Renewable Energy Optimization Planning And

Control Proceedings Of Icrte 2022 Anita Khosla

download

https://ebookbell.com/product/renewable-energy-optimization-
planning-and-control-proceedings-of-icrte-2022-anita-
khosla-49199840

Explore and download more ebooks at ebookbell.com

Here are some recommended products that we believe you will be
interested in. You can click the link to download.

Renewable Energy Optimization Planning And Control Proceedings Of

Icrte 2021 1st Edition Anita Khosla

https://ebookbell.com/product/renewable-energy-optimization-planning-
and-control-proceedings-of-icrte-2021-1st-edition-anita-
khosla-35006388

Planning Of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems Electric Vehicles And

Microgrid Modeling Control And Optimization Aashish Kumar Bohre

https://ebookbell.com/product/planning-of-hybrid-renewable-energy-
systems-electric-vehicles-and-microgrid-modeling-control-and-
optimization-aashish-kumar-bohre-44898900

Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems Optimization And Power Management

Control 1st Ed 2020 Djamila Rekioua

https://ebookbell.com/product/hybrid-renewable-energy-systems-
optimization-and-power-management-control-1st-ed-2020-djamila-
rekioua-10801340

Renewable Energy Systems Modelling Optimization And Control Advances

In Nonlinear Dynamics And Chaos Andc 1st Edition Ahmad Taher Azar
Editor

https://ebookbell.com/product/renewable-energy-systems-modelling-
optimization-and-control-advances-in-nonlinear-dynamics-and-chaos-
andc-1st-edition-ahmad-taher-azar-editor-34775606
Modeling And Optimization Of Renewable Energy Systems Arzu Encan Ahin
Ed

https://ebookbell.com/product/modeling-and-optimization-of-renewable-
energy-systems-arzu-encan-ahin-ed-4110918

Analytics And Optimization For Renewable Energy Integration Du

https://ebookbell.com/product/analytics-and-optimization-for-
renewable-energy-integration-du-10501756

Renewable Energy Systems Modeling Optimization And Applications Sanjay

Kumar

https://ebookbell.com/product/renewable-energy-systems-modeling-
optimization-and-applications-sanjay-kumar-46473866

Design Optimization Of Renewable Energy Systems Using Advanced

Optimization Algorithms Venkata Rao Ravipudi

https://ebookbell.com/product/design-optimization-of-renewable-energy-
systems-using-advanced-optimization-algorithms-venkata-rao-
ravipudi-46753108

Intelligent Renewable Energy Systems Integrating Artificial

Intelligence Techniques And Optimization Algorithms 1st Edition
Priyadarshi

https://ebookbell.com/product/intelligent-renewable-energy-systems-
integrating-artificial-intelligence-techniques-and-optimization-
algorithms-1st-edition-priyadarshi-37330026
Studies in Infrastructure and Control

Anita Khosla
Mohan Kolhe Editors

Renewable
Energy
Optimization,
Planning and
Control
Proceedings of ICRTE 2022
Studies in Infrastructure and Control

Series Editors
Dipankar Deb, Department of Electrical Engineering, Institute of Infrastructure
Technology Research and Management, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Akshya Swain, Department of Electrical, Computer and Software Engineering,
University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Alexandra Grancharova, Department of Industrial Automation, University of
Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Sofia, Bulgaria
The book series aims to publish top-quality state-of-the-art textbooks, research
monographs, edited volumes and selected conference proceedings related to
infrastructure, innovation, control, and related fields. Additionally, established and
emerging applications related to applied areas like smart cities, internet of things,
machine learning, artificial intelligence, etc., are developed and utilized in an effort
to demonstrate recent innovations in infrastructure and the possible implications of
control theory therein. The study also includes areas like transportation infrastructure,
building infrastructure management and seismic vibration control, and also spans a
gamut of areas from renewable energy infrastructure like solar parks, wind farms,
biomass power plants and related technologies, to the associated policies and related
innovations and control methodologies involved.
Anita Khosla · Mohan Kolhe
Editors

Renewable Energy
Optimization, Planning
and Control
Proceedings of ICRTE 2022
Editors
Anita Khosla Mohan Kolhe
Department of Electrical and Electronics Faculty of Engineering and Science
Engineering University of Agder
Faculty of Engineering and Technology Kristiansand, Norway
Manav Rachna International Institute
of Research and Studies
Faridabad, India

ISSN 2730-6453 ISSN 2730-6461 (electronic)

Studies in Infrastructure and Control
ISBN 978-981-19-8962-9 ISBN 978-981-19-8963-6 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8963-6

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse
of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and
transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar
or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or
the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
Singapore
Dedicated
to
Almighty
Preface

We feel great pleasure and honour to share that we had organized the presti-
gious Second International Conference on Renewable Technologies in Engineering
(ICRTE 2022), in association with Springer Nature on 07–08 October 2022, at Manav
Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies, Faridabad, India, in virtual
mode. The aim of this conference was to bring together academicians, researchers,
scientists, engineers and practitioners to exchange and share their experiences, ideas
and the results in the area of renewable sources integration planning and control and
their optimization solutions, smart structures for intelligent power with use of energy
storage and transportation systems and industry innovation and automation in smart
structures.
Energy is regarded as the most important building block in human development,
and it is a key factor that influences the sustainable development of any nation. The
conventional sources have an intimidating shadow on our present and future global
safety, environmental values, health and society in general. Hence, there is an urgent
need to promote renewable energy in Indian power sector. So to contribute in this
field, the Department of Electrical and Electronics and Electronics and Communi-
cation Engineering, Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies,
Faridabad, in association with Springer had taken this initiative in successfully orga-
nizing Second International Conference on Renewable Technologies in Engineering,
(ICRTE 2022), on 7–8 October 2022, and the first conference in this series was held
on 15–16 April 2021.
During the conference, research scholars, academicians and industry experts, from
different parts of the globe, deliberated for two days on the interdisciplinary areas
like renewable sources integration planning and control and their optimized solu-
tions, smart structures for intelligent power with use of energy storage and trans-
portation systems for smart structures and industry innovation and automation in
smart structures.
It is great pleasure and honour for us to bring the proceedings of Second Inter-
national Conference on Renewable Technologies in Engineering (ICRTE 2022). All
presented papers are arranged in a book Renewable Energy Optimization, Planning
and Control under book series Studies in Infrastructure and Control.

vii
viii Preface

ICRTE 2022 is our humble effort at establishing a base, platform, against which
we can build a brighter tomorrow.

Faridabad, India Dr. Anita Khosla

Kristiansand, Norway Dr. Mohan Kolhe
Acknowledgements

We would like to extend our heartfelt gratitude to all who have been associated
with this Second International Conference on Renewable Technology in Engineering
(ICRTE 2022), as without their support it was not possible to conduct this conference
and compile all the papers.
We are pleased to note the overwhelming response to our call of papers from the
authors for the conference. Our sincere thanks to all the authors for their contribu-
tions. We are also thankful to International Advisory Committee, National Advisory
Committee, Local Advisory Committee and Springer for their continuous motiva-
tion and support. We also like to extend our gratitude to reviewers who have worked
arduously in selecting high-quality papers and writing review reports.
Our special thanks to dignitaries who graced the inaugural function and the
keynote speakers who shared their experience. We would also like to thank the
session chairs for their valuable support in the smooth conduct of technical sessions.
We are also thankful to our management for guidance and liberal help for smooth
conduct and success of conference.
We feel proud to share that organizing team of ICRTE 2022 has done a professional
exercise in selecting the research papers and arranging them meticulously in technical
sessions.

Dr. Anita Khosla

Dr. Mohan Kolhe

ix
Contents

1 A Socio Inspired Technique in Nuclear Power Plant

for Load Frequency Control by Using Cohort Intelligence
Optimization-Based PID Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
D Murugesan, K Jagatheesan, Anand J Kulkarni, and Pritesh Shah
2 Seamless and Smooth Power Sharing, Voltage, and Frequency
Control of Islanded Microgrid with Droop Cum Supervisory
Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Md. Shahnawaz Chisty, Ikbal Ali, and Mohd Faizan
3 Genetic Algorithm for Economic Load Dispatch
with Microgrid to Save Environment by Reduction of CO2
Emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Leena Daniel, Krishna Teerth Chaturvedi, and Mohan Kolhe
4 An Electric Vehicle Integration in Distributed Generation
with an Island Detection Technique to Meet Critical Load
and Non-critical Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Mohd Faizan, Ikbal Ali, and Md. Shahnawaz Chisty
5 Green Communications: A Review of the Current Situation . . . . . . . 55
C. Nithyanandam, K. Siva, V. Senthil Murugan, and K. Sriharrish
6 PV System Design and Solar Generation Implementation . . . . . . . . . 63
Manish Mwango, Yugvansh Shrey, Harpreet Singh Bedi,
and Javed Dhillon
7 CoviDistBand: IoT-Based Wearable Smart Band to Ensure
Social Distancing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Vraj Bhatt, Jaimin Topiwala, Smita Agrawal, and Parita Oza
8 Gesture Recognition Glove for Speech and Hearing Impaired
People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
M. Neela Harish and S. Poonguzhali

xi
xii Contents

9 Simulation and Analysis of Rural Energy Systems Based

on Multi-criteria Decision-Making Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Sukanta Roga, A. S. Harshini, Bhavana S. Aterugu,
Duddupudi P. N. Veni, Pothuri Chandana, Harshitha Ramavath,
Saket B. S. Pandey, Chiranjib Bhowmik, and Yogesh Kumar
10 Assessment of Sessional Solar Energy Using PVsyst and SAM . . . . . 103
Sukanta Roga, Ajmira Lokesh, Sashwat Jain,
Araveti A. N. Vinay, Rishabh Chauhan, Challa Karthik,
Soumyabrata Das, and Yogesh Kumar
11 Power Generation Using Municipal Solid Waste: A Review . . . . . . . . 111
Amit Atri, Anita Khosla, and Lalit Prakash
12 Solar Power Probabilistic Prediction Using Random Forest
Regressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Jaskaran Singh Sohal, Vasudha Hegde, and B. Smitha
13 Impact of COVID-19 on Renewable Power Generation in India . . . . 137
Pankhuri Kaushik and Harpreet Kaur Channi
14 Reference Model Design, Control and Reliability Analysis
of PV Emulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Simmi Sharma and Dheeraj Joshi
15 Smart Technologies in Indian Environment—A Critical
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Akash Mohi Uddin and Harpreet Kaur Channi
16 Socio-Economic Analysis—Solar and Wind Energy in Indian
Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Minakshi Katoch and Vineet Dahiya
17 An Overview of Blockchain Technology in Smart Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Saurabh Singh Laledia and Harpreet Kaur Channi
18 Design and Laboratory Implementation of Real-Time Optical
Tachometer for High Speed Motor’s: A Simplified Approach . . . . . . 193
Rakesh Goswami, Dheeraj Joshi, Anita Khosla, and Layba
19 Open-Switch Fault Detection in NPC Voltage Source Inverter . . . . . 203
Kailash Rana and Dheeraj Joshi
20 Energy Consumption by Solar LED Streetlights in Domestic
Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Ruchi Gautam and Harpreet Kaur Channi
21 A Circular Graphene Patch MIMO Antenna at THz Range . . . . . . . 223
Nishtha and Rajveer S. Yaduvanshi
Contents xiii

22 Investigation of a Microgrid Power System for Frequency

Regulation by Implementing Ant Colony Optimization
Technique Optimized Secondary Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
D Boopathi, K Jagatheesan, B Anand, J Jaya, and R Satheeshkumar
23 A Comprehensive and Narrative Review of Industry 5.0
Technologies: 2018–2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Rajat Gera, Priyanka Chadha, Gurbir Singh Khera,
and Ruchika Yadav
24 IoT-Based Smart Grid Security Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Rasif Bashir and Harpreet Kaur Channi
25 A Review of Water Electrolysis, Fuel Cells and Its Use
in Energy Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Amit Atri and Anita Khosla
26 Wind Potential and Wind Economics in Türkiye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Gökhan Dündar and Özcan Atlam
27 A Machine Learning Approach for Predicting Price
of Used Cars and Power Demand Forecasting to Conserve
Non-renewable Energy Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Swati Gupta, Meenu Vijarania, and Milind Udbhav
28 Stubble as a Renewable Source of Energy: A Study of Stubble
Burning and Crisis of Environmental Degradation in Punjab,
India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Hardeep Kaur and Manvendra Singh
29 Conceptual Study of Latest Trends Used in AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Parveen Mehta and Shewta Bansal
30 Adaptive Clustering—An Optimal Solution to Hotspot Issue
in Wireless Sensor Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Ab. Wahid Bhat and Abhiruchi Passi
31 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Power Generation
and Loss Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Gökhan Dündar and Özcan Atlam
32 Control and Estimation of Renewable Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Stepan Ozana, Nayan Mahadev Kengar, and Praveen Prakash
33 The Automation of Different Plaque Shapes to Compute
Influence of Blood Flow and Wall Shear Stress in Stenosed
Artery Using ANSYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Raman Yadav, Vineet Dahiya, and Sharda Vashisth
xiv Contents

