PERSONALITY

DYNAMICS
Motivation of Human Behavior
SCHOOL OF THOUGHT

Advance Needs Theory of

behavior
Psychodynamic approach to
human behavior

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 THE NEEDS THEORY OF
HUMAN MOTIVATION

The theory states that throughout life, desires, wishes

and drives, collectively, called needs, motivate all. When
these needs are not in fulfilled, the individual is placed
under stress and, in order to relieve the tension
created, one has to strive for appropriate satisfaction.
Carroll subdivided the basic needs into four:
Physical Security Self-preservation
Emotional Security
Achievement Self-enhancement
Status

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MOTIVATING FORCES

According to Kaplan and Baron

Biological or organic needs

Psychosocial or learned needs

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 HIERARCHY OF MOTIVES

1. Physiological needs - hunger, thirst, air, etc;

2. Safety needs - the need for freedom from threat or
danger;
3. Sense of belonging and love needs - the need for
affiliation, belonging, and acceptance;
4. Esteem needs - the need for achievement, strength,
competence, reputation and status or prestige;
5. Self-actualization - the need for self-fulfillment to
realize potentialities, to become what one is capable of
becoming;
6. Cognitive needs - the need to know and understand the
need to understand the mysterious, the need to tackle
the unknown;
7. Esthetic needs - the need for symmetry, order,
system and structure. 04
 PSYCHODYNAMICS

Psychodynamics - means motivation to

action. It defines
human behavior in
terms of the inner
personality of the inner
self
Psychic Forces - A system of forces or
network of energy
that makes one act and
feel in certain ways.
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 DYNAMIC FORCES
EGO
Operates in the conscious level,
maintaining a strict control over the ID
ID but allows forms of gratification, SUPEREGO

functioning in accordance with reality

principle. The reality principle makes
individuals forego immediate This serves as a conscience which
Includes exotic cravings opposes the urges of the ID. This
which seek expression and satisfaction to conform with society
so that greater pleasures are insured conscience establishes what's right
organic needs. Thwarting later. or wrong becoming the moral
these needs leads to tensions foundations of behavior and
so intense that the individual operates on all levels of the mind,
has to seek outlets for but most of its functions are
gratification. carried on the subconscious level.

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 PSYCHOANALYSIS AND
PERSONALITY FORMATION
The infantile period is divided into stages:
Psychoanalysis believes that the life force, 1. Autoerotic stage - interests in pleasurable bodily
or libido or sex drive, strongly influences the sensations; localization of autoerotic
unconscious mind of the child's personality. pleasures;
Louis Thorpe (Psychology of Mental Health) 2. Oral-exotic stage - Libidinal satisfaction derived mainly
three stages of development: by way of the mouth; from nursing
infantile stage (birth to 5-6 years) and thumb-sucking and later from
chewing and biting.
latent period (6 years to puberty) 3. Anal-erotic stage - The elimination functions and organs
adolescent period (lasts until the end of provide the principal erotic
teen years) gratification
4. Genital or Phallic - When the possibilities for pleasure
Stage are derived from the sex organs

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 PSYCHODYNAMICS AND
PERSONALITY FORMATION

The sex drive gradually attaches to the ego

and follows the second stage of object
finding called, self-love or narcissism. The
third stage of libidinal attachment is when
the sex drive is directed to one or more
external love objects.

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 NATURE AND CONTROL
OF EMOTIONS

Emotions Classification of emotions:

The stirred-up state of an organism Quality Intensity
involving internal and external responses, Pleasant Mild
accompanied by an awareness of the Unpleasant Strong
feelings aroused.

