of the acid secreted by the gastric glands?

The hydrochloric acid creates an acidic medium which facilitates the action of the
enzyme pepsin. The acidic gastric juice also kills bacteria.
3. What is dental caries ?

▪ Dental caries or tooth decay causes gradual softening of enamel and


dentine
▪ It begins when bacteria acting on sugars produce acids that softens or
demineralizes the enamel
▪ Masses of bacterial cells together with food particles stick to the teeth to
form dental plaque
▪ Saliva cannot reach the tooth surface to neutralize the acid as plaque covers
the teeth
▪ Brushing the teeth after eating removes the plaque before the bacteria
produce acids
▪ If untreated, microorganisms may invade the pulp, causing inflammation
and infection

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