34 Design and Analysis of X-Band Metasurface Absorber

for Stealth, EMI Reduction, and Energy Harvesting
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Gaurav Saxena, Sanjay Chintakindi, Mayank Kumar,
Prashant Nigam, Neha Biswas, Y. K. Awasthi, and R. L. Yadava
35 Smart School Bus Accident Monitoring System
and Information Sharing with Authorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Vanitha Mahadevan, Bindu Puthentharayil Vikraman,
and Nusaiba Abdul Aziz Hamood Al-Busaidi
36 Utilizing Artificial Intelligence to Successfully Communicate
and Equip Real Estate Construction Workers with Ergonomic
Footwear for Their Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Sathyanarayana Kaliprasad, Siddhartha Bose,
K. Jithin Gangadharan, Rakhi Nagpal, Pritpal Singh,
and Veer P. Gangwar
37 Unfolding the Emerging Trends in Non-performing Assets
with Special Reference to the Energy Sector in Banking
Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Pooja Sharma, Vikas Sharma, Kshitiz Jangir, Munish Gupta,
and Nitin Pathak
38 Analyse the Problems and Prospects of SDGs in India
with Future Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Puja Sharma, Vandana Aggarwal, Rumit Kaur, and Priya Saroj
39 Design and Modeling of Water Pumping System for Irrigation . . . . 435
Richa Adlakha, Ashish Grover, and Anita Khosla
40 Key Factors Influencing Electric Vehicle Purchase Decisions
by Consumers: An Empirical Study of Indian Consumers . . . . . . . . . 449
Vikas Sharma, Kshitiz Jangir, Sudhinder Singh Chowhan,
and Nitin Pathak

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465

About the Editors

Dr. Anita Khosla is presently working as Professor in the Department of Electrical

and Electronics Engineering at, Manav Rachna International Institute of Research
and Studies, University, Faridabad. She has rich experience of 27 years in teaching.
She did her B.Tech. in Electrical Engineering from National Institute of Technology,
Kurukshetra, and Ph.D. in Control Systems (Electrical Engineering) from MRIIRS.
She has guided four Ph.D. scholars and guiding six at present. She is Fellow IE(I),
Senior Member IEEE, and Life Member of ISTE, India. She is Author of three
books. She has attended and organized many workshops, FDPs, and seminars. She
has also been Session Speaker in many conferences. She is Editor of two books
Renewable Energy Optimization, Planning and Control and Smart Structures in
Energy Infrastructure published by Springer which are proceedings of ICRTE 2021.
She has published more than 50 research papers in national and international journals
of high repute and conferences. She is instrumental in setting up of Authorized
Training Centre for Automation in collaboration with Mitsubishi Electric India and
is Director for the same.

Prof. Dr. Mohan Kolhe is Full Professor in smart grid and renewable energy at
the Faculty of Engineering and Science of the University of Agder (Norway). He is
Leading Renewable Energy Technologist with three decades of academic experience
at the international level and previously held academic positions at the world’s pres-
tigious universities, e.g., University College London (UK/Australia), University of
Dundee (UK); University of Jyvaskyla (Finland); Hydrogen Research Institute, QC
(Canada); etc. In addition, he was Member of the Government of South Australia’s
first Renewable Energy Board (2009–2011) and worked on developing renewable
energy policies. Due to his enormous academic contributions to sustainable energy
systems, he has been offered the posts of Vice-Chancellor of Homi Bhabha State
University Mumbai (Cluster University of Maharashtra Government, India) and
Full Professorship(s)/Chair(s) in ‘sustainable engineering technologies/systems’ and
‘smart grid’ from the Teesside University (UK) and Norwegian University of Science
and Technology (NTNU), respectively. He is Series Editor of Springer Proceedings
in Energy. His research works in energy systems have been recognized within the top

xv
xvi About the Editors

2% of scientists globally by Stanford University’s 2020, 2021 matrix. He is Interna-

tionally Recognized Pioneer in energy field, whose top 10 published works have an
average of over 175 citations each.
Chapter 1
A Socio Inspired Technique in Nuclear
Power Plant for Load Frequency Control
by Using Cohort Intelligence
Optimization-Based PID Controller

D Murugesan, K Jagatheesan, Anand J Kulkarni, and Pritesh Shah

Abstract Cohort intelligence optimization (CIO) technique is investigated in this

article for tuning of proportional integral derivative (PID) controller for load supervi-
sion of single region nuclear power plant. To prove the performance improvement of
the proposed CIO controller-based power plant, the response is analyzed with conven-
tional, Ziegler Nichols, and particle swarm optimization technique (PSO)-based PID
controller, while tuning the decision variables of PID controller by using the CIO
technique, the appropriate determination of cost/objective function is most important.
In this work different cost function are analyzed to know the supremacy based on
the CIO technique. The CIO-PID controller strategy gives improved solutions to the
extent of an objective function, computing time, function assessments, and dynamic
system response-based ITAE objective function. Finally, proposed techniques-based
PID controller gives improved dynamic response for 1, 2, 5, and 10% robustness vali-
dation. Also, sensitivity assessment of ± 25 to ± 50% nominal parameters changes
applied to know the reasonability of the proposed methodology.

Keywords Load frequency control · Cohort intelligence optimization ·

Proportional integral derivative · Particle swarm optimization · Integral time
absolute error

1 Introduction

Automatic generation control (AGC)/load frequency control (LFC) is the arrange-

ment that prevailed in the power framework to stay aware of the frequency changes

D. Murugesan (B) · K. Jagatheesan

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Paavai Engineering College, Namakkal,
Tamil Nadu 637018, India
e-mail: [email protected]
A. J. Kulkarni
MIT World Peace University, 124 Paud Road, Pune 411038, India
P. Shah
Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune 412115, India

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023 1
A. Khosla and M. Kolhe (eds.), Renewable Energy Optimization, Planning and Control,
Studies in Infrastructure and Control, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8963-6_1
2 D. Murugesan et al.

from its standard nominal values. It expects an essential part in the power scheme
movement and restriction. To do the LFC/AGC an assistant controller is much
expected to all the power structures either, interconnected or autonomous power
system. In this way, countless researchers are arranged and execute an additional
controller to control the frequency deviation of the organization. While executing
the auxiliary PID controller, it takes more consideration about the frequency devia-
tion of the power framework. There are different diverse time area boundaries are in
the frequency deviation, settling time, top overshoot and pinnacle undershoot, and
rise time. By minimizing the consistent steady-state error of the frequency deviation
those boundaries are controlled and keep up with.
Gozde et al. [1] have proposed dynamic performance of thermal source frame-
work investigation with nonlinearity in terms of real power control application with
craziness-based particle swarm-optimized PI controller. Kulkarni et al. [2] exam-
ined with regards to fundamental structure cohort intelligence optimization methods.
Murugesan et al. [3] authors have inspected cohort intelligence based PID controller
structure in isolated and integrated thermal power system. In [4] one area, double
region, triple area, and four areas thermal power system framework with ant colony-
based PID controller planned and examination the framework execution distinc-
tive objective capacity. Murugesan et al. [5] explained concerning the combined
thermal power structure with a renewable source to reliant upon PIDD controller
using ant colony strategy. In [6], the execution investigation of AGC for two areas
reheats thermal interconnected plant framework is examined in the presence of
ABC algorithm-based PI and PID controller. Decentralized load frequency control
is formulated as multiple objective optimization problems using genetic algorithm
is presented for three area control with the help of PI controller in [7]. Parmar et al.
[8] have addressed the single region power framework involving reheat -thermal and
hydro units environment is examined for real power control with an optimal output
analysis controller.
In [9], authors have designed an ideal order control PID regulator for LFC in
multiple area power plant employing ITAE-based (ICA) Imperialist Competitive
Algorithm. The effect of composite objective enhancement utilizing ABC algorithm
on the frequency regulation for two areas interconnected reheats thermal power
framework has been done by Naidu et al. [10]. Mohanty et al. [11], demonstrated
fruit fly optimization algorithm for PIDD controller tuning is proposed to study the
robustness of the power framework. In [12], the authors examined the performance of
a Beta wavelet neural network optimized cascaded control mechanism in a two-area
interconnected assembly. In [13], it presents automatic gain control of hydrothermal
interconnected control system considering minority charge carrier inspired algorithm
would give better result under different loading condition of electrical governor
than the mechanical governor. Dahiya et al. [14] have noticed disruption operator
in gravitational search algorithm is used to enhance AGC problems of four areas
interconnected power system. It reveals that FOPID-based tuning gives superior
performance. In Pradhan et al. [15] LFC is analyzed means of best utilizing the
1 A Socio Inspired Technique in Nuclear Power Plant for Load Frequency … 3

unified power flow control and superconducting magnetic energy storage unit energy
(SMES) in tie line will improve the dynamic behavior of large-area power framework
utilizing firefly algorithm-based fuzzy PID controller. PID regulator for single region
nuclear power station in [16].
The proposed research work was accomplished well, and it is explained by the
accompanying areas as follows; Sect. 1 gives a sufficient show and composing review
about the proposed work. Section 2 explains the showcase of the proposed system
structure and the mathematical explanation of each block in the Simulink model.
Section 3 frameworks the arranging method of the PID controller with the pre-
owned cost work and clarifies the tuning procedures of traditional, Ziegler Nichols,
PSO, and CIO advancement strategies. Section 4 gives the result examination of the
proposed system and execution connection of standard ziegler Nichols, PSO, and
CIO tuned PID controller. Section 5 is about the finish of examination work with the
proposed strategy. Section 6 deals with the design parameters of proposed system in
appendix.

2 Modeling of Single-Area Nuclear Power Plant

An isolated nuclear power framework is given in Fig. 1. The investigated system

comprises of high pressure and Low-pressure turbine, water-driven amplifier, power
system generator, and speed controller. The apparent limit of researched power frame-
work in [16]. All examination is done using MATLAB transformation R2014b model.
The structure of the framework under concentrate on displayed in Fig. 1 [11] is created
in MATLAB/SIMULINK. The framework reaction is as far as automatic generation
control and frequency management are improved by adding another secondary PID
controller. To measure with the steady-state errors, controllers are thought of and the
controller boundaries are upgraded by cohort intelligence optimization (CIO).

Fig. 1 Framework of single area nuclear power plant

4 D. Murugesan et al.

3 Controller Structure and Objective Function

With concern, a nuclear power plant of the examined power framework is furnished
with a PID regulator. This controller is created in the nineteenth decade, and it is
broadly utilized in present-day ventures. The advantage of utilizing the PID controller
is in effect exceptionally modest and more adaptable. The arrangement of proposed
PID regulator is displayed in Fig. 2. The expression of the PID regulator is given in
Eq. (1)

G PID(s) = K P + K I S + K D S (or)
(1)
G PID(s) = K P (1 + 1/Ti S + TD S)

The error input to the controller is Area Control Error (ACE)/Figure of Demerit
(FOD) is given in Eq. (2), B and ΔF are the bias coefficient and change in frequency,
respectively.

FOD = ACE = B · ΔF (2)

The projected evaluation of this controller is being justified by dissemination of

peak overshoot and undershoots of modified frequency. In addition, the framework
accuracy is estimated as far as settling time of frequency response. The articulation
for region supervision error is mentioned in Eq. (2), and the control signal produced
by the UPID regulator is mentioned in Eq. (3). The control signal (U PID ) expression
is mentioned below:

∮t
dACE
UPID = K p · (ACE) + KI (ACE) dt + K D (3)
dt
0

Fig. 2 Design of PID controller

1 A Socio Inspired Technique in Nuclear Power Plant for Load Frequency … 5

3.1 Objective/Cost Function

The cost function determination with wanted specification and constraint is a more
difficult task. The decision of cost action to streamline controller values depends on
its action basis. These benchmarks are evaluated owing to the peak overshoot; peak
undershoots, rise time, and settling time.
The transient execution of the closed-loop framework can be measured by using
error functions such as Integral Square Error (ISE), Integral Time Absolute Error
(ITAE), Integral Time Square Error (ITSE), and Integral Absolute Error (IAE). These
cost functions are evaluated by using the following expression. The selection of
the above function as an objective function mainly depends on the performance
requirement values in terms of reduced time-domain parameters. The ISE gives
smaller overshoot and takes a longer time to settle, and IAE will take a smaller time
to settle with higher overshoot. The time-multiplying error criterion gives initial
oscillation and then settles quickly. Minimize the objective function subject to Eqs.
(4)–(6), respectively.
ITAE-based tuning makes the structure settle down a great faster than the other said
tuning strategies. ITAE model additionally gives the least peak overshoot. Then again,
the ITSE model-based regulator offers a huge regulator yield for the unexpected
change in reference esteem.

∮t
ISE = (ACE)2 |dt (4)
0

∮t
IAE = |ACE|dt (5)
0

∮t
ITAE = t · |ACE|dt (6)
0

3.2 Conventional Method

The experimentation (ordinary) tuning technique is a customary strategy for

acquiring ideal addition upsides of the regulator. In the ordinary tuning technique,
gain esteems are acquired by preliminary and slip-up designs. The first ideal essential
addition esteem (K I ) is found, then, at that point, the relative increase esteem (K P )
is determined by keeping K I consistent. In the wake of establishing the K P , both K I
6 D. Murugesan et al.

Table 1 Calculation of gain

Controller KP KI KD
regard from Ziegler-Nichols
procedure P 0.5 Ku – –
PI 0.45 Ku 0.54 Ku/Tu –
PID 0.6 Ku 1.2 Ku/Tu 0.6 Ku Tu/8

and K P as kept as steady, do a similar tuning for subsidiary addition esteem (K D ).

