Electrical circuits

Current in Series Current in

parallel
>
-
Current will be the same at Current
>
-

will
split up
in
parallel
branches .
all
points or components connected
* The branch with higher
in series
resistance will get less current

>
-

Sum of currents entering a

li junction must equal the sum

of currents leaving the

junction .

2A
-
18002 10002
=
0 . 5 A
:
0 5A
[
I -
L

↑ I F + 12
=
500

sin
I = Y

..
8 5 A 500

-
>
-
40 .
5A

Toot Toot
>

2A = Im
 Find the missing value of current

al Im d) Il
Vo .
2A I2 = 8 2 A 5 . 3AY
↑
15002
.

I1 = 0 . !A
100 e 500 h
-
>
- -
-

T 0 2A
11
.

=
= 0 . 2A
-
-2
& -

Il-- -fi
238 R 3002
-

I
b)
v8-8A
0 . 6 A

? 2) [ I--fi
In
-
>
2002
0 .
3 A In

=
-

2) Il -

-
-

500 -
I2
E
V -
-

2332
T 180-
3
75AX
-
= 0 .

I
a .
5A
I = 0 . 6A In = 0 .
JA
,

401
- -

Is =
0 .
4A
,
In = 0 . 2 A

In =
3 25A 0 25 A
[B
. .

I
>
-

1
 COMBINED E . M F
.
. OF CELLS :

-
Series
- parallel
>
-
Cells in same direction will be added >
- The combined erf of cells

>
-
Cells in
opposite direction will be of equal value will be the
subtracted. same as their individual embs .

-
zu zu zu

f
Resultant 2 .
m .

.
= JV
-
In

-If
12V 6V 3V
-I -

Im
HV

Resultant e .
m . f .
= 12 + 6-3 = 15V Resultant em .
f .
= 4V
 Example : Find the resultant e .
m .
t . of the following combinations :

4V 5V 5V
(a) (b) 1 1
-
.

It - m

2V 3V 4 + 3 + 2
4V

Hi
1 5V 1 5V
av
.
.

-
4

I
=
3V

Emparison
Series Parallel
-

>
-
The resultant e-m .
.
f >
-
If one cell
stops working it
,

of the combined cells does not effect the other cells .

be
will greater .
>
-
Cells last much longer ,

(can be an advantage/ (because charge passing through

disadvantage , depending each cell is
smaller)
on
the situation)
 P d
.
in series P . d in
parallel
shared that P d branches that in
& P d
. is
by components > . across are

are connected in series with parallel is equal to each other .

each other r.
E = GV

The of their individual d is

> sum p 1. 1
.

. . - -
-
-

equal to the total p

.
d available
5002

across that branch

. -

S 3
6v V,
The component(s) with greater
=

>
-

resistance get the bigger share of Gar

E =
12 v
- -

the available d
p
.
.

E 3
1 ----

=
GV = V

Gr = E
788-
L >
-

- - - -

[ &
V . = 12V
E = V ,
+ Va
1000 in 5002 500 e 1000
h

- - - -
-

13
2 i
E > & 3

Vi 8v
4V Vz
= =
V
, = = zu
 Find the missing value of p.d or e . m .

.
f

GV
6v

al Im d) Il
V
, = zv
V =
6V
1800 e

Vi Vz
111)
V = 4V W 3 6V
C > =
.

2
Vi
- - -

238 R 3002
2002 4002 - -
-

E
Eur
->

Il-- -fi
Vz
-

I
b) E = 1 .
5 v
12 v
-
1000
-
- -
V
, 1 5 v 2)
I--fi
↓
= .

1)
1 5 V.

th
700
-
-
1 4V .