Disintegrate Emotions - mild and strong emotions that persist for long periods of time.
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 MILD EMOTIONAL STATES

Occur in the form of feelings, moods, interests,

attitudes, and prejudices - affecting the behavior
by decreasing or increasing the individual's Feelings - less disruptive.
capacity for action and effectiveness. Moods - mild feelings that persist for longer periods
Interests - associated with pleasant feelings, increasing
one's productivity and effectiveness.
Attitudes - dispositions assumed by people indicating
feelings or opinions.
Prejudices - lies dormant for some time and are directed
towards nations, ideas, races, or religious
groups.
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 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES
ACCOMPANYING EMOTIONS

Physiological disturbances accompanying Bodily changes associated with strong emotions:

emotions are involuntary in nature and
not within conscious control as they increased heart beat and blood pressure
affect the functioning of internal redirection of blood from digestive to
structures. muscular function
irregular or increased respiration
The result of these disturbances when Impaired digestive functions due to slowing
intensified can lead to physical ailments stomach and intestinal contraction
like peptic ulcer, colitis, heart diseases, upset glandular function
high blood pressure, enuresis, and eczema. increased adrenaline discharge to the blood
increased coagulation time
rapid elimination of waste

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 EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Infancy
Emotional responses are centered on physical
needs and their satisfaction. When denied, the
infant shows displeasure immediately and in an
intense manner.
Childhood
Emotional responses become differentiated into
lover, fear, and anger, then agression. Violent
physical responses or temper tantrums are normal
emotional responses up to 4 or 5 used by the child
to get what he or she wants.

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 EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Adolescence
Emotions are intense and unstable, taking the form
of moods when repressed. Heightened emotionality
is due to glandular changes, especially of the sex
glands and to excessive parental restraints.
Adulthood
Emotionality slows down and disappears. They have
to learn to have more control over the expression
of emotions

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 EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Emotional Maturity
Concerned with the proper control of Emotional maturity is characterized by:
feelings and the capacity to react to The ability to delay or control emotion.
different situations in ways that are The capacity to give adequate emotional
beneficial response commensurate with one’s
development level
Ways of controlling emotions: The ability to develop a reasonable amount
Realizing the importance and use of relaxation
Acquire skills and competence to develop self- of frustration-tolerance so as to withstand
confidence frustrating situations.
Delay or modify an emotional response to suit an The development of a high level of flexibility
opportune time and adjustability to changes that are
Gain a realistic appraisal of one’s abilities and
weaknesses. dictated by fate and fortune.

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FRUSTRATIONS AND CONFLICTS

FRUSTRATION
Thwarting a goal or a goal interference.
A feeling that is produced when desires are
met with some interference which prevent or
delay their completion
Two sources of frustration:
External situation
Inner dynamics of a person

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 EXTERNAL SITUATIONS
02

interruptions and disturbances

01 especially with reference to 03
interests and accustomed
modes of living
the mores or regulations of
society, which refer to the socioeconomic conditions
external blocking of needs
and desires by the imposition
of social traditions

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FRUSTRATION-AGGRESSION
HYPOTHESIS

Frustration, although an important factor

in causing aggressive behavior, does not
necessarily lead to aggression. Frustration
inclines a person toward a number of
different responses, one of which is
aggression.

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 FRUSTRATION TOLERANCE

Frustration Tolerance Frustration tolerance differ not only in

Refers to the individual's ability to endure response but in degree.
the delay or thwarting of a conflict Frustration may be influenced by the
without resorting to maladaptive behavior significance of the event whether it was
or suffering personality disorganization. caused by external forces or brought by one's
own actions.
Frustration Tolerance is lower when one is
fatigued than when rested.
On the other hand fatigue may be a symptom
of a low frustration tolerance, as a result
from the emotional tension generated by
frustration.

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 CONFLICTS

- refers to the tension or excitement

within, when one strives to reach a decision
between equally attractive or repelling
situations.
- a state of mind that results from the
clash between contrary motivations.
- the effect of conflict on behavior
depends on the intensity of the conflict and
the type of personality.
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 CONFLICT SITUATIONS

Conflicting Attractions Avoidance-Attraction

involves the choice of alternatives that are involves situations which is attractive but is
equally desirable but have incompatible
values. accompanied by an undesirable factor.
the selection of one involves the loss of contains two elements; one that is desirable
the other. and one that is undesirable and
disadvantageous.

