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Covers a very small area, such Covers a limited area, like a

PAN LAN
as around a single person. home, office, or school.
Examples: Bluetooth High speed and low cost; uses
connections, wearable devices. Ethernet or Wi-Fi.

Covers large areas like

Spans a city or a large campus.
WAN countries or continents.
Examples: The Internet or MAN Examples: City-wide Wi-Fi or
university networks.
global business networks.
Client-server vs peer-to-peer
Client-server Peer-to-peer
Advantages=
Advantages=
-Decentralized, so there is no single
-Centralized control, security, and
point of failure.
maintenance.
-Can be more resilient and scalable.
-Easy to manage, update, and back
-Cost-effective, as each peer can
up data.
contribute resources like
-Servers can be powerful machines
bandwidth and storage.
that handle many clients at once.
Disadvantages=
Disadvantages=
-Harder to manage security and
-Server failure can disrupt the
prevent malicious activity.
entire network.
-No central authority for
-Can be expensive to maintain and
maintenance or updates.
scale due to server resources.
-Performance can degrade if many
-Servers are a potential single point
peers are unreliable or have poor
of failure.
connections.
 WWW vs internet
WWW Internet
-Collection of multimedia -Massive network of
web pages stored on a networks, made up of
website, which uses the computers and other
internet to access electronic devices; uses
information from servers TCP/IP communication
and other computers. protocols.
-https protocols are written -It stands for
using hypertext mark-up interconnected network.
language(HTML). -The internet makes use
-URLs specify the location of transmission control
of all web pages. protocol(TCP)/ internet
-The WWW uses the protocol(IP).
internet to access
information from servers
and other computers.
 Hardware and software needed to
support the internet.
● A device(such as a computer, tablet or mobile
phone)
● A telephone line connection or a mobile phone
network connection(however, it is possible
than a tablet or mobile phone may connect to
the internet using a wireless router)
● A router (which can be wired or wireless) or
router and modem
● An internet service provider (ISP) (combination
of hardware and software)
● A web browser
IP addresses
IPv4=
The most common type of addressing on the internet. Based on
32 bits giving 2³²(4 294 967 296) possible addresses.
The 32 bits are split into four groups of 8 bits, for example:
254.0.128.77.
Network Classes and Ranges
Class A: 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 (large networks).
Class B: 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255 (medium networks).
Class C: 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255 (small networks).
Class D: 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 (multicast).
Class E: 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255 (reserved).
IP addresses
IPv6=
Has been developed to overcome some of the problems
associated with IPv4.
This sistem uses 128-bit addressing, which allows for much
more complex addressing structures. An IPv6 address is broken
into 16-bit chunks and because of this, it adopts the
hexadecimal notation.
IPv6 addresses can be quite long but there is a way to shorten
them using zero compression, this allows the omission of
consecutive zeros in addresses for simplicity.
For example: 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:ff00:0042:8329 that can
be written as 2001:db8::ff00:42:8329.
 Private IP addresses and public IP
Private addresses
Public
● Reserved for internal use behind a
router or another NAT device. ● Allocated by a user’s
● Class A: 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 ISP to identify the
● Class B: 162.16.0.0 to location of their device.
172.31.255.255 Devices using IP
● Class C: 192.168.0.0 to A ●
addresses are
192.168.255.255
● They allow for an entirely separate
B accessible from
anybody using the
set of addresses within a network. internet.
They allow access to the network ● Public IP addresses are
without taking up a public IP used by:DNS servers,
address space. network routers,
● Devices using private IP directly-controlled
addresses cannot be reached by computers.
internet users.
 Uniform resource
A service (URL)
● Web browsers use uniform resource
locators(URL) to access websites; these are
represented by a set of four numbers, such
as 109.108.158.1.

Cmd ● But it is much easier to type this into a

browser using the following format:
protocol://website address/path/filename.
+
● Protocol is usually http or https
● Website address is:
-domain host(WWW)
Z -domain name(name of website) C
-domain type(.com, .org, .net, .gov, and so on
-(sometimes) a country code (.uk, .de, .cy, .br, and
so on).
● Path is the web page Ctrl
● Filename is the item from the web page
 Domain name service
A (DNS)
● It gives domain names for internet hosts and is a
system for finding IP addresses of a domain name.
● Domain names eliminate the need for a user to
memorise IP addresses.
● The DNS process involves converting a host home
into an IP address the computer can understand,
Cmd for example: www.hoddereducation.co.uk to
107.162.140.19.
● DNS process:
1. The browser checks its cache for a recent IP +
address for the domain.
2. If not cached, the request is sent to a DNS
resolver (e.g., ISP or third-party service).
Z 3. The resolver queries the root DNS server,
which directs it to the appropriate top-level domain (TLD)
C
server (.com, .org, etc.).
4. The resolver then queries the authoritative
DNS server for the domain, which returns the IP address.
5. The resolver sends the IP address to the
browser, which connects to the website’s server to load Ctrl
the page.
 +
Cmd

Thanks!

Z A
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