13
Vi Vz -

> 2002
12 V
2)
- -
-

II 500 -
-
180-

>

Vi
2332 V = 12 v
,

-T

I
13 Vz = 12 V
V,
V
, = 1 . 40

401
- - V = 10 : 6 V
2
->
Vz
 Resistor Combinations :

series Parallel :

RI R2

Effective Resistance =
R, + R2
-
Effective resistance ,
R =

[ +
The effective resistance

be than The effective resistance

will greater
individual value s will be less than

individual value s
 Find the combined resistance for the following combinations

Example 1 :

Example3 :
2002

F
50235t
+
Har

# ENT -
-

-
- -

2002

Example 2
:

405

Example4

Ef
:

-
-

--
l
300
 Tricks
-
②
D >
-

Only 2 resistors in parallel >

-
Identical resistors in
parallel
5002 1305

B
[F]
T

[et -Lip o
E

pe
10002 of resisters .

Effective R =

Prodet 1
22501

=
=
333R
 Circuit Problems

Examples 1
9 1000 + 500 = 1500 -2

12 V

If117
(b)
E =
F =
.
0 30 % A
=

on son

- Et

Find

(a) combined Resistance of the circuity

(4) 0 .
00 % A
&

(b) current passing through 5002

(2) 1/ S / Insol (d) v = IR =

.
8 038 x 1000

(d) p.d across 1000 it

?
&
= & v

(2) I/ / 5002
?
(e) = 0 .
008 + 500 = 8V

or 12-8 = 4V
 Example2
5)"
:

1332

i
↑
Loo
+ =

I
F
v
10001
↓ b) I 0 036 A

=
.

= =

LI In =-
2) 12v d) 12
soor ,

Find
*
e) F =
· .
01 2 A
(a) combined resistance of the
↑

circuit
?

E
+1 Ic 024A

F
= 0 .

Total current =

(b) ,
I =
1
d across
1000e7
(2) p .

(d) p .
d across 500
?
current II ?
(9)
current In ?
(f)
 Example
3 al b) 500 500

100
=
500 2 + = 10002

#ii -
>

500 m

18981
1)

d)
I

V
=

=
to
IR
=

= ,
0
.
3 06 A

006x500 = 3V

(a) Combined resistance of resistors in

parallel 2) 3

(b) Combined of f
(200
resistance entire combination. =
0 .
03A

*
(4)
Current
passing through 5801

(d) P d 5001 resistor

==
. across

(e) 4 d .
across the resistors in .
parallel
(f) Current
passing through each 18001 resistor.
 Example
y

2v

a)
1 m 500 + 500 = 1000t
.

I
[e↓
V

I
6)
x
= 667r

Loom =
500
- I 1) I. =

-
12 I 0
. 06A

2088

Iz
d Ic
i
=
=
0 .
012 A

(a) Combined resistance of resistors in series

(b) Combined resistance of entire combo

.
es . 006
3 + 0 .
-12 = 3 .
018A

Current In 6v
(2) f) 12 : 2 =

(d) Current I2 Or

(e) Total current from the battery ,

I .
V =

FR = 0 . 012 x 500

(f) Pd
.
across
just one 500t resistor = Gu
Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) :

>
- Its resistance decreases when brightness of light shining
,

on
it .
increases
-L

>
symbol
-

Pa
-
-

Thermistor (Nic) :

>
-
Its resistance decrease as
temperature increases .

>
-

Symbol ·

- -
 Potential Dividers :

Used to get the fraction of the

input voltage from the

total available input voltage

.

Ev
I
Potential divider formula
I :

#
-Re
Vort :

! D = 2v
Vout
?

R
 12 V

②
t -

when variable resistor is set at

17
or

E 7
1 rz
Vout =
Vin
*

Vmax Vmax
5000
(a) ? = X 12
= 10 .
9V

(b) Umin
?
5337 + 580

Vmin = 5000
X 12 = 4V

500 + 18000
 12V

③ I I
(a) >
-
When room
gets brighter

Eit ↓
>
-

>
-
Resistance

P d
. across
of LDR

LDR
-
decrease

decrease

Lu) X
R
>
-
So

and
p.d
the
across

bulb
the fixed

increase
resistor

>
- Therefore bulb gets brighter
Describe & explain what to the
happens
bulb's brightness as -
(b) > When room
gets darker

