January 17, 2025

Lab 1: Generation of basic signals.

Code: Matlab
clc;
clear;
close all;

% Time vector
t = -1:0.001:1; % Time from -1 to 1 seconds with a step of 0.001

%% 1. Sine Wave
f_sine = 5; % Frequency of 5 Hz
sine_wave = sin(2 * pi * f_sine * t);

figure;
subplot(3, 2, 1);
plot(t, sine_wave, 'b', 'LineWidth', 1.5);
grid on;
title('Sine Wave');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');

%% 2. Sawtooth Wave
%%f_sawtooth = 5; % Frequency of 5 Hz
%%sawtooth_wave = sawtooth(2 * pi * f_sawtooth * t);
%% 2. Sawtooth Wave (Manual Implementation)
f_sawtooth = 5; % Frequency of 5 Hz
T_sawtooth = 1 / f_sawtooth; % Period of the sawtooth wave
sawtooth_wave = 2 * (t / T_sawtooth - floor(0.5 + t / T_sawtooth)); % Sawtooth wave formula

subplot(3, 2, 2);
plot(t, sawtooth_wave, 'r', 'LineWidth', 1.5);
grid on;
title('Sawtooth Wave');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');

%% 3. Step Signal
step_signal = t >= 0; % 1 for t >= 0, 0 otherwise
subplot(3, 2, 3);
plot(t, step_signal, 'g', 'LineWidth', 1.5);
grid on;
title('Step Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');

%% 4. Ramp Signal
ramp_signal = t .* (t >= 0); % Linear increase for t >= 0

subplot(3, 2, 4);
plot(t, ramp_signal, 'm', 'LineWidth', 1.5);
grid on;
title('Ramp Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');

%% 5. Pulse Signal
pulse_width = 0.2; % Pulse width of 0.2 seconds
pulse_signal = (t >= -pulse_width/2) & (t <= pulse_width/2); % Pulse is 1 in the range [-0.1, 0.1]

subplot(3, 2, 5);
plot(t, pulse_signal, 'c', 'LineWidth', 1.5);
grid on;
title('Pulse Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');

%% 6. Impulse Signal
impulse_signal = (t == 0); % Impulse occurs only at t = 0

subplot(3, 2, 6);
stem(t, impulse_signal, 'k', 'LineWidth', 1.5); % Use stem for discrete visualization
grid on;
title('Impulse Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlim([-0.1 0.1]); % Focus on the impulse

% Adjust layout
sgtitle('Basic Signal Plots');
Code Python:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Time vector
t = np.arange(-1, 1, 0.001) # Time from -1 to 1 seconds with a step of 0.001

# 1. Sine Wave
f_sine = 5 # Frequency of 5 Hz
sine_wave = np.sin(2 * np.pi * f_sine * t)

# 2. Sawtooth Wave (Manual Implementation)

f_sawtooth = 5 # Frequency of 5 Hz
T_sawtooth = 1 / f_sawtooth # Period of the sawtooth wave
sawtooth_wave = 2 * (t / T_sawtooth - np.floor(0.5 + t / T_sawtooth)) # Sawtooth formula

# 3. Step Signal
step_signal = np.where(t >= 0, 1, 0) # 1 for t >= 0, 0 otherwise

# 4. Ramp Signal
ramp_signal = np.where(t >= 0, t, 0) # Linear increase for t >= 0

# 5. Pulse Signal
pulse_width = 0.2 # Pulse width of 0.2 seconds
pulse_signal = np.where((t >= -pulse_width / 2) & (t <= pulse_width / 2), 1, 0) # Pulse is 1 in
range [-0.1, 0.1]

# 6. Impulse Signal
impulse_signal = np.where(t == 0, 1, 0) # Impulse occurs only at t = 0

# Plot the signals

plt.figure(figsize=(12, 10))

# Sine Wave
plt.subplot(3, 2, 1)
plt.plot(t, sine_wave, 'b', linewidth=1.5)
plt.grid(True)
plt.title('Sine Wave')
plt.xlabel('Time (s)')
plt.ylabel('Amplitude')

# Sawtooth Wave
plt.subplot(3, 2, 2)
plt.plot(t, sawtooth_wave, 'r', linewidth=1.5)
plt.grid(True)
plt.title('Sawtooth Wave (Manual)')
plt.xlabel('Time (s)')
plt.ylabel('Amplitude')

# Step Signal
plt.subplot(3, 2, 3)
plt.plot(t, step_signal, 'g', linewidth=1.5)
plt.grid(True)
plt.title('Step Signal')
plt.xlabel('Time (s)')
plt.ylabel('Amplitude')

# Ramp Signal
plt.subplot(3, 2, 4)
plt.plot(t, ramp_signal, 'm', linewidth=1.5)
plt.grid(True)
plt.title('Ramp Signal')
plt.xlabel('Time (s)')
plt.ylabel('Amplitude')

# Pulse Signal
plt.subplot(3, 2, 5)
plt.plot(t, pulse_signal, 'c', linewidth=1.5)
plt.grid(True)
plt.title('Pulse Signal')
plt.xlabel('Time (s)')
plt.ylabel('Amplitude')

# Impulse Signal
plt.subplot(3, 2, 6)
plt.stem(t, impulse_signal, 'k', basefmt=" ", use_line_collection=True)
plt.grid(True)
plt.title('Impulse Signal')
plt.xlabel('Time (s)')
plt.ylabel('Amplitude')
plt.xlim(-0.1, 0.1) # Focus on the impulse
# Adjust layout and show
plt.tight_layout()
plt.suptitle('Basic Signal Plots', y=1.02, fontsize=16)
plt.show()
Matlab output
Python output:
Explanation:

General Setup
1. clc;
i. Clears the command window.
ii. Removes all text in the MATLAB console for a clean workspace.
2. clear;
i. Removes all variables, functions, and data from memory.
ii. Resets the workspace.
3. close all;
i. Closes all open figure windows.

