Science 10: Physics

Motion

Speed is result of changing distance over a period of time. This is stated mathematically as: v = d/t
Note: This is an average speed!!!

1.
2. A skater was travelling along a A girl rows a boat at a speed of A trip from St. Albert to
level road. He covered a 1.25 m/s. How long does it Havre, Montana takes about
distance of 2.0 km in a time of take her to cover 300 m? (240 8.75 h. If one averages 110
8.0 minutes. What was his s) km/h while driving and the
average speed in m/s? (4.2 time includes a lunch break of
m/s) 4. 30.0 minutes, how far is it
from St. Albert to Havre?
3. (908 km)

Graphing

We learned how to plot points on a graph and how to read these graphs. We learned that you must set up a graph in
certain ways.

a)
b) The graph must be titled.
c) The independent variable (one you choose to
manipulate) is placed on the horizontal or x-axis.
d) The dependent variable (responds to the manipulated
one) is placed on the vertical or y-axis.
e) The data from a table of values is plotted on the
graph and a best fit line is drawn. This line does not
have to pass through the origin but must be placed
such that there are about an equal number of points
above and below the line.
f) The slope of the best fit line can be calculated by
selecting a pair of points on the line and calculating
the rise and the run. Slope = rise / run
g) The slope tells how one variable changes in relation
to the other. (On the distance vs. time graph this
gives us the average speed.)
h) The area under the line represents the product of the
axis. Example: in a speed vs time graph the area is
equal to the distance covered. Distance is equal to
the y-axis (speed) times the x-axis (time).
i) The graph must be big enough to see and the units
must be equally spaced along the axis.

Constant Acceleration

1. A car is stopped at a red light and the light suddenly turns green. After 6.00 s the car is travelling at a speed of 4.25
m/s. Determine the acceleration of the car. (0.708 m/s2)

2. A golf ball is sitting on a tee. 0.53 s after the ball is hit it is travelling with a speed of 65.0 km/h (18.06 m/s). What is
the acceleration of the ball during that period? (34 m/s2)
3. A bike starts from rest and obtains a speed of 2.00 m/s while accelerating at a rate of 0.50 m/s2. How long did it take
for the bike to gain the speed of 2.00 m/s? (4.0 s)

4. Curious George accelerates at a rate of 2.05 m/s2 for a 12.0 s time period. By how much did his speed change?
(24.6 m/s, 2.46 x 101m/s)

5. Francine was walking and decided to pick up the pace and run. She accelerated at a rate of 1.43 m/s2 for 4.60 s. By
how much did her speed change? (6.58 m/s)

6. A plane is coming in for a landing. It is moving at a rate of 150 km/h when the tires first touch the pavement. If it
can decelerate at a rate of 25920 km/h2 (2.00 m/s2) by applying the brakes, how many seconds does it take for the
plane to stop? Hint: Convert everything to meters and seconds. (20.8 s, 2.08 x 101 s)

Forces

1. A 3.00 kg bowling ball is accelerating at a rate of 1.40 m/s2. What is the force exerted on the ball? (4.20 N)

2. A 500 kg cow accelerates at a rate of 2.30 m/s2. What force is the cow applying? (1150 N)

3. A 1200 kg car starting from rest accelerates to a speed of 80 km/h in 8.00 s. What force is required in order to
achieve this? (3333 N, 3.3 x 103 N)

4. A 340 kg motorcycle accelerates from 60 km/h to 90 km/h in 6.00 s. What force was required in order to do this?
(472 N, 4.7 x 102 N)

5. A 500 N force is applied to a 80.0 kg wagon with a boy in it. What is the wagon's acceleration? (6.25 m/s2)

6. A 7.90 kg chicken starts from rest and 5.0 s later is running with a speed of 2.35 m/s. Determine the acceleration and
force of the chicken. (0.47 m/s2, 3.7 N)

7. Indiana Jones, having a mass of 86.0 kg, is pulled with a force of 1000 N. Determine his acceleration as well as his
speed after 13.0 s that the force was applied if he was originally at rest? (11.6 m/s2, 151 m/s)

Potential Energy

1. How much work is required to raise an object of weight 13 N through a vertical distance of 3.0 m? What is its
potential energy after being raised? (39 J)