Traditional technique (experimentation) gain esteems tuning strategy:
Stage 1: Tune K I by keeping K P and K D is zero.
Stage 2: Tune K P by fixing the ideal K I is constant and keeping K D is zero.
Stage 3: Tune K D by fixing ideal K I and K P are constant.

3.3 Ziegler-Nichols Method

Over the 1940s, numerous strategies have been produced for tuning the PID regulator
boundaries. In 1942, Ziegler and Nichols proposed two test ways to deal with rapidly
changing the regulator boundaries without knowing the exact powerful model of the
framework to change. In this paper, the second technique for Ziegler-Nichols is
utilized. It is a straightforward strategy to tuning PID regulator boundaries. The
determined PID regulator boundaries are given in Table 1.
In root locus, follow taken by the foundation of the traits condition when gain K is
changed from zero to unlimited quality. In the particular values k the root locus begins
to oscillate from the normal point. That point is considered as essential increment
Ku and individual period Tu. Those qualities can be accomplished by utilizing the
root locus method through attributes condition.

3.4 Particle Swarm Streamlined Techniques

Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a heuristic progression procedure reliant upon

swarm information. It derives from analyze on the bird and fish surge advancement
lead. PSO is a general population-based progression procedure is made in 1995 by
Dr. Kennedy and Dr. Eberhart. Optimized controller gain values are analyzed from
various researchers [16, 17]. With concern, Integral Time of Absolute goofs (ITAE)
is employed as a cost work (the well-being work for PSO). The standard objective
function for the PSO computation is given in Eqs. (4)–(6). In Table 2 is given limits
using PSO and this moment is the ideal opportunity space limit.
1 A Socio Inspired Technique in Nuclear Power Plant for Load Frequency … 7

Table 2 Comparison of time-domain and controller gain parameters with different techniques
Technique ITAE Time-domain parameters FOD
KP KI KD tr (sec) USh (Hz) Osh ts (sec)
(Hz)
Conventional 0.11 0.13 0.09 9.2 − 0.0155 0.25 41.5 0.1315
Zigler 0.1638 0.28888 0.0232 1.07965 − 0.019 0.006 32 0.08728
Nichols
PSO 0.8085 0.986856 0.1889 0.71 − 0.0013 0.0015 45 0.01868
CIO 0.9626 0.6982 0.2547 4.1 − 0.0074 0.012 23 0.02951

3.5 Implementation of Cohort Intelligence [2–3]

The troop has a number of nominees where they wish to sustain in the troop out of
their own characteristic analysis, and each characteristic material is an unknown trait
being trained after continuous interaction with every other characteristic. Dependent
on one’s own characteristics, the trait development may be higher or sometimes
lower. The trait assessment will be qualified based on the idealization (higher ideal
and lower ideal). Idealization of the trait becomes higher only when the comparison
of traits follows higher idealness. This condition can sympathize only if lower trait
follows rather lower trait in order to obtain sustainability over its own troop. Once
an idealness over the singular trait is achieved, the trait is effective to meet the global
idealness on bringing sustained characteristics as its own trained idealness over the
entire troop.
The troop characteristics under training will undergo idealness over an environ-
ment only on sustaining the higher ideal over the entire troop on depicting the ideal-
ization throughout the solemn troop with respect to the environment of its own
concern. The system of the CIO technique can be summed up as follows.
Step 1: The controller gain esteems are viewed as quality of candidates c (c = 1, 2,
…C), reduction factor r, convergence factor E, during the time spent (ψ kp , ψ ki , ψ kd ).
These qualities (Kp, Ki, and Kd) are haphazardly delivered inside the reach that is
upper and lower search space.

K PC = min(ψkp ) + [max(ψkp ) − min(ψkp )] · ran(.) (7)

Step 2: Quality is assessed for every one of the up-and-comers and is alluded to as
the cost function. On account of the control framework, the associated behavior of
each candidates is given below as

∮t
ITAE = C
t · |e(t)|dt (8)
0
8 D. Murugesan et al.

Step 3: The probability for every candidate followed by different up-and-comers is

assessed dependent on its objective function. The up-and-comer with the best objec-
tive function has the most extreme probability of being trailed by another candidate,
and the other way around

1/ITAEC
PC = ∑C c = 1, 2 . . . C (9)
(C=1) 1/ITAEC

Step 4: All the competitor utilizes a roulette wheel way to deal with follow quality
in the framework, and it works on the worth of its objective function by growing or
lessening the lower and upper limits of the boundaries
[ ∥( r )∥ ∥( r )∥ ]
∥ ∥ ∥ ∥
ψkp K PC − ∥ max(ψkp ) − min(ψkp ) ∥, K PC + ∥ max(ψkp ) − min(ψkp ) ∥
2 2
(10)

Step 5: The value of the cost function is expected to combine when the contrast
between the conduct of every candidates becomes inconsequential
∥ ( )n ( )n−1 ∥
∥ ∥
∥max ITAEC − max ITAEC ∥ ≤ ε1 (11)
∥ ( )n ( )n−1 ∥
∥ ∥
∥min ITAEC − min ITAEC ∥ ≤ ε2 (12)
∥ ( )n ( )n−1 ∥
∥ ∥
∥max ITAEC − min ITAEC ∥ ≤ ε3 (13)

4 Results and Discussion

The designed system transfer function is created using MATLAB Simulink software.
Table 2 disclosed the decision variables of the different techniques, CIO optimization
parameters, and dynamic system performance. The developed model is simulated
using CIO algorithm with simulation time of 120 s. Figure 3 clearly reveals that the
CIO-based PID controller concerned with ISE, and ITAE objective function settles
before 20 s for frequency supervision of nuclear power system.
The put forth conduction of PID is associated with the cohort intelligence opti-
mization strategy. Figure 4 displays the supremacy of dynamic performances by
analyzing the system to the proposed approach. The proposed evaluation of PSO,
Ziegler Nichols, and conventional-based PID inline with CIO-PID has a threshold
result (0–60 s) as mentioned in Fig. 4 for frequency deviation.
1 A Socio Inspired Technique in Nuclear Power Plant for Load Frequency … 9

0.001
0
-10 -0.001 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

-0.002
del F in (Hz)

-0.003
IAE
-0.004
ISE
-0.005 ITAE
-0.006
-0.007
-0.008
-0.009

Fig. 3 CIO-based PID system response for different cost function

0.01

0.005

0
del F in (Hz)

-10 0 10 20 30 40 50
-0.005
Time in (Sec)
Zigler Nichols - PID
-0.01
Conventional-PID
-0.015 PSO-PID
CIO-PID
-0.02

-0.025

Fig. 4 Response comparison of nuclear power framework

It is visible that the Ziegler Nichols-based controllers give large damping oscilla-
tion and take huge time to settle with their nominal value compared to the proposed
CIO-PID controller, as for as conventional and PSO-based PID gives very dead
response with oscillations. Figure 5 bar chart comparison gives the settling time
observation of frequency monitoring in isolated nuclear power systems are given
in Table 2. It unveiled clearly that the cohort intelligence approach diminished
effectively oscillations in their response compared to PSO, Ziegler Nichols, and
conventional optimized controllers.
10 D. Murugesan et al.

50 45
41.5
40
32
30 23
20
10
0
Conventional Zigler Nichols PSO CIO

Fig. 5 Bar chart analysis of settling time

4.1 Analysis of System with Physical Constraint

and Sensitive Analysis

A one percentage step perturbation is forced in the proposed model and the comparing
execution list of Index and change a similar system for 2%,5%, and 10% step load.
the exhibition for the disturbed proposed framework is displayed in Fig. 6.
Affectability is the capacity of a framework to perform viably while its factors
are changed inside a specific passable reach. In this part, by fluctuating framework
boundaries from their nominal qualities (given in the informative appendix) in the
scope of ± 25 and ± 50% Table 3, obviously describe our proposed method will
function well to work on the exhibition of nuclear power frameworks based on time
domain parameters such as rise time (t r ), Overshoot desired (Osh), Undershoot (U sh ),
and settling time (t s ).

0.01
0
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25
-0.01
Time in (sec)
-0.02
Del F in (Hz)

1% SLP
-0.03 2% SLP
-0.04 3% SLP
4% SLP
-0.05
-0.06
-0.07
-0.08

Fig. 6 Response of nuclear power framework with various perturbation

1 A Socio Inspired Technique in Nuclear Power Plant for Load Frequency … 11

Table 3 Comparison of dynamic response with different system parameter changes

Robustness Time domain parameters ITAE
t r (s) U Sh (Hz) Osh (Hz) t s (s)
− 25% 4.185 − 0.0068 0.00012 23 0.02379
+ 25% 4.21 − 0.0079 0.00012 22 0.02887
− 50% 4.2 − 0.0062 0.000125 24 0.02542
+ 50% 4 − 0.0083 0.00013 27 0.02454
Nominal 4.1 − 0.0074 0.012 23 0.02951
Bold value indicates time domain parameters of the proposed system with 1% robustness

5 Conclusion

In this article, a new method for real power control using cohort intelligence optimiza-
tion technique has been proposed to tune the secondary PID controller for real power
control of nuclear power framework. This ITAE-based cost function for cohort intel-
ligence techniques takes very lesser time to get optimize gain values by comparing
with conventional, Ziegler Nichols, and PSO technique. Also, the proposed procedure
gives better dynamic response parameters. In addition, the supremacy of the designed
plan is proved by applying distinctive loading conditions from one percentage to 10%
step load disturbance in the analyzed power system. The sensitivity investigation of
the PID controller based on the CIO technique remains unaltered even after wide
changes in the framework stacking condition by ± 25% and ± 50% framework
boundaries esteems. Consequently, the proposed CIO-streamlined PID regulator can
effectively ensure real power control despite variations in power generation and
demand.

Appendix

(a) The normal values of bounds of framework under study are shown below: Tp
= 20 s, B = 0.4312 Pu, T G = 0.08 s, K H1 = 2, T TR1 = 0.5 s, K R1 = 0.3, T RH1
= 7 s, T RH2 = 9 s, K P = 120 Hz/pu.
(b) The bounds of CIO are shown below: C = 3; N = 3; r = 0.97; E = 0.0001.
12 D. Murugesan et al.

References

1. Gozde H, Taplamacioglu MC (2011) Automatic generation control application with craziness

based particle swarm optimization in a thermal power system. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst
33(1):8–16
2. Kulkarni AJ, Durugkar IP, Kumar M (2013) Cohort intelligence: a self supervised learning
behavior. In: 2013 IEEE international conference on systems, man, and cybernetics, pp 1396–
1400. IEEE
3. Murugesan D, Shah P, Jagatheesan K, Sekhar R, Kulkarni AJ (2022) Cohort intelligence
optimization-based controller design of isolated and interconnected thermal power system for
automatic generation control. In 2022 Second International Conference on Computer Science,
Engineering and Applications (ICCSEA), pp. 1–6.
4. Jagatheesan K, Anand B, Dey KN, Ashour AS, Satapathy SC (2018) Performance evalua-
tion of objective functions in automatic generation control of thermal power system using
ant colony optimization technique-designed proportional–integral–derivative controller. Electr
Eng 100(2):895–911
5. Murugesan D, Jagatheesan K, Boopathi D (2021) Meta-heuristic strategy planned controller
for frequency supervision of integrated thermal plant with renewable source. In: 2021 IEEE
3rd PhD colloquium on ethically driven innovation and technology for society (PhD EDITS),
pp 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1109/PhDEDITS53295.2021.9649544
6. Gozde H, Taplamacioglu MC, Kocaarslan I (2012) Comparative performance analysis of Arti-
ficial Bee Colony algorithm in automatic generation control for interconnected reheat thermal
power system. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 42(1):167–178
7. Daneshfar F, Bevrani H (2012) Multiobjective design of load frequency control using genetic
algorithms. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 42(1):257–263
8. Parmar KS, Majhi S, Kothari DP (2012) Load frequency control of a realistic power system
with multi-source power generation. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 42(1):426–433
9. Taher SA, Fini MH, Aliabadi SF (2014) Fractional order PID controller design for LFC in
electric power systems using imperialist competitive algorithm. Ain Shams Eng J 5(1):121–135
10. Naidu K, Mokhlis H, Bakar AA (2014) Multiobjective optimization using weighted sum
artificial bee colony algorithm for load frequency control. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst
55:657–667
11. Mohanty B, Hota PK (2015) Comparative performance analysis of fruit fly optimisation algo-
rithm for multi-area multi-source automatic generation control under deregulated environment.
IET Gener Transm Distrib 9(14):1845–1855
12. Francis R, Chidambaram IA (2015) Optimized PI+ load–frequency controller using BWNN
approach for an interconnected reheat power system with RFB and hydrogen electrolyser units.
Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 67:381–392
13. Nanda J, Sreedhar M, Dasgupta A (2015) A new technique in hydro thermal interconnected
automatic generation control system by using minority charge carrier inspired algorithm. Int J
Electr Power Energy Syst 68:259–268
14. Dahiya P, Sharma V, Naresh R (2015) Solution approach to automatic generation control
problem using hybridized gravitational search algorithm optimized PID and FOPID controllers.
Adv Electr Comput Eng 15(2):23–35
15. Pradhan PC, Sahu RK, Panda S (2016) Firefly algorithm optimized fuzzy PID controller for
AGC of multi-area multi-source power systems with UPFC and SMES. Int J Eng Sci Technol
19(1):338–354
16. Dhanasekaran B, Siddhan S, Kaliannan J (2020) Ant colony optimization technique tuned
controller for frequency regulation of single area nuclear power generating system. Micropro-
cess Microsyst 73:102953
17. Kumarakrishnan V, Vijayakumar G, Boopathi D, Jagatheesan K, Saravanan S, Anand B (2020)
Optimized PSO technique based PID Controller for load frequency control of single area power
system. Solid State Technol 63(5):7979–7990
Chapter 2
Seamless and Smooth Power Sharing,
Voltage, and Frequency Control
of Islanded Microgrid with Droop Cum
Supervisory Controller

Md. Shahnawaz Chisty, Ikbal Ali, and Mohd Faizan

Abstract This paper describes and analyzes the control of microgrid when it
becomes isolated. In most cases, the microgrid is connected to the grid and has
certain local loads. When a grid side anomaly occurs, the microgrid is isolated from
the main grid, which is designated as Microgrid in Islanded Mode. In these circum-
stances, the microgrid would have to be powerful enough to run reliably. For steady,
seamless, and unsupervised functioning of the microgrid in islanded operation, a
droop control, and a supervisory control are employed. In this research, a MATLAB
simulation of the control approach in island mode is performed, and the simulation
results are examined. Once the microgrid is in Islanding Mode, the findings demon-
strate that inverter-based DERs may effectively share electricity while ensuring a
stable functioning.

