Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto

FACULTY OF PHYSICAL & COMPUTING SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

CMP 101: Introduction to Computer Science

© 2024, Department of Computer Science, UDUS

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Course Structure
3 Units (2L + 1P)

 Lecture Attendance  70% of Lecture attendance

 Assessment

 Practical sessions

 C.A test

 Final Examination

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Course Contents

 Historical Background of Computer

 The Concept of Computer System

 Introduction to Computer Network

 Introduction to Database Systems

 Introduction to Human-Computer Interaction

 Practical session
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 PART 1:
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF A COMPUTER

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CONTENTS
 Early Counting Devices
 History of a Computer
 First Generation of Computers
 Second Generation of Computers
 Third Generation of Computers
 Fourth Generation of Computers
 Fifth Generation of Computers

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Early Counting Devices
 Early counting devices are devices that were used in the early days to
perform arithmetic operations such as addition of numbers, subtraction,
and multiplication.
 These devices were used for the usual barter trade of the early days.
 The history and development of computers can be traced back to the
studies of Mathematics which started with counting.
 The history of Mathematics is the history of civilization.
 These have led to various computing inventions in search of a tool that
could enable man to meet his computational and data processing needs
until we have the computer today.
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Early Counting Devices (Cont)…
It was in the process of finding solutions to the problem of counting
that early counting devices emerged
Examples of early counting devices are fingers, toes, stones, sticks,
pebbles, and cowries among others.

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History of a Computer
The history of computers dates back to the period of the scientific
revolution (i.e. 1543 – 1678). The calculating machine invented by
Blaise Pascal (Pascal’s calculator) in 1642 and that of Goffried Liebnits
marked the genesis of the application of machines in industry

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History of a Computer (Cont)…
An abacus is a calculation tool used by sliding counters along rods or
grooves, used to perform mathematical functions. In addition to
calculating the basic functions of addition, subtraction, multiplication
and division, the abacus can calculate roots up to the cubic degree.

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History of a Computer (Cont)…
In 19th century English
mathematics professor name
Charles Babbage referred as a
“Father of Computer”.

He designed the Analytical

Engine and it was this design that
the basic framework of the
computers of today are based
on.
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History of a Computer (Cont)…
The computer was born not for entertainment or email but out of a
need to solve a serious number-crunching crisis.
By 1880, the United State (U.S) population had grown so large that it
took more than seven years to tabulate the U.S. Census results.
The government sought a faster way to get the job done, giving rise to
punch-card based computers that took up entire rooms.
Punch-card a common way to enter data into computers from the
1950s to 1970
Today, we carry more computing power on our smartphones than
was available in these early models
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History of a Computer (Cont)…
The history of computers is considered with the generations of a
computer from first generation to fifth generation
 Generally speaking, computers can be classified into five
generations.
 Each generation lasted for a certain period of time and each gave us
either a new and improved computer or an improvement to the
existing computer
In the next section, we will see how Computers evolved from First
Generation upto the Fifth Generation

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GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

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First Generation Computers (1937-1946)
 In 1937 the first electronic digital computer was built by Dr. John V. Atanasoff and
Clifford Berry.
 It was called the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC).
 In 1943 an electronic computer name the Colossus was built for the military.
 Other developments continued until in 1946 the first general–purpose digital
computer, the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC) was built.
 It is said that this computer weighed 30 tons, and had 18,000 vacuum tubes which
was used for processing.
 When this computer was turned on for the first time lights dim in sections of
Philadelphia.
 Computers of this generation could only perform single task, and they had no
operating system.

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Characteristics of First Generation Computers
 The sizes of these computers were as large as the size of
a room.
 Possession of Vacuum Tubes to perform calculation.
 They used an internally stored instruction called a
program.
 Use capacitors to store binary data and information.
 They use punched cards for communication of input
and output data and information
 They generated a lot of heat.
 They have about One Thousand 1000 circuits per cubic
foot.
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Examples of First Generation Computers
 Mark I was developed by Aiken in 1944.

 Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC) was built at

the Moore School for Engineering of the University of Pennsylvania in
1946 by J. Presper Eckert and William Mauchley.

 Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) was also

developed in 1947 by Eckert and Mauchley.

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Second Generation Computers (1947-1962)
 Second generation of computers used transistors instead of vacuum
tubes which were more reliable.
In 1951 the first computer for commercial use was introduced to the
public; the Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC 1).
In 1953 the International Business Machine (IBM) 650 and 700 series
computers made their mark in the computer world.
During this generation of computers over 100 computer programming
languages were developed
 Computers had memory and operating systems.
 Storage media such as tape and disk were in use also were printers
for output. 17
Characteristics of Second Generation Computers
 The computers were still large, but smaller than the first generation of computers.
 They use transistors in place of Vacuum Tubes to perform calculations.
 They were produced at a reduced cost compared to the first generation of
computers.
 Possession of magnetic tapes for data storage.
 They were using punch cards as input and output of data and information.
 The use of a keyboard as an input device was also introduced.
 These computers were still generating a lot of heat which an air conditioner is
needed to maintain a cold temperature.
 They have about one thousand circuits per cubic foot.

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Examples of Second Generation Computers
 Leprechaun, IBM built by Bell Laboratories in 1947
 Transis produced by philco, GE and RCA.
 UNIVAC 1107, UNIVAC III.
 RCA 501.

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Third Generation Computers (1963-1975)
 The invention of integrated circuits brought us the third generation of computers.
 With this invention computers became smaller, more powerful more reliable
 They are able to run many different programs at the same time.

CHARACTERISTICS
 They used large-scale integrated circuits, which were used for both data
processing and storage.
 Computers were miniaturized, that is, they were reduced in size compared to the
previous generation.
 Keyboard and mouse were used for input while the monitor was used as an
output device.
 Use of programming languages like COBOL and FORTRAN were developed. 20
Examples of Third Generation Computers
 Burroughs 6700, Mini computers
 Honeywell 200
 IBM system 360
 UNIVAC 9000 series.

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Fourth Generation Computers (1975-Current)
 At this time of technological development, the size of computer was
redivided to what we called Personal Computers, PC.

 This was the time the first Microprocessor was created by Intel.

 The microprocessor was a very large-scale (VLS) integrated circuit that

contained thousands of transistors.

 Transistors on one chip were of capable performing all the functions of a

computer’s central processing unit.
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Characteristics Fourth Generation Computers
 Possession of microprocessor which performs all the tasks of a computer
system used today.
 The size of computers and cost was reduced.
 Increase in speed of computers.
 Very large-scale (VLS) integrated circuits were used.
 They have millions of circuits per cubic foot.

Examples include: IBM system 3090, IBM RISC6000, IBM RT; ILLIAC IV; Cray 2
XMP; HP 9000.

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Fifth Generation Computers (Present and Beyond)
 Fifth generations computing devices, based on artificial intelligence (AI) are still in
development, although there are some application such as voice recognition, facial
face detector and thumb print that are used today.

CHARACTERISTICS
 Consist of extremely large-scale integration.
 Parallel processing
 Possession of high-speed logic and memory chips.
 High performance, micro-miniaturization.
 Ability of computers to mimic human intelligence, e.g. voice recognition, facial face
detector, thumbprint.
 Satellite links, virtual reality.
 They have billions of circuits per cubic. 24
Examples of Fifth Generation Computers
 Super computers
 Robots
 Facial face detector
Thumb print.

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