2. What is the potential energy gained by a weight of 7.1 N when it is raised through a height of 12 m? (85 J)

3. A 1.4 kg ball has 55 J of potential energy. How high from the ground is the ball? (4.0 m)

4. A 350 g mass is held at such a height that it has 560 J of energy. How high is the mass from the ground? How much
energy will it have just before it hits the ground if it is dropped? (163 m, 560 J)

5. An average force of 15 N is required to compress a spring by 2.5 cm. What is the potential energy of the spring? (
Hint: N are kg m/s2, convert all distances to metres) (0.38 J)

6. When an average force of 3.0 x 102 N is needed to stretch a spring by 1.9 cm, what is the potential energy of the
spring? (5.7 J)

7. When a maximum force of 72 N is applied to a metal coil it is compressed by 2.4 cm. What is the potential energy of
the spring? (1.7 J)
Kinetic Energy

1. An electron of mass 9.1 x 10-31 kg has a kinetic energy of 1.4 x 10-19 J. What is its speed? (5.5 x 105 m/s)

2. A 4.9 x 102 kg cart has a kinetic energy of 3.3 x 106 J. What is its speed? (1.2 x 10 2 m/s)

3. If a particle of mass 2.3 x 10-6 kg has a kinetic energy of 5.7 x 10-2 J, what is its speed? (2.2 x 102 m/s)

4. What is the mass of an object which has a kinetic energy of 475 J when its speed is 14 m/s? (4.8 kg)

5. Calculate the mass of a particle whose speed is 3.2 x 103 m/s and kinetic energy is 4.5x10-8 J. (8.8 x 10-15 kg)

6. If a crate has speed of 4.0 m/s and kinetic energy of 56 J, what is it’s mass? (7.0 kg)

7. A bale of hay has a mass of 1.1 x 102 kg. It is accelerated by a winch from 1.0 m/s to 3.0 m/s. Calculate its gain
in kinetic energy. (4.4 x 102 J)

Work and Energy

1. A 1.50 kg ball is dropped from a roof top 12.0 m above the ground. Calculate:

a) The Ep at the top. (177 J)

b) Using the Ek formula, the ball’s speed just before it hits the ground. (15.3 m/s)
c) How long does take the ball to reach the ground? (note: acceleration is gravity) (1.56s)
d) The ball’s average speed? (7.69 s)

2. A 2.20 kg brick is dropped from a window 15.0 m high. Calculate:

a) The brick’s energy at the window. (324 J)

b) Speed just before the brick hits the ground. (17.2 m/s)
c) If the brick hits the some clay and sinks 7.00 cm into it. With what force did it hit the clay. (4.62 x 103 N)

3. A 1.00 kg hammer is dropped 2.45 m onto a nail. The nail is driven 0.500 cm into the board. Calculate:

a) The force the hammer hits the nails with. (4.81 x 103 N)
b) The speed of the hammer just before it hits the nail. (6.93 m/s)
c) The acceleration of the hammer after it hits the nail. ( -4.81 x 103 m/s2)

Conservation Of Energy

Energy in a closed system is always conserved. This means that energy is never created nor destroyed, it just changes
form. Much of the energy in earth bound systems is changed to heat, light, or sound and therefore is not useful to us.

1. A toy rocket has a mass of 200 g and is fired straight up with a velocity of 50.0 m/s. How high does it go? (127 m)

2. A 20.0 kg box falls from a shelf that is 2.00 m high. How fast is it moving just before it hits the ground? (6.26 m/s)

3. A 75.0 kg diver falls from the 3.00 m board into the water. She goes 2.40 m into the water before stopping. What was
the average force the water exerted on the diver? (920 N)

4. A 3.00 kg sledge hammer is dropped onto a nail from a height of 0.981 m. If the average force on the head of the nail
is 1444 N, how far into the board did the nail go? (2.00 cm)

5. A 15.0 kg box of bricks is stored on a shelf 2.3 m above the floor.

a) If the shelf tips over, what is the velocity of the box as it hits the floor? (6.7 m/s)
b) A 30 kg box is next to the box mentioned above. What is its velocity? (6.7 m/s)
c) What can we conclude from this? (all falling masses accelerate at the same rate)