INTERNATIONAL INDIAN SCHOOL, DAMMAM

GEOGRAPHY, CLASS 10
L-1, RESOURCE AND DEVELOPMENT
DEFINATIONS with Examples

1. Resources: - Everything in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided it is
technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable is termed as resource.
Humans, wildlife, metals, minerals etc… (NOTES)

2. Sustainable development: - It means that development should take place without damaging
the environment and development in the present should not compromise the needs of the future
development. Eg: NTPC in India

3. Resource planning: - It is a widely accepted strategy for the judicious use of resources. For eg
Arunachal Pradesh is rich in water resources but lacks in infrastructural development, so planning is
required to develop infrastructure facilities.

4. Conservation of resources: - It is defined as the management of resources by the humans which

aims at satisfying the aims of the present generations as aspirations of the future generations.

5. Land degradation: - It is the continuous use of land over long period of time without
taking appropriate measures to conserve and manage it. Multiple cropping

6. Bad land: - Land unsuitable for agriculture mainly due to soil erosion. For eg. Chambal ravines
in Madhya Pradesh.

7. Land resources- In India has land under a variety of relief features, namely mountains, plateaus,
plains.

Answer the following short questions

1. Classify the Resources on the following basis.

A. On the basis of Origin – biotic and abiotic
B. On the basis of exhaustibility – renewable and non-renewable
C. On the basis of ownership- individual, community, national and international.
D. On the basis of status of development – potential, developed, stock, reserves.

2. . “Resources are a function of human activities.” Justify the statement. (NOTES)

Mere presence of resources as free gifts of nature does not make them resources. Human
beings are essential components of resources because they transform material available in our
environment into resources. The utility of resources depends on the stage of cultural
development of man and the tools and technology used by him.
3. Explain three stages of resource planning in India. OR ‘’ Resource planning is a complex
process’’ . justify.
The three stages of resource planning are as follows:
A) Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country. This involves
surveying, mapping and finding the qualitative and quantitative measurement of the resources.
 B) Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set
up for implementing resource development plans.

C) Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans.

4. List the problems which resulted due to indiscriminate use of resources by man.

1) It has resulted in depletion of many resources. 2. Accumulation of resources in few hands which in
turn divided the society in two segments into haves and have-nots and rich and poor. 3. It has led to the
global ecological crisis like global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental degradation etc.

5. Explain the concept of resource conservation as voiced by Gandhiji.

Gandhiji voiced his concern about resource conservation in these words: “There is enough for
everybody’s needs and not for anybody’s greed.” He placed the greedy and selfish individuals as the root
cause for resource depletion at the global level. He was against “mass production” and wanted to
replace it with “production by the masses”.

6. Explain types of soil erosion. (NOTES)

1) Gully erosion: The running water cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep channels called
gullies. They make the land unfit for cultivation. Such lands are called bad lands.

2) Sheet erosion: sometimes water flows as a sheet down a slope. In this case top layer if the soil is
washed away.

3) Wind erosion: Wind blows off loose and dry soil.

7. Distinguish between the following

Bangar and Khadar -Bangar: It is old alluvial soil with higher concentration of kankar nodules. It is
coarser and is found in the old river terraces. Khadar: It is new alluvial soil which has more fine particles.
It is more fertile than bhangar and is found in flood plains.

Net sown and Gross cropped area- Net sown area: - Area sown once in a year is known as net sown
area. Gross sown area: Area sown more than once in an agricultural year plus the net sown area is
known as gross sown area.

8. Write about the land use pattern in India.

The use of land is determined by- 1) Physical factors: such as topography, climate, soil types.
2)Human factors- such as population, density, technological capability, cultural and traditional
sectors.

Answer the following long answers.

1. Why is resource planning necessary?

1. Planning is necessary for proper and judicious utilization of resources.

2. Resource availability is not the same in all parts of the country. It is not uniformly distributed

3. Resources especially non-renewable resources need extra care as they cannot be renewed.
4. There is acute shortage or deficiency of some resources, which needs to use it in planned manner.

5. Resource planning helps in proper utilisation of resources by reducing wastage. It takes care of future
needs and sustains the environment.

2. Write measures to solve the problems of land degradation. (NOTES)

1) Afforestation. 2) Management to control over grazing 3) Planting of shelter belts of plants

4) Stabilization of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes. 5) Control of mining activities.

6) Proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment.

7) Avoid over irrigation especially in dry areas. 8) Avoid over use of pesticides and fertilisers.

3. Write methods of soil conservation. (NOTES)

1) Contour ploughing: By ploughing along the contour lines, water will not run down the slopes.

2) Terrace cultivation: Steps can be cut on the slopes to restrict erosion.

3) Strip cropping: Large fields can be divided into strips. Strips of grasses are left to grow between the
crops. This breaks the force of the wind.

4) Planting of shelter belts: The planting of trees in rows to create shelter also breaks the force of the
wind and restricts soil.

4. Write characteristics of the following soils.

ALLUVIAL SOIL- 1) It is widely spread over the northern plains, deposited by the three Himalayan river
system-The Ganga, The Brahmaputra, The Indus and also found in Rajasthan, Gujrat and eastern coastal
plains. 2) The soil consists of various proportions of sand, silt and clay. 3) based on age, it is classified as
old alluvial (Bhangar) and new alluvial (khaddar).4) Alluvial soils are very fertile.5) Alluvial soil is the most
widely and important soil in India. 6) Mostly these soils contain adequate proportion of potash,
phosphoric acid and lime .7) It is ideal for cultivation of sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other cereals and
pulse crops.

BLACK SOIL- 1) This soil is typical of the Deccan trap (Basalt region) and is black in color and also known
as regur soil. 2) climatic conditions along with parent rock material are the important factors for the
formation of black soil. 3) the soil is ideal for growing cotton and also known as black cotton soil. 4) the
soil is made up of extremely clayey material and well known for the capacity to hold moisture, rich in
nutrients and contain calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime. 5. This soil is spread over
northwest Deccan plateau, also covers the plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra. and extends I the
south-east region. (NOTES)

RED AND YELLOW SOIL - 1) this type of soil develops on crystalline igneous rocks in areas of low rainfall
in the eastern and southern parts of Deccan plateau. 2) These soils develop a reddish color due to
diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks. It looks yellow when it occurs in hydrated form. 3)
Found in parts of Odisha, Chhattisgarh, southern parts of middle Ganga plain and along the piedmont
zone of the Western Ghats.

LATERITE SOIL-1) They are highly leached soils. 2) They develop in areas of heavy rainfall and high
temperature. 3) They have low ‘humus’ content, because most of the micro-organisms get destroyed
due to high temperature. 4) These soils can be cultivated with adequate doses of manures and
fertilisers. 5) These soils develop a reddish colour due to diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic
rocks. It looks yellow when it occurs in a hydrated form. 6) The word laterite has been derived from the
Latin word later which means brick. Since their color is red and resembles brick color these soils are
called laterite soil.

ARID SOILS- 1) Ranges from red to brown in color. 2) Generally sandy in texture and saline in nature. 3)
lacks humus and moisture. 4) The lower horizons of the soil are occupied by kankar because of the
increasing calcium content downwards. 5) The kankar layer formations in the bottom horizons restrict
the infiltration of water.

FOREST SOILS- 1) These are found in the hilly and mountainous areas. 2) Texture is loamy and silty in
valley sides and coarse grained in the upper slopes. 3) In the snow-covered areas of Himalayas, these
soils experience denudation and are acidic with low humus content. 4) The soil is fertile on the river
terraces and alluvial fans.

• Maps are included, as per given in the list of map items.

• Read the lesson thoroughly for good scores.