(a) Room gets brighter, >

-
Resistance of LDR
-
increase

(b) Room gets darker

. >
-
P d
. across LDR -
increase

>
-
So p.d across the fixed resistor

If the positions of fixed resistor and the bulb decrease

-

and LDR swapped the Therefore bulb dimmer

are , >
-
gets -

answers will be opposite

.
⑪ I hotter

[]
(a) + When room
gets
dec
>
-
Resistance of thermistor -

dec
- -- >
-
P d . across thermistor -

Thermists >
-
So p.d across the fixed resistor

buzzer in
and the
a

Describe and explain what There fore buzzer louder

>
-
gets -

to the sound of
happen
the buzzer when (b) >
-
When room
gets colder

(a) Room hot

is
>
-
Resistance of thermistor
-
ins

(b) Room is cold >

-
P d
. access thermistor
-
ind

>
-
So p.d across the fixed resistor

buzzer
den
and the -

>
- There fore buzzer
gets queiter
.
Potentiometer (variable potential divider) :

12V

I I
suppose wire is 180cm long

Fin
Pam i-
X
and X is at 20cm mark.

Li
Vout =
↑

von
Woul X Vin

Vout ?
The sliding contact is
slowly
moved from point A to B
.

I 20 12
-
↓

when it is at A Vont =
Ov 150
,

12V 2 4 V
when it is at B ,
Vout =
= .
 A
bulb 20

rated 6V 8
.

,
qv

I ...... >
-
when movable contact (jockey
is at A

rheostal
Dimmest
A
M B

>
-
when movable contact (jockey)
qu
is at B
1/1
Brightest
if at A

-X- contact (jockey

=

>
-
when movable

au
is moved from A to B
.
1 11
:

Brightess gradually increases

if atB3

-X-
POWER :
It is defined as work done or
energy transferred
unit time
per J

Transferred
Workdome

Energy
>
Power -
-
-
-v =
Power
a

Y Time -
>
Watts (w) S

w =
5/
F =
VI
Energy = VIE

P = I'R Energy = 12Rt

D
= Energy
-
=
 Bulbs in series Vs parallel
> bulbs rated 6V 0 36W
each connected alone parallel
9 in
.

series
-

,
are in
,
,

Series Parallel
Alone
Ev 6v

p
-E]
Il

n
=
[x]
E
I **
"v,' ve"
>

=>

V2
aCalculate the resistance of each bulb .

v2 R v h

-
p =
+
=
= =
100

i
-

6) calculate the combined resistance of each of the

above circuits
.

138- 100 + 100 = 2002 (oo + +

183
)" =
50r

c) Calculate the current

passing through the cell in each .
circuit

6
I ~
I
-
=
I = I =

i
-

267
56

= 8 . 06 A =
- - 03 A =
8 : 12 A
 d) state the d across each bulb
p
-
.

6V
v = = 3r Ve = 3r V
,
= Gr ,
Ve = Gr
,

current
2) Calculate the
passing through each bulb .

I 0 86A
A
=
.

.
8 .
86 A 8 .
03

E2 =
3 .
0 JA

f calculate the
power dissipated in each bullo

P= VI =
6 x 8 .
06 P = 3X0 .
03 P = Gx0 . 06

= 8 .
36W = 0 .
39W
= 0
.

36h
 9) Calculate the
power generated by each cell .

36W 09 09
3 .
0 .

+ 1 .

3 .
36 + 0 .
36

= 0 .
18W = 0 . 72W

h) Compare the brightness of each bulb .

Normal Brightness Dimmer Normal Brightness

last and
why ?
i) Which cell will longer

between Lasts the shortest

In the Lasts the Longest
other two
 Advantages of Bulbs in
parallel
bulbs be switched onlff If
>
-
In parallel ,
can
separately
.
bulb stops working the others will
one , keep working
.

>
- In parallel ,
each bulb gets more
pd and hence more
-

current so bulbs will be brighter

.