7.1-Sensor System and Applications
7.1-Sensor System and Applications
Lab
Text-book:
Sensor Systems FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS
Clarence W. de Silva
Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2017.
Sensing and Sensors
The gas that diffuses through the barrier reacts at the surface of the sensing
electrode involving either an oxidation or a reduction mechanism
Emerging Sensors and Sensor Technologies
Electromechanical Sensors
MEMS, or Micro Electro-Mechanical System, is a chip-based technology
where sensors.
These are a set of devices, and the characterization of these devices
can be done by their tiny size & the designing mode. The designing of
these sensors can be done with the 1- 100-micrometer components.
Usually, these sensors include mechanical micro-actuators, micro-
structures, micro-electronics, and micro-sensors in one package.
Types of MEMS
• MEMS accelerometers
• MEMS gyroscopes
• MEMS pressure sensors
• MEMS magnetic field sensors
Polymer materials are now being widely used in several sectors
of MEMS fabrication, including substrates, structural thin films,
functional thin films, adhesion and packaging, coating, and surface
chemical functionalization
gas sensors
Analog sensors
Voltage-based sensors
An example of a sensor that directly produces a voltage at its output
pin is the LM35 temperature sensor, which is a silicon-bandgap
temperature sensor.
BPW34 pin diode IR-sensitive BPX38 and an SFH3310, sensitive in the visible light
Signal Conditioning:
Voltage divider: Hoàng – An – Nhân – Nhật
Amplifier: Tuấn Anh – Thành – Hảo – Thảo
Filter: Bảo – Long – Hiếu - Tài
Supply voltage: Hiếu – Hải Hà – Linh – Chức
Vout = ????????
Amplifier
ADCs add noise to the measurements, because they cannot measure voltage
differences smaller than that corresponding to the least significant bit. Thus, they
introduce a quantization error.
Supply voltage
Digital Sensors
Digital sensors that do not require an external ADC, but report
their measurement values directly to the microcontroller in
digital from
Buttons and switches
On/off devices
I2C devices
SPI devices
RS-232 devices
Others
Buttons and switches
On-off devices
Digital Sensors
PIR proximity sensor: senses the change in the infrared radiation level, which
announces the presence of living beings.
The sensors are based on collecting the incident infrared radiation with a
Fresnel lens, which is the dome visible, on a pyroelectric sensor.
The PIR acts as a digital output: pin to flip high or low
Digital Sensors
HC-SR04 distance sensor which operates like a sonar (It emits a short
ultrasonic 40 kHz sound burst and records the duration until the echo
arrives)
A pin on the device goes high when the pulse is emitted, and returns
to low once the echo arrives or some specified timeout expires.
L = t/2v;
(v = 340 m/s)
I2C devices
A large number of sensors have some logic built in and support a high-
level communication protocol. An example is the I2C protocol
operating on the I2C bus.
The physical connection to devices supporting I2C only needs four
wires:
Ground,
supply voltage Vcc,
clock SCL,
data SDA.
MPU-6050
I2C devices
The ADXL345 is a low-power, 3-axis MEMS accelerometer
modules with both I2C and SPI interfaces.