Keywords Microgrid · Frequency control · Parallel inverter · Voltage control ·

Droop control · Supervisory control

1 Introduction

A Microgrid is a small power generation and distribution system consists of a

group of distributed energy resources (DERs), energy storage system and local loads
along with advanced controls, security and energy management systems. It generates
and feed power to load locally and also injects or draws power from the main grid
whenever is required. Micro-Grid provides a coordinated method to facilitate the
penetration of Renewable Energy Resources (RESs) and Distributed Generators

Md. Shahnawaz Chisty (B)

Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi, India
e-mail: [email protected]
I. Ali · M. Faizan
Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
e-mail: [email protected]
M. Faizan
e-mail: [email protected]

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023 13
A. Khosla and M. Kolhe (eds.), Renewable Energy Optimization, Planning and Control,
Studies in Infrastructure and Control, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8963-6_2
14 Md. Shahnawaz Chisty et al.

(DGs) into power systems in an efficient manner. For the deployment of a MG, its
stability and control issues are to be taken care of. Various efforts are being made to
design more efficient control methods in different types of control types and different
types of protection program to make a reliable, safe, and economical operations of
MG for its grid-connected as well as islanded mode of operation.
The need to reduce carbon emissions in the field of power generation, recent tech-
nological advancement in the field of micro power generation, and the restructuring
of the electricity sector are the key factors responsible for the increasing increase in
the use of micro power generation [1]. In reality, linking small-generation units of
less than a few 10 kW with low-voltage networks, improves the efficiency and relia-
bility potentially for users and brings various advantages for global system operation
by reducing cost for future grid strengthening and development. This conventional
power system model suffers significant technological and environmental drawbacks
such as power loss from long transmission lines, decreased capacity, costly and diffi-
culty in control, maintenance and global warming etc. On the other hand, distributed
generation (DG) located near the load center or user. Distributed generation is usually
a small-scale power generation unit capable of delivering electricity reliably and
safely with less environmental impact than the conventional electricity generation
system with low-cost electricity. The standard power generation capacities of small-
scale DG technologies ranging from a fraction of 1 kW to around 10 MW [2]. Some of
distributed energy resources are fuel cells, photovoltaic system, micro combined heat
and power, wind power systems, small-scale hydropower generation units, and so on.
Smart grid technologies now a day’s provide secure, reliable, efficient power with
a decentralized, user interactive and demand repressive manner by using various
technologies of modern era. It uses smart metering technology (AMI), consumer
participation (DSM) techniques, remote sensing technologies, network communi-
cation technologies etc. to operate more cooperatively and responsively [3, 4]. In
essence, it smartly integrates and manages various power system components to
enable electrical power systems to operate sustainably, securely, and economically.
Traditional large coal-based power plants operate as base load power plant allowing
for supply of base load demand. Diesel and natural gas generator-based generation
units are used as peak-load power plant to compensate for the peak load demand.
Thus the electric power system can ensure a balance between electricity generation
and demand. Renewable energy resources are main focus of DGs. Volatility and
intermittency effects associated with renewable energy resources based on DER.
Intermittency associated with renewable energy sources can effectively manage by
smart grid technologies such as use of energy storage system technique, demand
side response, and management techniques to compensate for any volatility associ-
ated with such distributed energy resources (DERs). Therefore, the smart grid tech-
nologies will allow an integrated management platform that incorporates various
power system tools and mitigate the effects of intermittency and volatility. In addi-
tion, smart grid infrastructure with continuous and real-time monitoring will provide
various information with real-time data to allow the DERs to function efficiently and
2 Seamless and Smooth Power Sharing, Voltage, and Frequency Control … 15

effectively. Microgrids therefore integrate the various distributed energy resources

(DERs) with the existing grid and provide power to the local load and feed the extra
power to main grid by using monitoring, control, and management strategies. The
microgrid definition is as follows “a cluster of loads and DERs units connected to
each other and behaves as a separate controllable entity apropos of the main grid and
can be connect or disconnect from main grid for enabling grid connected or Islanded
operation [5]. The MG operates in two modes-one is grid connected and another one
is Islanded mode.
• Grid-connected mode: Supply power to the main grid or draw power from the
main grid, depends on generation and load on the microgrid.
• Islanded Mode: Disconnection from the main gird, the MG functions
autonomously feed the power to the local load only.

2 Microgrid Structure

A microgrid is basically a LV network consisting of a cluster of several small gener-

ation system called distributed energy resources (DERs) and loads with advanced
controls, security and energy management systems to run in grid-connected mode,
Islanded mode [6, 7]. Microgrid distributed energy resources (DERs) consists of
DGs and ESS [8, 9]. The main building blocks of microgrids are DERs and local
loads, along with various control and management techniques. Microgrid distributed
generations (DGs) mainly consist of photovoltaic, wind, microturbines, fuel cells and
diesel gen-set. Distributed generations two categories classification are as follows:
(1) direct-coupled generations traditional rotating machines (synchronous generators
coupled with diesel eng), and (2) electronically interfaced generation (PV, fuel cells,
micro-turbines, etc.). It is also possible to group the distributed generations (DGs)
based on their controllability [10, 11]. Dispatchable DG units like diesel generators
set can be controlled for power outputs as per requirement, whereas nondispatchable
DG units like wind power generator and PV generation are intermittent in nature, and
their outputs are usually dependent on natural climatic condition, wind and sun [12–
16]. Energy storages system like batteries, supercapacitors, flywheels, etc., are used
for power balancing in Islanded mode of operation between microgrid demand and
generations [17–19]. In addition, it is also used for balancing renewable energy based
variable and intermittency nature DERs. Two major types of loads can be grouped:
(1) critical loads and (2) non-critical loads. Critical loads need uninterrupted power
supply. Non-critical loads are curtailable loads which may be interrupted during
emergency operations with microgrid [20, 22] (Fig. 1).
16 Md. Shahnawaz Chisty et al.

Fig. 1 Microgrid architecture [21]

3 Microgrid Inverter Control Strategy

There are mainly two control strategies adopted for controlling microgrid inverter
[22]:

3.1 Grid-Connected PQ Control

The PQ control inverter in grid-connected mode is used for maintaining real and
reactive power according to the reference. With reference voltage and frequency of
main grid, inverter operates by a current controller along with power controller. The
voltage and current are transform into d q coordinate system. The grid voltage vector
is in d-axis orientation, then reference power produces the reference current. This
reference current and inverter output current produced the control signal for invert
and accordingly the real and reactive power output of inverter is controlled.

3.2 Droop Control

When the microgrid is in Islanded mode, the grid voltage, and frequency references
are not available for inverter then droop control inverter controls the microgrid. The
P/f and Q/V droop control scheme can be implemented for smooth power-sharing
control of all the inverters within the microgrid.
2 Seamless and Smooth Power Sharing, Voltage, and Frequency Control … 17

4 MG Control in Islanded Mode

Islanding of the microgrid can occur through planned actions such as maintenance
requirements. Therefore, the MG’s local generation profile should be adjusted for
balancing the local load demand and generation. A voltage source inverter should act
like synchronous generator and control frequency and voltage during Islanded mode
through the droop control strategy. The grid-connected microgrid smoothly operates
as the frequency and voltage reference are available for PQ mode of operation of
inverters. When the MG is disconnection from the grid, all the PQ control inverter loss
their references and fails to operate which yields the failure of microgrid thus loss
for balancing load/generation, a droop control inverter is needed which regulates
frequency and voltage. With the help of voltage and frequency reference of VSI
inverter MG can stably and smoothly operate in Islanded mode [22].

4.1 Fundamentals of Droop Control

Droop control technique is very common and well-known controlling method for
power sharing control of inverters in an Islanded Microgrid. Figure 2 shows an
inverter-based DER unit connected with PCC along with impedance, Z = R + jX.
The real and reactive power equation can be expressed as:

EV V2
P= cos(θ − φ)− cos θ (1)
Z Z

EV V2
Q= sin(θ − φ) − sin θ (2)
Z Z
where
E & V Inverter voltage & AC bus voltage (grid side)
φ Inverter side voltage angle
θ & Z Impedance angle & magnitude.
For lossless line, θ = 90° and Z = X so, the Eqs. 1 and 2 becomes

Fig. 2 MG Equivalent circuit

18 Md. Shahnawaz Chisty et al.

EV
P= sin φ (3)
X
V
Q= (E cos φ − V ) (4)
X

Considering, power angle φ is very small then sin φ and cos φ becomes sin φ ∼
=
φ and cos φ ∼
= 1.
Hence, Eqs. (3) and (4) can be written as:

XP
φ= (5)
EV
XQ
E−V ∼
= (6)
E
From Eqs. (5) and (6) it is clear that angle φ depends on active power and E-V
drop depends on reactive power. Thus, the frequency and voltage of the MG can be
control by P and Q adjustment. As the demand of real and reactive power increases,
the frequency and voltage amplitude reduces [25].
Thus, a droop-controlled inverter behaves as a virtual synchronous generator, and
voltage and frequency have inverse linear relation with reactive and active power
demand similar to the synchronous generator [26]
Figure 3 shows the steady-state frequency (f ) vs real power output (P) and output
voltage (V) vs reactive power (Q) droop characteristics.
Mathematically,

f = f 0 − k f P, Vref = V0 − kv Q (7)

where, P, Q & f are active power output, reactive power output & output frequency of
inverter respectively, V ref refers to common bus voltage. f 0 and V 0 are the no-
load/nominal frequency and voltage respectively. k f and kv are the frequency droop
coefficient and voltage droop coefficient respectivley.

Fig. 3 P-f and Q–V characteristics for droop control

2 Seamless and Smooth Power Sharing, Voltage, and Frequency Control … 19

The working of droop control: consider n sources are acting in a microgrid with
droop controller and all are in equilibrium. So, the frequency of all the sources
consider to be same. In this condition, the real power output of each source must
hold the following relation:

kf1 P1 = k f2 P2 = · · · = k f n Pn (8)

In general:

1
Pi ∝ , i ∈ [1, n] (9)
kf

Therefore, the total active load is shared by each source is equal to inverse
proportion of its frequency droop gain/coefficient [27].

4.2 Three-Phase Inverter Modeling

A three-phase droop-controlled inverter is fed with an ideal DC source. This DC

source is actually DC link of usual renewable energy generation system (Photovoltaic
array, BESS, wind turbine, etc.) and an LC filter is designed to filter out the total
harmonic distortion at the output side. Then the output is fed to the common AC bus
as shown in Fig. 4.
Power measurement block measures the real and reactive power drawn from the
inverter, and based on that the frequency and RMS voltage set points are dictated by
the droop controller. The measured powers are first passed by a first-order LPF.

Fig. 4 Droop control three phase inverter

20 Md. Shahnawaz Chisty et al.

According to active power requirement, the power angle δ of the inverter changes.
This rate of change of δ decides the output frequency set point. According to reac-
tive power requirement, the voltage value changes. The voltage first transform in
d q axis then passed through voltage and current controllers. While designing
current controller and voltage controller, the bandwidths of droop controller, voltage
controller, current controller, and PWM controller should be is in ascending order,
i.e., every stage should be slower than its succeeding stage [28, 29]. Considering f sw
and L f be the inverter switching frequency and filter inductance with very small filter
resistance Rf . Therefore, the design of current controller (k pi + k ii /s) is as follows:

k pi = L f ωBi , kii = R f ωBi (10)

where ωBi = (2πfsw)/10 − current controller bandwidth.

Similarly, for the voltage PI controller parameters, i.e., kpv + kiv/s is as follows:

ω Bv
k pv = C f ωBv , kiv = (11)
Rload

where ωBv = (2πf sw )/α 2 , the bandwidth of the voltage controller. Finally, the droop
controller is designed with a very low bandwidth range (2–15 Hz), i.e., the slowest
controller. Figures 5 and 6 shows the detailed and complete model of the inverter
with droop-controller [30].