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 CONFLICT SITUATIONS

Conflicting Avoidance Multiple Conflicts

involves a situation where one is caught
between two negative values. occur when there are two or more
problem may rise when one tries to avoid conflicting situations at one time.
the consequences which will result from Conflicts from these kind of situations take
either choice of action.
longer to resolve

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EFFECTS OF CONFLICTS AND
FRUSTRATIONS

Place the individual under stress.

Stress intensifies emotionality. Tensions lead
to irritability, sensitiveness, restlessness and
hostility
Induce substitute and symbolic behavior
Indirect expressions of emotional tensions
take several forms, like nervousness in the
form of muscle twitching and stuttering, or
the tensions may be released through
excessive smoking,

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EFFECTS OF CONFLICTS AND
FRUSTRATIONS

Disturb both mental and emotional behavior

When Conflicts remain unsolved and
frustrations become persistent, interfering
with effective emotional control and
integrative personality development.
Positive effect of conflict and frustration
Repeated attempts at resolving conflict can lead
to the development of control, self-discipline, a
higher-level of personality integration.

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 HOW TO DEAL WITH TENSION
Anxiety and tension are self-protective reactions when confronted by
threats to safety, well-being, happiness or self-esteem

1. Do minor problems and small disappointments throw you into dither?

2. Do you find it difficult to get along with people, and are people having trouble getting along with you?
3. Do the small pleasures of life fail to satisfy you?
4. Are you unable to stop thinking of your anxieties?
5. Do you fear people or situations that never used to bother you?
6. Are you suspicious of people mistrust full of your friends?
7. Do you feel inadequate, suffer the tortures of self-doubt?

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 POSITIVE ACTIONS TO RELIEVE OR
AVOID TENSION
Escape for a
while

Work off
Talk it out Sometimes, it helps to escape
from painful problem for a your anger
When something worries you don't while. Making you "stand there
keep it to yourself. Confide your and suffer" is a form of self- Anger will leave you feeling foolish
worry to some level headed punishment. and sorry when you use it as a
persons you can trust. Talking pattern of behavior. Working the
things out helps relieve strain; help anger out of your system will leave
see situation in a clearer light; you much better prepared to
often helps to see what can be handle the problem intelligently.
done.

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 POSITIVE ACTIONS TO RELIEVE OR
AVOID TENSION
Do something
for others

Give in If you worry about yourself all

the time try doing something for Take one thing
occasionally somebody else. This will take the at a time
stream out of your worries, and
Stand your ground on what you even better give you a warm
believe is right but do it calmly and feeling of having done well. Pitch into a few of the most
make allowance for the fact that urgent tasks one at a time, set
others yield too. The result will be aside the rest for the time being.
relief from tension, the
achievement of a practical solution,
together with a feeling of
satisfaction and maturity.

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 POSITIVE ACTIONS TO RELIEVE OR
AVOID TENSION
Go easy with
criticism

Shun the Remember that each person has

the right to develop as an Give the other
Superman urge individual. Instead of being critical person a break
of another person's behavior,
Decide which things you do well and search out their good points and Competition is contagious but so is
then put your major effort into it. help develop them.
cooperation. When you give the
Give other things the best of your
ability, but don't take yourself to fellow a break, you often make
task if you can't achieve perfection things easier for yourself. If he no
in them. longer feels you are a threat to
him, he stops being a threat to you.

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 POSITIVE ACTIONS TO RELIEVE OR
AVOID TENSION
Schedule your
recreation

Make yourself It is desirable for almost

everyone to have a hobby that
"Available" absorbs you during off-hours;
one that he can throw himself
completely and with pleasure, Emotional difficulties often rise
Instead of shrinking away and forgetting about work
withdrawing, it is healthier and out of practical problems. But a
more practical to make overtures person's long-standing habits and
yourself. There is a middle ground attitudes may produce conflicts. In
between withdrawal and pushing. such cases counseling or guidance
services may be needed.

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THANK
YOU