Time Vector
4. t = -1:0.001:1; Creates a time vector t ranging from -1 to 1 seconds with a step size of 0.001.

1. Sine Wave
5. f_sine = 5; Sets the frequency of the sine wave to 5 Hz.
6. sine_wave = sin(2 * pi * f_sine * t);
i. Computes the sine wave using the formula y(t)=sin⁡(2πft)y(t) = \sin(2 \pi f t).
ii. 2 * pi * f_sine * t is the angular frequency of the sine wave.
7. Plotting the Sine Wave:
8. figure;
9. subplot(3, 2, 1);
10. plot(t, sine_wave, 'b', 'LineWidth', 1.5);
i. figure;: Creates a new figure window.
ii. subplot(3, 2, 1);: Divides the figure into a grid of 3 rows and 2 columns, and
selects the first subplot for plotting.
iii. plot(t, sine_wave, 'b', 'LineWidth', 1.5);:
▪ Plots the sine wave in blue ('b').
▪ LineWidth adjusts the thickness of the plotted line.
11. Labels and Grid:
12. grid on;
13. title('Sine Wave');
14. xlabel('Time (s)');
15. ylabel('Amplitude');
i. grid on;: Enables grid lines on the plot for better visualization.
ii. title('Sine Wave');: Adds a title to the plot.
iii. xlabel('Time (s)');: Labels the x-axis as "Time (s)".
iv. ylabel('Amplitude');: Labels the y-axis as "Amplitude".

2. Sawtooth Wave
o f_sawtooth = 5; Sets the frequency of the sawtooth wave to 5 Hz.
 10. T_sawtooth = 1 / f_sawtooth;
o Calculates the period TT of the sawtooth wave: T=1/frequencyT = 1 /
\text{frequency}.
11. sawtooth_wave = 2 * (t / T_sawtooth - floor(0.5 + t / T_sawtooth));
o Implements the manual formula for a sawtooth wave:
▪ t/Tsawtootht / T_sawtooth: Calculates the phase of the wave within the
period.
▪ floor(0.5 + t / T_sawtooth): Rounds the phase to the nearest integer for
periodicity.
▪ 2⋅(...):2 \cdot (...): Scales the sawtooth wave to have an amplitude of 2
(from -1 to 1).
12. Plotting the Sawtooth Wave:
13. subplot(3, 2, 2);
14. plot(t, sawtooth_wave, 'r', 'LineWidth', 1.5);
15. grid on;
16. title('Sawtooth Wave');
17. xlabel('Time (s)');
18. ylabel('Amplitude');
o Similar to the sine wave but plotted in red ('r').

3. Step Signal
13. step_signal = t >= 0;
o Creates a step signal where:
▪ t >= 0: Returns 1 for all time values t≥0t \geq 0 and 0 otherwise.
14. Plotting the Step Signal:
15. subplot(3, 2, 3);
16. plot(t, step_signal, 'g', 'LineWidth', 1.5);
o Plots the step signal in green ('g').

4. Ramp Signal
15. ramp_signal = t .* (t >= 0);
o Creates a ramp signal where:
▪ t⋅(t≥0)t \cdot (t \geq 0): Multiplies the time vector tt with the condition
t≥0t \geq 0 (1 for t≥0t \geq 0, 0 otherwise).
16. Plotting the Ramp Signal:
17. subplot(3, 2, 4);
18. plot(t, ramp_signal, 'm', 'LineWidth', 1.5);
o Plots the ramp signal in magenta ('m').

5. Pulse Signal
17. pulse_width = 0.2;
o Sets the width of the pulse signal to 0.20.2 seconds.
18. pulse_signal = (t >= -pulse_width/2) & (t <= pulse_width/2);
 o Creates a pulse signal where:
▪ t >= -pulse_width/2: Returns 1 for all t≥−0.1t \geq -0.1.
▪ t <= pulse_width/2: Returns 1 for all t≤0.1t \leq 0.1.
▪ Combining these with & creates a pulse of 1 between −0.1-0.1 and 0.10.1,
and 0 elsewhere.
19. Plotting the Pulse Signal:
20. subplot(3, 2, 5);
21. plot(t, pulse_signal, 'c', 'LineWidth', 1.5);
o Plots the pulse signal in cyan ('c').

6. Impulse Signal
20. impulse_signal = (t == 0);
o Creates an impulse signal where:
▪ t == 0: Returns 1 only at t=0t = 0, and 0 elsewhere.
21. Plotting the Impulse Signal:
22. subplot(3, 2, 6);
23. stem(t, impulse_signal, 'k', 'LineWidth', 1.5);
o stem(): Creates a discrete plot (vertical lines with dots) for the impulse.
o Plots the impulse in black ('k').
24. xlim([-0.1 0.1]);
o Sets the x-axis limits to focus on the impulse at t=0t = 0.

Adjust Layout
23. sgtitle('Basic Signal Plots');
o Adds a super-title for all subplots, describing the overall figure.