Fig. 5 Single line diagram of three-phase inverter with Droop control

Fig. 6 Voltage and current control loops for droop controller

2 Seamless and Smooth Power Sharing, Voltage, and Frequency Control … 21

4.3 Supervisory Control System

Droop controller control the voltage and frequency of respective inverter according
to their droop and fixed set point references like voltage, frequency, real, and reactive
power references. From Eq. 7 the modified droop equation are as follows:

f = f 0 − k f (Pmeas − P0 ) (12)

Vref = V0 − kv (Q meas − Q 0 ) (13)

where, the subscript ‘meas’ and ‘0’ indicates the measured/calculated value and the
no-load/nominal value
And these fixed references are unable to modify by droop controller so, whenever
the load fluctuation more or beyond the capacity of inverter then droop controller
fails to control the voltage and frequency. So, to resolve this issue a new control
technique along with droop controller should be implemented for smooth and stable
operation of microgrid inverter in Islanded mode.
In these situation new references for voltage and frequency is required for droop
controller thus requires a new controller design.
A supervisory controller as shown in Fig. 7 is designed to generate a new refer-
ences for voltage and frequency. It consists of frequency and voltage regulator.
Simplified mathematical expressions are as follows:

Ki Ki
f ref_New = f 0 K p + f 0 − f pcc K p − f pcc (14)
s s
K is Ki
Vref_New = V0 K p + V0 − V pcc K pv − V pcc (15)
s s
This controller modifies P/f and Q/V droop characteristics while maintaining the
same droop coefficient and sends it to each droop controller of respective inverter.

Fig. 7 Supervisory controller

22 Md. Shahnawaz Chisty et al.

Thus, supervisory controller smoothly restored the frequency and voltage of

microgrid to its nominal values.

5 Simulation and Result

The Islanded Microgrid model as shown in Fig. 8 proposed in MATLAB simula-

tion platform as per above analysis is proposed in MATLAB simulation environ-
ment [31]. The strategies and methods as explain above, can smoothly control the
microgrid in islanded mode and maintain the load demand and stability. Figure 8
shows the line diagram of the microgrid for Simulink. Three three-phase DER-based
parallel inverters are used to investigate the control strategy as proposed for islanded
microgrid mode (Tables 1 and 2).
The nominal voltage and frequency of microgrid is 415 V and 50 Hz, respectively.
Power ratings of inverters 1, 2 and 3 are 500, 300, and 200 kW, respectively, all are
connected to a single AC bus called PCC bus. Two types load models are considered
here, one is fixed, i.e., static and another one is variable, i.e., dynamic load model.
Dynamic load model varies the load of dynamically.
Inverter subsystem shown in Fig. 9, each having a three-phase power converter,
a low pass LC filter, and a 800 V DC source which actually represents a DC link
of renewable energy generation system based DER (like wind turbine, Photovoltaic,
Fuel cell, wind energy generation system, BESS, etc.). Simulation results of the
aforementioned model are shown in Figs. 10 and 11, respectively.
Initial load on the Microgrid is 400 kW + 100 kVAr. At 1 s load on the Microgrid
starts increasing and rises up to 800 kW + 200 kVAr. As the droop control is not
enabled, Voltage and frequency start fluctuating. At 4 s droop control is enabled and

Fig. 8 Microgrid single-line diagram of for Matlab Simulink

2 Seamless and Smooth Power Sharing, Voltage, and Frequency Control … 23

Table 1 System parameters

Parameters Values
Inverter 1
Power 500 kVA
Voltage, V 0 415 V
Nominal frequency, f o 50 Hz
Frequency (Switching) 10 kHz
Filter parameters
Lf 0.22 mH
Cf 345.4 μF
Nominal droop gains (k f , k v ) 1%, 4%
Inverter 2
Power 300 kVA
Voltage, V 0 415 V
Nominal frequency, f o 50 Hz
Frequency (switching), 10 kHz
Filter parameters
Lf 0.37 mH
Cf 207.24 μF
Nominal droop gains (k f , k v ) 1, 4%
Inverter 3
Power 200 kVA
Voltage, V 0 415 V
Nominal frequency, f o 50 Hz
Frequency (switching) 10 kHz
Filter parameters
Lf 0.55 mH
Cf 138.16 μF
Nominal droop gains (k f , k v ) 1, 4%

Table 2 Load parameters

Load parameters
Voltage 415 V
Frequency 50 Hz
Real power 400–800 kW
Reactive power 100–200 kVAr
24 Md. Shahnawaz Chisty et al.

Fig. 9 Matlab Simulink model of Islanded Microgrid

Fig. 10 Voltage, frequency, and load at PCC

then voltage and frequency start decreasing and settled at some lower values. At 6 s
supervisory controller is enable and control all the inverter and settle the frequency
and voltage to its nominal values, i.e., 415 V and 50 Hz, repetitively.

6 Conclusions

In this paper, the droop along with supervisory control strategies is used for smooth
control all the three DERs in the Islanded microgrid to alleviate the effect load change.
Droop controller control the voltage and frequency of respective inverter according
to their droop and fixed set point reference like voltage, frequency, real, and reactive
power references. And these fixed references are unable to modify by droop controller
2 Seamless and Smooth Power Sharing, Voltage, and Frequency Control … 25

Fig. 11 Load share by all three inverter-based DERs

so, whenever the load fluctuation more than the droop controller fails to control and
manage the voltage and frequency within the stable limit. A supervisory controller
modifies reference voltage (E*) and frequency (f *) and sends it to each droop
controller of respective inverter and thus smoothly restored the frequency and voltage
of microgrid to its normal values. The proposed droop controller was implemented
with predefined set point and droop characteristics. The proposed droop controller
controlled the Islanded Microgrid effectively by tracking and balancing the real and
reactive power demand quickly and the proposed Supervisory comptroller acts as
a master and quickly restored the frequency and voltage to its nominal value. The
simulation results of PCC voltage, frequency, and power obtained from SIMULINK
platform.

References

1. Lasseter R et al (2022) White paper on integration of distributed energy resources. The CERTS
microgrid concept [Online]. Available http://certs.lbl.gov/pdf/LBNL_50829.pdf
2. Don D, Smith MA (2012) The U.S. Department of Energy’s Microgrid initiative. Electricity J
25:1, 3, 10, 11, 13, 84–94
3. U.S. Department of Energy (2010) The SMART GRID: an introduction. Tech. Rep., vol 2
4. Kempener R, Komor P, Hoke A (2013) Smart grids and renewables—a guide for effective
deployment. Tech. Rep., vol 2
5. Backhaus S, Swift GW, Chatzivasileiadis S, Tschudi W, Glover S, Starke M, Wang J, Yue M,
Hammerstrom D (2015) Dc microgrids scoping study—estimate of technical and economic
benefits. U.S. Department of Energy and Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM, Tech. Rep.
LA-UR-15-22097
6. Wang J, Lu X (2020) Sustainable and resilient distribution systems with networked microgrids.
Proc IEEE 108(2):238–241
26 Md. Shahnawaz Chisty et al.

7. Warneryd M, Håkansson M, Karltorp K (2020) Unpacking the complexity of community

microgrids: a review of institutions’ roles for development of microgrids. Renew Sustain Energy
Rev 121
8. Gough M, Santos SF, Javadi M, Castro R, Catalão JPS (2020) Prosumer flexibility: a
comprehensive state-of-the-art review and scientometric analysis. Energies 13(11):2710
9. Najafi J, Peiravi A, Anvari-Moghaddam A, Guerrero JM (2020) An efficient interac-
tive framework for improving resilience of powerwater distribution systems with multiple
privately-owned microgrids. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 116
10. Fu Q, Nasiri A, Solanki A, Bani-Ahmed A, Weber L, Bhavaraju V (2015) Microgrids: architec-
tures, controls, protection, and demonstration. Electr Power Compon Syst 43(12):1453–1465
11. Stadler M, Naslé A (2019) Planning and implementation of bankable microgrids. Electr J
32(5):24–29
12. Kusakana K, Vermaak HJ (2013) Hybrid renewable power systems for mobile telephony base
stations in developing countries. Renew Energy 51:419–425
13. Kusakana K (2015) Optimal scheduled power flow for distributed photovoltaic/wind/diesel
generators with battery storage system. IET Renew Power Gener 9(8):916–924
14. Ladide S, Fathi AEL, Bendaoud M, Hihi H, Faitah K (2019) Hybrid renewable power supply
for typical public facilities in six various climate zones in Morocco. Int J Renew Energy Res
9(2):893–912
15. Luta DN, Raji AK (2019) Performance and cost analysis of lithium-ion battery for powering
off-grid telecoms base stations in Africa. Int J Eng Res Africa 43:101–111
16. Goud PCD, Gupta R (2020) Solar PV based nanogrid integrated with battery energy storage
to supply hybrid residential loads using single-stage hybrid converter. IET Energy Syst Integr
2(2):161–169
17. Katiraei F, Iravani R, Hatziargyriou N, Dimeas A (2008) Microgrids management. IEEE Power
Energy Mag. 6(3):54–65
18. Borghei M, Ghassemi M, Liu CC (2020) Optimal capacity and placement of microgrids for
resiliency enhancement of distribution networks under extreme weather events. In: 2020 IEEE
power and energy society innovative smart grid technologies conference, ISGT 2020
19. Khan KR, Siddiqui MS, Al Saawy Y, Islam N, Rahman A (2019) Condition monitoring of a
campus microgrid elements using smart sensors. Procedia Comput Sci 163:109–116
20. Kusakana K (2015) Optimal operation control of hybrid renewable energy systems. PhD Diss.,
Central University of Technology
21. A Microgrid Solution [Online]. Available https://w3.usa.siemens.com/smartgrid/us/en/microg
rid/pages/microgrids.aspx
22. Yang Z, Wang C, Che YB (2009) A small-scale micro-grid system with flexible modes of
operation. Autom Electr Power Syst 33(14):89–92
23. Lasseter RH, Piagi P (2004) Microgrid: a conceptual solution. In: Proceedings of 35th PESC,
vol 6. Aachen, Germany, pp 4285–4290
24. Georgakis D, Papathanassiou S, Hatziargyriou N, Engler A, Hardt C (2004) Operation
of a prototype microgrid system based on micro-sources equipped with fast-acting power
electronics interfaces. In: Proceedings of IEEE 35th PESC, vol 4. Aachen, Germany, pp
2521–2526
25. Han H, Hou X, Yang J, Wu J, Su M, Guerrero JM (2016) Review of power sharing control
strategies for islanding operation of AC micro-grids. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 7(1):200–215
26. Chandorkar MC, Divan DM, Adapa R (1993) Control of parallel connected inverters in
standalone ac supply systems. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 29(1):136–143
27. Loh PC, Li D, Chai YK, Blaabjerg F (2013) Hybrid AC-DC microgrids with energy storages
and progressive energy flow tuning. IEEE Trans Power Electron 28(4):1533–1543
28. Mohamed YARI, El-Saadany EF (2008) Adaptive decentralized droop controller to preserve
power sharing stability of paralleled inverters in distributed generation microgrids. IEEE Trans
Power Electron. 23(6):2806–2816
29. Qu Z, Peng JC-H, Yang H, Srinivasan D (2021) Modeling and analysis of inner controls effects
on damping and synchronizing torque components in VSG-controlled converter. IEEE Trans.
Energy Conv 36(1):488–499
2 Seamless and Smooth Power Sharing, Voltage, and Frequency Control … 27

30. Raman GP, Peng JC-H (2021) Filter deballasting control of droop controlled inverters. IEEE
Trans Power Electron 36(11):13,107–13,117
31. Raman GP, Peng JC-H (2020) Mitigating stability issues due to line dynamics in droop-
controlled multi-inverter systems. IEEE Trans Power Syst 35(3):2082–2092
Chapter 3
Genetic Algorithm for Economic Load
Dispatch with Microgrid to Save
Environment by Reduction of CO2
Emission

Leena Daniel, Krishna Teerth Chaturvedi, and Mohan Kolhe

Abstract The continuous reduction in fossil fuel resources, the Distributed Gener-
ation Technologies have recently fascinated more attention. Microgrid technologies
are also employed to join such sources into the main network by pointedly enhancing
energy utilization through local production and load control. As a result, quality and
reliability have improved. Most of such network studies focus on operating and
investment expenses but ignore the environmental impact. An optimization model is
developed based on these two criteria to estimate the feasibility and environmental
involvement of microgrid. Renewable energy sources have a high penetration rate
in this model. The genetic algorithm is utilized to perform hourly optimizations on
microgrid in order to achieve environmental benefits as well as financial gains.

Keywords Distributed generation · Fuel cell · Genetic algorithm · Microgrid ·

Microturbine · Photovoltaic cell

1 Introduction

The modern power generation system may consist of more than one generating unit.
These generating units may be integrated to provide power to a wide variety of
loads. Hence, it is essential to minimize the operating cost for all load schedules
for each generating unit [1]. Engineers across the world are concerned to develop

L. Daniel (B) · K. T. Chaturvedi

UIT, RGPV, Bhopal, M.P, India
e-mail: [email protected]
K. T. Chaturvedi
e-mail: [email protected]
M. Kolhe
University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023 29
A. Khosla and M. Kolhe (eds.), Renewable Energy Optimization, Planning and Control,
Studies in Infrastructure and Control, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8963-6_3
30 L. Daniel et al.

products and services at the lowest cost possible. Efficient and economical operation
of electrical power generation and distribution is one such problem. Due to more and
more integration of electric networks and increasing energy crisis across the world,
the energy prices are ever rising. It is essential that we always look for the scope
of reducing the cost of energy even small savings represent a very significant cost
reduction. The optimum scheme in power system, generally, involved the deliberation
of economic processes, protection strategies, various gas emission with conventional
fuel plants, and optimum discharge of water at hydel power generation, etc. These
factors are mostly incompatible, and an optimum solution needs to be provided [2].
Along with cost, people, nowadays, are more concerned about environment impact
of power generation too [3]. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) must impose
strict and binding environmental regulations because of high contaminant and pollu-
tant gas liberate in the environment. Major pollutant gases include CO2 , SO2 , and
NO2 , which are mainly release, due to burning of fossil fuels. Hence along with
minimal cost of generation, pollutant emissions must also be minimized. To add cost
to this pollution, a parameter is added to cost function called price penalty factor.
Thus, balanced economic and emission dispatch (BEED) is a difficult issue to be
implemented by meeting the requirement of economic dispatch and fulfilling the
condition to decrease the pollutant elements. Along with fossil fuel-based gener-
ation sources, renewable sources are also gaining popularity. When power system
hybrid renewable sources with non-renewable sources, it must face many predictable
and unpredictable challenges. For example, wind energy is unexpected and non-
predictable in nature. According to research, wind power may contribute 10–40% of
total energy generation [4].
Distributed generation (DG) is one of the emerging technologies to meet the load
requirements with the distributed energy sources (DER), which also provide the
environmental benefits [5, 6]. The use of distributed generation (DG) in utility lines
and downstream of meters at low and medium voltages (MV and LV) is gaining
popularity in industrialized countries around the world. The economic potential of
DG applications was assessed at customer sites by utilizing locally available energy
sources such as waste heat recovery from primary fuel conversion, reciprocating
engine generators (gensets), gas turbines, microturbines (MTs), or fuel cells (FCs)
via small-scale combined heat power (CHP) equipment [7]. As a result, significant
progress has been made in the optimal usage of modest (kW-scale) CHP. To meet
future electricity demand, these systems, along with solar photovoltaic (PV) modules,
wind turbines (WTs), other modest renewable (such as methane digesters), heat
and electricity storage, and regulated loads must all play a substantial role. These
technologies were grouped together as distributed energy resources (DERs) [2].
In the power sector, the effective and optimal economic procedure and scheduling
of electric power generation arrangements have always played a significant role. The
recent restructuring of electricity utility, growing concern about environment and
system security require changes in the optimal planning and operational philosophy
of the power system networks. The optimal operation and planning of power system
networks have traditionally been viewed as a cost-benefit analysis. Most utilities
computer-aided dispatch centers use economic load dispatch (ELD) for this purpose.
3 Genetic Algorithm for Economic Load Dispatch with Microgrid to Save … 31

However, increased concerns about maintaining power quality and a clean environ-
ment have compelled power system engineers to explore additional objectives in the
optimal management of power systems, such as improving system voltage profiles
and reducing emissions dispatch.
Economic load dispatch (ELD) is a method of allocating generation levels to
the various producing units in a system in order to fulfill load demand in the most
cost-effective manner possible while respecting system and individual unit limits.
Economic load dispatch is critical for obtaining maximum usable power with the
least number of resources. Years ago, several solutions were used to solve the basic
challenge of economic dispatch for thermal systems.
Over the last several decades, there has been a lot of research into ELD opti-
mization models and algorithms. Artificial intelligence methods like genetic algo-
rithm (GA), chaos optimization algorithm (COA), and particle swarm optimization
(PSO) have been successfully used to solve ELD problems [5], in addition to tradi-
tional methods like equal incremental method, dynamic programming (DP), and
Lagrangian relaxation method (LR). However, if the number of generating units
grows dramatically, existing stochastic algorithms may suffer from the curse of
dimensionality, increasing the difficulty of optimizing calculations as well as the
time it takes to complete them. As a result, traditional load optimal dispatch methods
cannot be used in large-scale load dispatch optimization issues right once. Although
linear programming is quick and accurate, it approximates cost functions in piecewise
form. As a result, the output answer’s optimality cannot be guaranteed. Similarly, the
complexity and convergence problem plague the non-linear programming technique.
Although this strategy can solve specific types of economic load dispatch problems,
it cannot solve large-scale problems and take too long to produce results. Tech-
niques based on derivation, such as the Lagrangian methodology, are also disliked.
Because of the non-differentiable nature of restrictions, these strategies are unable
to take into consideration operational constraints such as ramp rate, banned zones,
and valve-point effects [8]. The mathematical character of the problem, in general,
makes it impossible for analytical mathematic methodologies to address it prop-
erly. Soft computing approaches such as artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic, and
genetic algorithms have surpassed conventional methods in terms of finding similari-
ties between vast sets of data and synthesizing system models for non-linear, partially
unknown, and noisy systems. Soft computing techniques, which take their cues from
biological systems and are modeled to resemble the human mind, offer efficient solu-
tions to tough inverse issues. Soft computing guiding idea is to take advantage of
imprecision, ambiguity, and partial truth tolerance to produce tractability, resilience,
and low-cost solutions [9]. Due of their flexibility, ability to perform effectively under
unknown conditions, and speed considerations, soft computing solutions are being
proposed here.
This work proposed genetic algorithm (GA) for economic load dispatch. Due to
GA’s versatility and efficiency, a global optimization model known as the genetic
algorithm has proven itself as a choice for so many optimization applications,
according to reference [10]. It is a search algorithm with a high probability of
success. This technique was created by John Holland (1975). GA is an example of
32 L. Daniel et al.

a global search heuristic. Genetic approaches like inheritance, mutation, selection,

and crossover are used in these types of evolutionary algorithms. GA is a natural
selection and genetics mechanics-based search strategy. They use Darwin’s idea of
survival of the fittest among strings structure and a structured but randomized flow of
information to produce a search algorithm that mimics human search in some ways.
Every generation, a new batch of artificial lifeforms (strings) is created, using bits
and pieces from the previous generation’s fittest; an occasional new portion is added
for good measure. Despite the fact that they are randomized, genetic algorithms are
not conventional walk algorithms. They efficiently use historical data to estimate
which advanced search points would perform better. A population’s members have
gone through an evolutionary process. In terms of difficulty reduction, adaptability,
and solution approach, the advantages of the genetic algorithmic technique are also
investigated.
A microgrid is a confined power grid with all control competency; it can be devel-
oped to operate autonomously and disconnect from the upstream grid [11]. Micro-
grids are generally low voltage networks in coordination with DG sources, with
all control devices like air conditioning, water heaters, controllable loads, storage
devices, etc. Furthermore, microgrids improve system consistency and increase
power quality by assisting voltage backups and reducing voltage slopes. With all
the system benefits of microgrid, it provides financial gains also [12].
It has the capability to run standalone, and in case of extra generation, it is capable
to sell the power to the main grid, or it can reduce the cost of electricity for their
consumers or customers. On the other hand, it improves the environmental aspects
also and decreases the greenhouse effect gases like CO2 , SO2 , NOx, etc. Hence,
microgrid technologies are eco-friendlier than traditional methodologies.
This work primarily emphasizes economic load dispatch (ELD) and environ-
mental conditions. According to the case study network (Fig. 1), it utilizes fuel cell
(FC), microturbines (MTs) and photovoltaic (PV) cells as DG units in microgrid.

2 Objective Function

Objective function includes the formulation of cost equation, CO2 emission equation,
revenue equation, and constraint equation. J1 represents cost optimization equation
and is given by following Eq. (1)

Σ
N
( ∗ )
J1 = A ∗ X + ai + bi ∗ xi + ci xi2 (1)
i=1

The cost covers the cost of power acquired from the upstream grid as well as
the cost of production by various distributed generating sources in the microgrid. A
represents open market energy prices, X represents active power purchased from the
upstream grid, N represents the total number of DG units in the microgrid, and X i
3 Genetic Algorithm for Economic Load Dispatch with Microgrid to Save … 33

Fig. 1 Network for analysis

represents the generating power of the ith DG source, while ai , bi , and ci represent
cost coefficients in e/h, ect/kWH, and ect/kWH2 , respectively. J2 represents CO2
emission and is calculated according to the following Eq. (2).

Σ
N
( )
∗
J= αi Pi (2)
i=1

This Eq. (2) calculates the total CO2 emissions in Tons from all DGs on an hourly
basis. N is the total number of DGs, α i is the CO2 emission coefficient of the ith DG
in tn/MWh, and Pi is the power generated by the ith unit in MWh. Now, objective
function is combinedly given by the Eq. (3)

J = ω1 J1 + ω2 J2 (3)

However, in such instances, the weights ω1 and ω2 should be carefully chosen

because they have a direct effect on the performance of the solutions provided. This
is because different objectives express values with vastly different absolute values.
Finally, the optimization goal is to minimize the total function J, which is provided
by Eq. (3).
Revenue equations are framed by including the income produced through export
the power to grid and expenditures occurred in main grid and microgrid operation.
Equation (4) calculates the total revenue earned by microgrid owners. This is simply
planned by deducting total expenses from total income. Total income is (price * total
power generated), while cost is already calculated by the cost equation above. Hence,
revenue equation can be formed as
34 L. Daniel et al.

Σ
N Σ
N
( )
∗ ∗
J3 = Income−Expenses = A xi − ai + bi xi + ci xi∧ 2 (4)
i=1 i=1

For proper functioning of the system, three constraints are taken into consideration
for different scenarios.
A minimum and maximum boundary range of power generated by all DG sources
are Pmin and Pmax, respectively. This can be shown below

Pmin,n ≤ Pn ≤ Pmax,n where n = 1 . . . N (5)

Here, Pmin,n is the minimum power that must be generated by the nth DG, while
Pmax,n is the maximum power that can be generated by the nth DG.
If a microgrid is unable to sell electricity back to the upstream grid, the total power
generated by DG sources plus power purchased from the upstream grid must equal
the total load demand. It is given by Eq. (6). Hence,

Σ
N
X+ Pi = Pdemand (6)
i=1

If a microgrid is permitted to sell electricity back to the upstream grid, the total
power generated by DG sources plus power acquired from the upstream grid must
be more than the total load demand. It is given by Eq. (7). Hence,

Σ
N
X+ Pi ≥ Pdemand (7)
i=1

3 Network Description

As described in [13], a case study network has been chosen and is depicted in Fig. 1.
Low voltage (LV) network with three feeds was chosen as the study case network. An
industrial load is fed by the first feeder. The second one serves a mix of commercial
and residential customers. The third, on the other hand, caters to a domestic consumer.
The third feeder, which functions as a microgrid, contains one microturbine (MT)
unit, one fuel cell (FC) unit, and photovoltaic cells (PVs).
It also chose four situations for simulations, which are as follows:
1. Scenario 1: In this scenario, we assumed that the entire load requirement is met by
purchasing from the upper grid. This scenario is being used to calculate savings
from microgrid installation as a comparison case. This is considered a reference
scenario.
3 Genetic Algorithm for Economic Load Dispatch with Microgrid to Save … 35

2. Scenario 2: In this scenario, the microgrid’s running costs are minimized. There
is no consideration for the environment. Furthermore, if microgrid generates
excess electricity, it is unable to sell it to the upstream grid.
3. Scenario 3: This scenario featured the environmental impact scenario, which
involved lowering both cost and CO2 emissions by allocating a cost to CO2
emissions.
4. Scenario 4: This is the same as scenario 3, except that the microgrid’s excess
electricity can be sold to the upstream grid.
Electrical loads on the power plants frequently change, but their values are mostly
predictable. Load demand is mainly dependent on the weather conditions and follows
a similar pattern day to day. So that these continuous changes are easily predictable.
Optimization can be conducted on an hourly, daily, and monthly base.
The Fig. 2 shows the load demand monthly basis for the year. In this daily load
curve, the maximum value and minimum value for the load are 222.7 and 46.3 kW
considered, respectively, for the simulation. The analyzed data is taken from reference
[13]. The power factor for the stated electrical load is presumed as 0.95. Table 1 shows
cost coefficients for fuel cell and microturbine units.
Installed capacity for connected DG units is taken as the data given in Table 2.
More data can be referred to in references [13, 14].
All DG units are supposed to function on a unity (cos Φ = 1) power factor. The
main grid’s CO2 emission coefficient is 1.1tn/MWh. The CO2 coefficients for fuel
cell and microturbine are 0.4894 tn/MWh and 0.7246 tn/MWh, respectively.
For the grid, it is assumed that the lowest power purchased from the grid is zero
(Pmin = 0), and there is no limit for highest power. A simulated network can take as
much as power it requires to fulfill the load demand from the grid. Most of the data
are taken from the Hellenic Operator Electricity Market [15].

Fig. 2 Monthly load

demand curve

Table 1 FC and MT cost

DG units a (ect/h) b (ect/kWh) c (ect/kWh2 )
coefficients
Fuel cell 0.8415 2.41 0.033
Microturbine 0.01 4.37 0.01
36 L. Daniel et al.

Table 2 Installed capacity of

DG units Pmin in (kW) Pmax in (kW)
DG units
Fuel cell 10 50
Microturbine 6 50
PV1 0 3
PV2 , PV3 , PV4 , PV5 0 2.5
PV6 0 15

4 Results and Discussion

Simulation results are presented according to the scenarios with genetic algorithm
methods. Cost is calculated for each scenario, and comparative analysis has been
done for the purchase cost from main grid, CO2 emitted through the main grid, CO2
emitted through the microgrid, CO2 cost for main grid and microgrid both, revenue
generated when microgrid sells power to the main network.
Table 3 shows the load shared by each microgrid unit and main grid for different
scenarios. For scenario 1 which is the reference scenario, load demand is fulfilled
by the main grid only. When moving to scenario 2, fuel cell, microturbine, and PVs
also introduced and share the load demand. The drop in load demand from main grid
is 33.81% in scenario 2. Slight change in scenario 3 is noticed, but in scenario 4, it
is 34.25%.
Each scenario’s annual cost is computed as indicated in Fig. 3. For the reference
scenario, the annual cost for the allocated load is 93,833.57 Euros. When the load is
allocated to FC and MT units in scenario 2, the noticeable cost cut is 33.81 percent
with economic dispatch rules. Annual savings of roughly 31,616.33e can be achieved
by using scenario 3. In scenario 3, the cost rises by a small amount, to 115. 34e.
When the system is operated for scenario 4, the maximum load is shared by DGs,
resulting in significantly lower power purchases from the main grid than in scenarios
2 and 3.
If we look at the CO2 computation using GA, the CO2 emitted from the main
grid in scenario 1 is 1146.9 tons, according to the graph as shown in Fig. 4. To
meet the load demand in scenario 1, just the main grid is supplied. As a result, the
CO2 level is at its highest in this scenario. Changes in CO2 emissions in scenarios
2 and 3 are 387.8 tons and 386.4 tons per year, respectively. Scenario 3 has a slight
increase in emissions since the consequences of CO2 emissions are factored into the

Table 3 Yearly load shared by the main grid and DG units for each scenario
Scenario Main grid (kW) FC (kW) MT (kW) PVs(kW)
Scenario 1 1042.5 0 0 0
Scenario 2 690.01 120.07 87.94 144.55
Scenario 3 691.30 120.11 89.78 141.38
Scenario 4 685.44 121.35 90.49 145.30
Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
XVII.

Kunnioitettava herra!

Helmikuun 27 päivänä minut lähetettiin Metziin eräässä asiassa,

joka koski Maison Rougen tallia. Julkisella kävelypaikalla tapasin
komean naisen, vaaleaverisen, syntyänsä englantilaisen. Me
miellyimme toisiimme ja juttelimme keskenämme. Hän puhui
ranskan kieltä erinomaisen hyvin, vaikkakin murre oli englantilainen.
Tarjosin hänelle virvoitusaineita ja hän suostui ehdotukseeni. Meillä
oli hauska ja pitkä keskustelu — me huomasimme ikäänkuin
olevamme luodut toisillemme. Ketä sopii tästä moittia? Onko se
minun syyni, että olen kaunis mies ja että kaunis sukupuoli yleensä
tahtoo minua seuraansa. Onkohan tuo mitenkään rikollista, että joku
on taipuvainen rakkausseikkailuihin? Kysyn uudelleen: Ketä voidaan
tästä moittia? Tietysti luontoa. Ei se ole kauniin naisen syy — eikä
liioin omakaan syyni.

Sanalla sanoen, kovasydäminenkään ihminen ei voi olla

myöntämättä, että kaksi henkilöä, jotka ovat ikäänkuin luodut
toisiaan varten, eivät voi erota toisistaan, sopimatta, milloin he
seuraavalla kerralla tapaavat toisensa.
 Minä hankin naiselle asunnon eräässä kylässä, joka oli lähellä
Maison Rougea. Suureksi huvikseni hän suostui seurustelemaan
kanssani eräissä pienissä kemuissa, jotka minä pidin kamarissani
yöllä helmikuun 29 päivää vasten. Me päätimme tavata toisiamme
siihen aikaan kun muut palvelijat tavallisesti menevät levolle, eli kello
11 illalla… — Tallirenkien joukossa oli muuan englantilainen, joka
makasi katkenneen jalkansa vuoksi. Hänen nimensä oli Francis
Raven. Hän oli ikävä mies eikä osannut ranskankieltä. Keittiössä
häntä alettiin nimittää "Englantilaiseksi karhuksi." Kumma kyllä, hän
oli isäntäväen suuressa suosiossa. Isäntäväkeni sääli häntä erään
taikauskoisen kauhun vuoksi, jonka vallassa tämä ikävä mies oli,
kauhun, jonka laatua minä suurena vapaauskojana en huolinut
ryhtyä tutkimaan.

Illalla 28 helmikuuta pyysi englantilainen, jota äsken mainittu

kauhu vaivasi, että joku hänen tovereistaan valvoisi hänen luonaan
ainoastaan sinä yönä. Herra Fairbank vaati tätä samaa isäntävaltansa
nojassa. Isäntäni oli suuttunut minulle, arvollisuuteni tunto estää
minua kertomasta mistä syystä — ja tarjouduin sentähden
valvomaan englantilaisen vuoteen ääressä. Aikomukseni oli
vakuuttaa herra Fairbankille, etten minä puolestani ollut pahoillani
siitä, mitä oli tapahtunut välillämme. Englantilaisraukka houraili
kaiken yötä. Koska en ymmärtänyt hänen kieltänsä, voin ainoastaan
hänen liikkeistään päättää, että hän kauheasti pelkäsi jotakin
luuloteltua olentoa vuoteensa vieressä. Kerta toisensa perästä sain
tuon houkkion, joka häiritsi untani, asettumaan kirouksillani. Tämä
on yksinkertainen ja paras keino kohdella ihmisiä, jotka ovat
tällaisessa mielentilassa.

Aamulla 29 päivänä helmikuuta lähti herra Fairbank matkalle.

 Illemmalla samana päivänä huomasin suureksi harmikseni, että
englantilainen seuraavankin yön tulisi tekemään minulle harmia.
Herra Fairbankin poissa ollessa piti hänen vaimonsa äärettömän
suurta huolta toverini yölevosta. Taasen piti jonkun meistä valvoa
hänen luonaan ja ilmoittaa heti jos jotain tapahtuisi. Koska minä
odotin kaunista naistani, täytyi minun saada varma tieto siitä, että
muut palvelijat makaisivat rauhallisesti sängyissään sinä yönä. Minä
tarjouduin siis vieläkin valvomaan miehen luona. Rouva Fairbank
kiitteli minua hyväntahtoisuudestani. Minulla on suuri mielenmaltti.
Punehtumatta kuulin itseäni kiitettävän.

Kahdesti yön kuluessa kävivät emäntäni ja lääkäri, joka jäi taloon

herra Fairbankin poissaollessa, kuulustelemassa, kuinka Raven voi.
Ensi kerralla, kun he kävivät, ei ihana naisystäväni vielä ollut
saapunut. Koska kamarini oli englantilaisen kamarin vieressä, täytyi
minun silloin piiloittaa ihana naisvieraani siihen huoneeseen missä
siloja säilytettiin. Enkelintapaisella alistuvaisuudella suostui hän
palvelijavirkani vuoksi luopumaan arvollisuudestansa. En ole koskaan
nähnyt rakastettavampaa naista — sellaisessa tilassa. Kun olivat
kahdesti käyneet sairasta katsomassa, sain olla rauhassa. Silloin oli
lähes keskiyön aika. Hullun englantilaisen käytöksessä ei silloin ollut
mitään erinomaista, joka olisi voinut rouvalle ja tohtorille korvata
heidän hänen tähtensä näkemiään vaivoja. Hän makasi puolittain
valveilla, puolittain nukuksissa ja hänen kasvoissaan oli kummallinen
mielenilmaus. Emäntäni varoitti minua poismennessään pitämään
erittäin tarkasti Ravenia silmällä kello kahden aikaan aamulla. Jos
sattuisi jotakin tapahtumaan, jätti tohtori minulle suuren soittokellon,
jonka ääni helposti kaikui huoneisiin, joissa herrasväki asui. Kun nyt
sain palata kauniin ystävättäreni luokse, järjestin illallispöydän.
Piirakka, lihamakkara ja muutamia pulloja moselviiniä oli
yksinkertainen ateriamme. Kun kaksi ihmistä on rakastunut toisiinsa,
on rakkauden hurmaavassa valossa yksinkertainen ateria juhlallisten
pitojen veroinen. Me istuimme pöytään hyvin nälkäisinä. Kohta kun
suloinen pöytävieraani istahti tuolille, alkoi tuo kirottu englantilainen
viereisessä huoneessa käydä levottomaksi ja rähistä. Hän löi
kepillään lattiaan, hän huusi houreissaan kauhusta pelästyneellä
äänellä: "Rigobert! Rigobert!"

Ihana naiseni säikähti kuullessaan äkkiä tuon äänen. Hänen

kasvonsa vaalenivat silmänräpäyksessä.

"Taivaan jumala!" huudahti hän. "Kuka on tuossa huoneessa?"

"Mielipuoli englantilainen."

"Englantilainen?"

"Rauhoittukaa! englantilainen asettuu aivan pian."

Tuo ilkeä ääni huusi jälleen minua:

"Rigobert! Rigobert!"

Kaunis ystävättäreni tarttui käsivarteeni.

"Kuka hän on? Mikä on hänen nimensä?"

Naisen kasvoissa näkyi joku kummallinen vivahdus, kun hän teki

nämä kysymykset. Minä tunsin sydämessäni mustasukkaisuuden
pistoksen.

"Tunnetteko te hänet?" kysyin minä.

"Mikä on hänen nimensä?" kysyi nainen uudelleen kiivaasti; "mikä

on hänen nimensä?"
 "Francis", vastasin minä.

"Francis — ja sukunimi?"

En voinut muistaa enkä lausua tuota muukalaista, englantilaista

sukunimeä. Saatoin ainoastaan sanoa naiselle, että englantilaisen
sukunimi alkoi kirjaimella "R."

Nainen vaipui tuolille istumaan. Pyörtyikö hän? Ei; nainen punehtui

uudelleen. Hänen silmänsä kiilsivät kauniisti. Minkä vuoksi? Vaikka
kyllä hyvin tunsin naisten luonteita, kummastelin kuitenkin
tarkastellessani tätä naista.

"Tunnetteko hänet?" kysyin minä uudelleen.

Nainen naurahti kysymykselleni.

"Mitä joutavia puhutte. Kuinka minä voisin tuota miestä tuntea?

Käykää rauhoittamassa häntä!"

Peilini oli lähellä. Silmäys peiliin vakuutti minua siitä, ettei kukaan
ymmärtäväinen nainen voinut pitää englantilaista minua parempana.
Itseluottamukseni palasi. Kiiruhdin englantilaisen luo.

Kohta kun astuin huoneeseen, osoitti hän innokkaasti sormellaan

huonettani. Muukalaisia sanoja virtasi tulvanaan hänen suustaan.
Hänen liikkeistään ja silmäyksistään arvasin, että hän jollakin
käsittämättömällä tavalla oli huomannut vieraani läsnäolon, ja vielä
kummallisempaa oli, että hän suuresti pelkäsi jotakin henkilöä
huoneessani. Minä koetin rauhoittaa häntä samalla tavalla, kuin olen
jo kertonut; se on, minä kirosin häntä omalla kielimurteellani. Kun
tämä kirous ei näkynyt vaikuttavan sanottaviakaan, puistelin
nyrkkiäni hänen silmäinsä edessä ja lähdin pois sänkykamarista.
 Palattuani kauniin ystävättäreni luokse, huomasin hänen kävelevän
edestakaisin kummallisesti kiihoittuneessa tilassa. Nainen ei
odottanut, kunnes minä olisin täyttänyt hänen lasinsa — hän oli
minun poissaollessani maistellut hyvää moselviiniäni. Vaivoin sain
hänet houkutelluksi istumaan pöytään. Mutta en millään keinoin
voinut saada häntä syömään edes hiukkasen.

"Minulle ei ruoka enää maistu", sanoi nainen. "Anna minulle

viiniä."

Moselviini on kuuluisaa siitä, että se maistuu hyvältä ja on

erinomaisen väkevää. Tämän oivallisen viinin väkevyys ei
kumminkaan huumannut kummallista vierastani. Viini näkyi
päinvastoin vahvistavan ja virkistävän häntä, eikä mitenkään
päihdyttävän. Hän puhui alinomaan matalalla äänellä, ja vaikka
kuinka paljon hyvänsä yrittelin saada käännetyksi keskustelumme
toisaalle, palasi nainen kuitenkin aina puheissaan viereisessä
huoneessa olevaan englantilaiseen. Jokaisen muun naisen
itsepintaisuus olisi suututtanut minua, mutta kaunis vieraani oli
vastustamaton. Lapsellisella sävyisyydellä vastasin hänen kaikkiin
kysymyksiinsä. Naisella oli kaikki nuo eriskummalliset viehättävyydet,
jotka ovat niin tavallisia hänen kansassaan. Puhuessani
tapaturmasta, joka piti englantilaista vuoteen omana, hypähti hän
seisoalleen. Omituinen hymy näkyi hänen kasvoissaan.

"Näytä minulle hevonen, joka potkaisi häntä sääriluuhun", sanoi

nainen.
"Minun täytyy nähdä, minä tahdon nähdä sen hevosen!"

Saatoin naisen talliin. Hän suuteli hevosta, kunniani nimessä, hän

suuteli hevosta! Tämä kummastutti minua. Minä sanoin:
 "Te tunnette tuon miehen, ja hän on varmaan loukannut teitä."

Ei nainen silloinkaan tahtonut myöntää.

"Minä suutelen kaikkia kauniita eläimiä", sanoi hän, "enkö ole teitä
suudellut?"

Näin viehättävästi selitettyään riensi nainen takaisin ylös rappusia.

Minä jäin hiukan jälkeen, nähdäkseni oliko tallin ovi lukittuna.
Tultuani ylös huomasin, kummallista kyllä, naisen siinä samassa
astuvan
ulos englantilaisen kamarista.

"Aioin juuri tulla alas huutaakseni teille", sanoi nainen. "Mies

tuossa huoneessa rupeaa taasen mellastamaan."

Hullun englantilaisen ääni kuului tosiaan taas korvissamme.

"Rigobert! Rigobert!"

Tällä kertaa oli huutaja hirveä nähdä. Hänen silmänsä tuijottivat

hurjasti eteenpäin. Kylmä hiki valui hänen kasvojensa yli. Kauheassa
pelossaan väänteli hän käsiään ja osoitti taivasta. Kaikilla niillä
merkeillä ja liikkeillä, joita ihminen mahdollisesti saattaa käyttää,
rukoili englantilainen minua, etten jättäisi häntä yksinänsä. En voinut
tosiaan olla nauramatta. Mikä aate tuo oli, että minä jäisin hänen
luokseen ja jättäisin ihanan ystävättäreni yksinänsä toiseen
huoneeseen.

Käännyin oveen päin. Kun tuo mielenviassa oleva raukka huomasi,

että olin hankkeissa lähteä pois, huusi hän epätoivoissaan niin
hirveällä äänellä, että pelkäsin nukkuvien tallirenkien heräävän tästä
huudosta.
 Kaikki ihmiset, jotka minut tuntevat, tietävät, kuinka mieleni
tyyneys on suuri tärkeissä tapauksissa. Aukaisin arkun, jossa
englantilaisen liinavaatteet olivat, otin suuren tukon nenäliinoja ja
panin muutamia niistä kapulaksi hänen suuhunsa ja toisilla taasen
sidoin hänen kätensä kiinni. Nyt ei enää ollut mitään pelkoa, että
hän herättäisi rengit. Sidottuani viimeisen solmun katsahdin ylös.

Ovi englantilaisen ja minun huoneeni välillä oli auki. Kaunis

ystävättäreni seisoi kynnyksellä ja katseli häntä, joka makasi aivan
voimattomana vuoteellaan sekä minua, joka juuri sidoin kiinni
viimeistä solmua.

"Mitä siellä toimitte?" kysyin minä. "Minkä vuoksi aukaisitte oven?"

Nainen astui luokseni ja kuiskasi vastauksensa korvaani, kaiken

aikaa kiinteästi katsellen sängyssä makaavaa miestä.

"Kuulin hänen huutavan."

"Entä sitten?"

"Luulin, että aioitte tappaa hänet."

Säikähtyneenä astuin askeleen taaksepäin. Epäluulo minua

kohtaan, jota hänen sanansa osoittivat, oli jo itsessään kylliksi
kauhistuttava. Minä säikähdyin niin suuresti, että vetäysin pois
ihanasta immestäni, ikäänkuin hän olisi ollut ruumiini yli mateleva
sisilisko.

Ennenkuin olin kyllin tointunut vastatakseni, saivat hermoni uuden

iskun. Kuulin äkkiä emäntäni äänen, joka huusi minua pihalla.
 Ei ollut aikaa ajattelemiseen, ainoastaan toimimiseen. Minun täytyi
estää rouva Fairbankia nousemasta ylös portaita, jottei hän näkisi
naisystävääni, eikä liioin sitä, että englantilainen makasi sidottuna
vuoteellaan kapula suussa. Riensin kohta ulos. Juostessani portaita
alas, kuulin tallin kellon lyövän neljännestä vaille kaksi aamulla.

Emäntäni oli innoissaan ja mielenliikutuksissaan. Tohtori joka oli

hänen seurassaan, kysyi naurahtaen:

"Onko Francis valveilla vai nukkuuko hän?"

"Hän on ollut hiukan levoton. Mutta nyt hän taasen on tyyntynyt.

Jollei häntä häiritä", lisäsin minä estääkseen rouvaa nousemasta ylös
portaita… "on hän vaipuva sikeään uneen."

"Eikö mitään ole tapahtunut sitten, kun viimeksi kävin täällä?"

"Ei, ei mitään, mutta…"

Tohtori nosteli kulmakarvojaan jonkinmoisella koomillisella

epätoivon katseella.

"Vahinko, vahinko, rouva Fairbank!" sanoi tohtori. "Ei mitään ole

tapahtunut. Romanttisuuden päivät ovat olleet ja menneet."

"Kello ei ole vielä kaksi", vastasi emäntäni hiukan kiukkuisesti.

Tallista tuli väkevä haju. Rouva Fairbank piti liinaa nenänsä edessä
ja meni pois pihasta pohjoisen portin kautta, jota tietä kuljettiin
puutarhaan ja asuinhuoneisiin. Minä sain käskyn seurata häntä ja
tohtoria. Kun parahiksi oli päästy jonkun matkan päähän tallista,
alkoi rouva Fairbank taasen kysellä minulta. Hän ei ottanut
uskoakseen, ettei mitään ollut tapahtunut hänen poissaollessaan.
Minä vastasin hänelle miten paraiten taisin ja tohtori seisoi nauraen
vieressämme. Sillä tavoin kuluivat minuutit, kunnes kello löi kaksi.
Nyt sanoi rouva Fairbank tahtovansa käydä englantilaista katsomassa
hänen kamarissaan. Suureksi mielihyväkseni tohtori yritti saada
hänet luopumaan tästä aikeesta.

"Olettehan kuullut, että Francis on juuri nukkunut", sanoi hän…

"Jos menette hänen kamariinsa, saatatte häiritä häntä. Kokeeni
menestymiselle on tärkeää, että hän saa häiritsemättä nukkua sekä
että hän sen itsekin myöntää, ennenkuin kerron hänelle asian
todellisen laidan. Minun täytyy, rouvaseni, lääkärinä pyytää, että
annatte hänen olla rauhassa."

Emäntäni luopui vastahakoisesti aikeestaan. Vilkas keskustelu

syntyi heidän välillään, joka kesti ainakin viisi minuuttia. Vihdoin
täytyi rouva Fairbankin myöntyä — sillä kertaa.

"Puolen tunnin perästä", sanoi hän, "Francis joko nukkuu sikeästi

tai on taasen valveilla. Puolen tunnin perästä palaan tänne takaisin."

Rouva Fairbank tarttui lääkärin käsivarteen. He palasivat takaisin

asuinhuoneeseen.

Jäätyäni yksin, päätin minä, koska minulla oli puolen tunnin aika,
saattaa naisen kylään ja sitten palata talliin ottamaan pois kapulan
sekä siteet Francis'ilta ja antaa hänen huutaa täyttä kurkkua. En
pitänyt lukua vaikka hän olisi herättänyt koko talon, sittenkun olin
päässyt vapaaksi ystävättärestäni, joka saattoi aiheuttaa minulle
harmia.

Palattuani pihalle, kuulin ritinää ikäänkuin olisi porttia avattu.

Pohjoisen portin olin itse sulkenut. Menin vasemmalle portille tallin
takana. Tämän kautta tultiin aukealle, jossa pari polkua risteili.
Toinen polku vei kylään, toinen taasen maantielle ja joen rannalle.

Tultuani vasemmalle portille, oli portti auki ja raikas aamutuuli

heilutti porttia edestakaisin. Olin itse sulkenut ja pannut teljen tälle
portille, kun kello 11 laskin kauniin ystävättäreni sisälle. Mieleeni
juolahti hämärä pelko, että asiat olivat hullusti. Riensin takaisin
talliin.

Pistäysin huoneeseeni. Huone oli tyhjä. Menin toiseen

huoneeseen. Mutta sielläkään ei naista näkynyt eikä kuulunut.
Palasin huoneeseeni ja lähestyin englantilaisen kamarin ovea.
Olikohan mahdollista, että nainen jäi sinne olemaan, kun minä olin
poissa. Sanomattoman vastenmielisesti nyt lähenin ovea ja viivyttelin
senvuoksi tuokion, ennenkuin tartuin avaimeen. Kuuntelin. Ei
hiiskaustakaan. Huusin hiljaa. Ei mitään vastausta. Epäillen vieläkin
astuin askeleen taaksepäin. Huomasin jotakin tummaa, joka
hiljalleen virtasi oven ja lattian välillä olevasta raosta. Otin kynttilän
pöydältä ja kumarruin katsomaan. Siinä oli verivirta!

Kauhea näky pakotti minut astumaan eteenpäin. Aukaisin oven.

Englantilainen makasi vuoteellaan, yksinänsä huoneessa. Häntä oli

puukolla pistetty kahteen kohti: kaulaan ja sydämeen. Murha-ase oli
jäänyt toiseen haavaan. Puukko oli englantilaista tekoa; puukon varsi
oli melkein uusi ja tehty pukinsarvesta.

Nostin kohta melun. Todistajat voivat sanoa, mitä sitten seurasi.

Eriskummallista on arvella minun olevan syypää murhaan. Myönnän
kyllä, että joskus voin tehdä pieniä hullutuksia, mutta jo pelkkä rikos
kauhistuttaa minua. Nainen pakeni vasemman portin kautta, kun
minä puhuin emäntäni kanssa. Minulla ei ole muuta lisättävää.
Vannon, että kaikki, mitä olen tässä kirjoittanut, on totta, ja että
tämä kaikki tapahtui 1 päivänä maaliskuuta aamuyöstä.

Joosef Rigobert.

*****

Francis Ravenin murhajuttua tutkittaessa huomattiin Rigobertin

olevan syyttömän, koska murhatun paperit kyllin todistavat, kuinka
katkerasti ja leppymättömästi hänen vaimonsa vihasi häntä.

Tutkimukset, jotka pidettiin sinä aamuna, jolloin murha tapahtui,

osoittivat, että naismurhaaja oli tallista lähtenyt astumaan pitkin sitä
polkua, joka vei joelle. Joessa kyllä harattiin, mutta mitään ei
löytynyt. Vielä tänäkin päivänä on epäselvää, hukuttiko hän itsensä
vai ei. Ainoa varma asia on — ettei Alicia Warlackia enää koskaan
nähty.

Alkaen mysteriona, päättyen mysteriona, katoaa Naisen haamu

näkyvistämme. Henki, paha olento, vai elävä ihmisolento; sanokoon
itse, mikä hän on. Tai tietäessänne, että selittämättömiä ihmeitä on
ympärillänne ja selittämättömiä ihmeitä omassa sydämessänne,
antakaa seuraavien suuren miehen sanojen olla riittävänä
selityksenä: — "Me olemme sellaista ainetta, josta unia muodostuu,
ja lyhyt elinaikamme on unenkaltainen."
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SALAPERÄINEN
NAINEN ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S.

copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in
these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it
in the United States without permission and without paying
copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of
Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™
concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following
the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use
of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything
for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is
very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as
creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research.
Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given
away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with
eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject
to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
 PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free

distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or
any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and

Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree
to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be
bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund
from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in
paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be

used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people
who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a
few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic
works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.
See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with
Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the
collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the
individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the
United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law
in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do
not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing,
performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the
work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of
course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™
mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely
sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated
with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this
agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached
full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge
with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also
govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most
countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the
United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the
terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying,
performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this
work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes
no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in
any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other

immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must
appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™
work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears,
or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is
accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
 This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived

from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a
notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright
holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the
United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must
comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through
1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted

with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted
with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning
of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project

Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a
part of this work or any other work associated with Project
Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this

electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1
with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form,
including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you
provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work
in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in
the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or
expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or
a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original
“Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must
include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in
paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,

performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing

access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive
from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the
method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The
fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty
payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on
which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your
periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked
as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information
 about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who

notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt
that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project
Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or
destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
Project Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of

any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in
the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90
days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™

electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend

considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe
and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating
the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may
be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to,
incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a
copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or
damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer
codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for

the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3,
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the
Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim
all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR
NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR
BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH
1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK
OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL
NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT,
CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF
YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you

discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving
it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by
sending a written explanation to the person you received the work
from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must
return the medium with your written explanation. The person or
entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide
a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work
electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to
give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in
lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may
demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the
problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied

warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted
by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation,

the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation,
anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in
accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with
the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the
following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or
any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or
additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any
Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission

of Project Gutenberg™
Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.
It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and
donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the

assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a
secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help,
see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project

Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,

Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website
and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to

the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without
widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can
be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the
widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many
small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to
maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating

charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and
keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in
locations where we have not received written confirmation of
compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of
compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where

we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no
prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in
such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make

any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of
other ways including checks, online payments and credit card
donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About

Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.
Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,

including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how
to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
Welcome to our website – the perfect destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. We believe that every book holds a new world,
offering opportunities for learning, discovery, and personal growth.
That’s why we are dedicated to bringing you a diverse collection of
books, ranging from classic literature and specialized publications to
self-development guides and children's books.

More than just a book-buying platform, we strive to be a bridge

connecting you with timeless cultural and intellectual values. With an
elegant, user-friendly interface and a smart search system, you can
quickly find the books that best suit your interests. Additionally,
our special promotions and home delivery services help you save time
and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Join us on a journey of knowledge exploration, passion nurturing, and

personal growth every day!

ebookbell.com